adolescent

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between spiritual attitude and resilience of parents with behavioral problems of adolescent children. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of correlational research method. The statistical population of this research includes teenagers in the first and second year of secondary school in Bojnourd city in the academic year of 1402-1403, which was done as a cluster sampling. Using questionnaires to measure behavioral problems, resilience and spiritual attitude, data was collected from students and analyzed using descriptive statistics methods (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics methods and using SPSS statistical software. The findings show that the correlation between anxiety and resilience; depression and resilience; physical complaints and resilience; aggression and spiritual attitude; Spiritual ability and anxiety; There is a strong association between spiritual ability and depression, as well as spiritual ability and delinquent behavior. Also, between aggression and resilience variables; depression and spiritual attitude; lawlessness and spiritual attitude; Aggressiveness and spiritual attitude as well as spiritual ability and aggressiveness have a very strong correlation. Law-breaking behavior and resilience have a moderate correlation. Other findings include the weak correlation between physical complaints and spiritual attitude, as well as spiritual ability and physical complaints. According to the findings, it can be concluded that there is an inverse correlation between the spiritual attitude and resilience of the parents with the children's behavioral problems.

The present study aimed at designing a psychological educational package for juveniles’ religious identification and  evaluating its validity.  The study, has been developed using the qualitative method    of semantic domains. In this method, first, 8  main words were selected  in accordance with components of defininitoin of religious identity and  subcomponents of consciousness and self- monitoring. Then the keywords and concepts related to those  main words, were selected, and after that, using the Quran and Hadith software, 159 verses and hadiths related to those contents, were extracted and sieved with  porpusive sampling technique. Based on the analysis of these verses and traditions, the content of the educational sessions was  organized   according to their Islamic and psychological contents. To assess the validity of the package, contents of sessions were handed out to nine experts. Then   data analyzed, using the CVI formula and SPSS software.    In the end,  the educational package consists of eight sessions,  with a coefficient validity between 0.79 and 1.00 for sessions. Finally, the findings compared with the similar findings and were   analyzed on the basis of Islamic sources.

This study was conducted with the aim of systematically investigating the behavioral components from normal to abnormal in adolescents. The statistical population of this research is all foreign articles and researches in the range of 2000 to 2024, which were determined after the initial selection of 79 researches after searching the information sources of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. This research was one of the types of regular review research in the subject area and the seven-step method of Sandelowski and Barroso was used for data analysis. The findings showed that the behavior of teenagers can be classified into 3 main emotional-behavioral, social and physiological dimensions, which include the components of menstrual health in girls, suicide, self-mutilation behavior, social reinforcement, emotional-emotional regulation, sleep disorder, depression, venereal disease, Sexual behavior is influenced by social media and privacy. The results showed that the most problems are in the emotional-behavioral field and then in the physiological field, and social problems are in the next stages.

Considering the increasing risk of suicide with age, follow-up, prevention, and treatment of suicide in childhood and adolescence are crucial. This review aims to investigate the risk and protective factors of suicide, as well as psychological interventions for suicide prevention among Iranian adolescents.

The findings of the current study were obtained by reviewing and comparing peer-reviewed domestic and international articles. Keywords such as “suicide”, “adolescent”, “student”, and “Iran” in both Persian and English, were used to search databases like Ensani, SID, Magiran, Noormags, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. After removing duplicated and irrelevant studies, 48 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed.

The studies were categorized into two main areas: (1) protective and risk factors related to suicide, and (2) psychological interventions for suicide prevention. The underlying factors of suicide were categorized into individual and background factors. A model was developed to illustrate how developmental, psychological, environmental, family and socio-cultural factors interact to influence suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents.

The findings highlight the effectiveness of psychological interventions in reducing suicide rates. Developing and implementing educational programs to decrease the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors can promote public health, especially among children and adolescents, particularly those in elementary school.

Leisure time is considered a good opportunity for self-actualization, experiencing personal freedom and social expression, relationships and social interactions, and its importance is so great that its satisfaction is considered as an important and effective factor in experiencing life satisfaction. The present research, with a phenomenological approach, has studied qualitatively the emotions and attitudes of adolescent girls of different social classes in Tabriz city about leisure. The sampling methods were purposeful and snowball, and for this purpose, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 45 female students from poor, middle and wealthy social classes. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and obtained data were manually analyzed using the seven-step Claysey method. The findings of the research showed that adolescent girls don’t have proper and planned leisure time. According to their understanding, five main categories were identified: Educational, family, structural factors, religious affiliation and socio-cultural factors, each of which includes numerous concepts including thirteen sub-categories. The results obtained will be useful in policies and planning to optimize the leisure time of different social groups, especially among adolescent girls.

Adolescents are the spiritual assets of the society and their mental and physical health guarantees the health of the society in the future. Therefore, their issues are among the issues that should be given special attention. Investigating the root issues of teenagers and their delinquency is necessary to reach an ideal conditional society.

The method of the current research was a descriptive and comparative causal type. The statistical population of delinquent juveniles included all adolescent boys between the ages of 15 and 18 years of the correctional center of Tehran in the first quarter of 1401 and the statistical population of non-delinquent juveniles included all adolescent boys of Tehran city, based on the age and region of residence of delinquent juveniles. To collect data, the revised scale of sensitivity to reinforcement, family social capital questionnaire and emotional control questionnaire were used.

The results of multivariate variance analysis showed that between the brain-behavioral systems (for the behavioral activation system equal to (F=38.45), for the behavioral inhibition system equal to (F=22.39), for the war system equal to (F=21.72), for the escape system is equal to (F = 20.45) and for the freezing system is equal to (F = 13.27), family social capital (structural social capital within the family, cognitive social capital within the family, external structural social capital) family and social cognitive capital outside the family) only in the component of social cognitive capital outside the family (F=19.72) and emotional control (emotional inhibition, aggression control, mental rumination and benign control) only in the emotional inhibition component (F=6.91) of adolescents There is a significant difference between delinquent and non-delinquent boys (P<0.01)..

It seems that behavioral brain systems and biological bases, social factors related to family structure and emotional processes can be considered as effective factors in the occurrence of delinquency and prevention of delinquent behaviors by most researchers and practitioners in this field.

 The aim of this study was to investigating the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls.

 The statistical population consisted of all female students of the second secondary school who were studying in the city of Shush during the academic year 1401-1402. For this study, 380 students selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data from Gratz Deliberate Self-Harm Inventorys Questionnaire (DSHI) and Uncertainty of Tolerance (IUS). Data analysis was performed by simultaneous regression method and using SPSS 26 software.

The obtained results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-injury in teenage girls and intolerance of indecision. In other words, the higher the level of intolerance of uncertainty in teenage girls, the higher the self-harm. Intolerance of uncertainty predicts 10.3% of the variable variance of self-injury rate. P >0/01.

Therefore, the results of this research can be used in training, prevention, and intervention for mental health and education professionals to reduce the risk of self-injury and suicide among teenagers

In the present era, and in Baudrillard's terms, the "era of simulation" has seen postmodern aesthetics permeate various aspects of art and media. Authenticity and meaning have been subjected to satire, with hyperreality taking center stage. As Bauman aptly notes, "Postmodernity is most distinctly marked by its 'destructive' nature; a destructiveness that mocks and erases everything." In contemporary art and media, the aesthetic sensibilities of the late modern period often emphasize deconstruction and style. This characteristic aesthetic trend can be observed in the profusion of works generated on social networks. Additionally, the medium of communication during the late modern age boasts a unique aesthetic that sets it apart from the aesthetics of the modern period, with regards to both format and essence. Instagram, being a relatively novel platform that embodies the spirit of modern simulation, has emerged as a prominent venue for the creation of visual works influenced by postmodern aesthetics. This aesthetic trend is notably characterized by its increasing representation of meaningless works, thereby rejecting the fundamental principles of modern aesthetics and replacing them with an aesthetic that prioritizes style over substance. In line with its rejection of established notions of meaning and content, the era of simulation further extends this rejection to accepted narratives about knowledge and truth. Instead of asserting definitive knowledge, this era embraces relativism and uncertainty, positioning them as the new standard for knowledge.The prevalence of postmodern aesthetics in media has rapidly expanded the culture of fame and celebrity. As adolescents, who naturally seek to be recognized and admired, flock to social media platforms, they do so without adhering to the modernist aesthetics that were previously considered desirable attributes such as gravity, cohesiveness, innovation, influence, and abstraction. In contrast, the aesthetic preferences of the current era prioritize a more lighthearted and relatable tone. Instead of adhering to established aesthetics, these adolescents find themselves immersed in superficial echo chambers, attracting an audience that shares similar views and becoming increasingly reliant on that attention. Conversely, their audience loses a proper understanding of reality, as Baudrillard suggests that the dominance of mass media images can “confuse our perception of what we want.” An important aesthetic element found on social media platforms like Instagram and others that are visually oriented, is the "individual-turned-brand," who becomes a piece of consumable media in themselves. These platforms place significant emphasis on the celebrity's representation of their self, making it clear that "views" are central to virtual representations. Within this space, whatever is "seen" more often tends to be perceived as more desirable, leading individuals to go to great lengths to become "more viewable" in order to break into the world of "brands."

Research Question (s):

In this study, we aim to delve into the elements of formal and content-based aesthetics of postmodernism through the lens of rhetorical analysis, using one of the most popular Instagram pages for teenagers as our case study.Our aim in this study is to gain a precise understanding of these types of adolescent Instagram pages that produce content in a distinctive style. Consequently, we attempt to answer the following questions: What is the difference between postmodern aesthetics and modern aesthetics, and what are the core components that characterize each aesthetic system? This study intends to delve into the intriguing relationship between postmodern aesthetics and the content creation of young micro-celebrities on Instagram. Moreover, we aim to explore the main fantasy and dream that these micro-celebrity pages seek to sell. Additionally, we shall investigate the place of quality artistic style and meaning in the content of these social media influencers.

Literature Review:

The majority of scientific research pertaining to the interplay between adolescents and social media tends to emphasize the impacts of social media on adolescents. Conversely, investigations into the world of postmodern aesthetics have largely focused on fields such as cinema, architecture, and the visual arts. Thus, no major research has yet been conducted on the themes of micro-celebrities, adolescent social media users, media aesthetics, and postmodernism, which examines the influence of postmodern aesthetics on their social media pages. For reference, some research has been carried out on "social media aesthetics" and "representations of the self in social media," as follows:Mohammadvali and Sojjudi (2014) examine the complex topic of authorship and presence within social media in their work titled "Redefining the Authorship Issue through Social Media." They explore the issue of authorship in two main areas: content and audience. The authors highlight the potential of social media to generate and appreciate novel aesthetics, bringing about a transformative shift in our understanding of authorship and aesthetics.In his work "Postmedia Aesthetics," Lev Manovich proposes a redefinition of the concept of media, replacing it with new concepts derived from computer and network culture. Manovich asserts that this redefinition is essential in order to explain the nature of postmedia aesthetics. Additionally, he outlines the key requirements that this new aesthetic system should meet: namely, it must elucidate how cultural objects organize data and structure the user's experience of data, while incorporating new concepts, metaphors, and functions from the computer and network era.In the article "The Representation of Everyday Life on the Pages of Instagram Microcelebrities," Mehrpour (2019) examines the themes present in the everyday lives of these influencers through the analysis of six prominent Instagram pages. This study reveals seven key themes: consumerism, luxury orientation, pretense, ancient rituals, creativity, norm-breaking, and creating memories.

To ensure a comprehensive understanding of the pages in question, it is essential to analyze both their content and aesthetic form. To examine the content aesthetics, the fantasy-theme method of rhetorical criticism will be applied. Additionally, to understand the aesthetic form of these pages, our attention will focus on technical codes, drawing from the principles of semiotics in video works. Rhetoric is defined as the "effective use of language for persuasion" or "the study of style and structure in writing or speech." Fantasy-theme critique, introduced by Bormann as a method of analyzing worldviews, is one of the rhetorical critique methods. In this context, the term "fantasy" does not refer to imagination or fictional stories; rather, it denotes the shared worldview found in an artist's works (Foss, 2009:98).
According to Foss (2009:101), the artifact analysis in the fantasy-theme critique method consists of a two-step process:Encoding the artifact based on character, setting, and action; these three components are the main factors in creating a fantasy.Reconstructing the rhetorical conception based on the fantasy.To analyze the postmodern aesthetics of the "pooorblack" page, we must examine both its "form" and "content." Here's how we will approach the analysis:To dissect the "content" appeal, we utilized the method of fantasy-theme critique, inspecting 60 artifacts uploaded over a ten-month duration (June 2021 to March 2022). Initially, we concentrated our analysis on the examination of the triad of character, setting, and action within each artifact.In the second stage, the primary topics of each artifact have been extracted based on the analysis conducted in the first stage. Subsequently, by segregating and organizing the themes of the artifacts, we arrive at the overarching or principal fantasies that define the artifact. Lastly, by taking into account the frequency of each theme, character, and setting, a final evaluation of the page's appeal and its fundamental fantasy is achieved.   In order to grasp the formal aesthetic of this page, its appeal has been scrutinized based on the following technical elements:

The findings indicate that six primary themes are prevalent in the examined artificats: challenges associated with parent-child, school-student, and peer relationships; self-mockery; the hyperbolization of everyday clichés; meaningless joy; representation of contradictions; and categorizations. By assessing the frequency of the fantasies, it can be deduced that the primary fantasy-theme of this page revolves around "disgruntled youth, joy in the moment." Self-mockery and accepting dissatisfaction constitute the unconsciouse reactions to disappointments.In light of the frequency of each theme, character, and situation (as described in the table below), the findings are intriguing. Evidently, "parent-child challenges" and "self-mockery" figure prominently among the frequent themes on the page. The characters of Parisa, mother, father, and school staff appear most frequently, respectively. The location of "home" emerges with the highest repetition across diverse scenarios.Evidently, the most prevalent fantasy-theme is the challenges in parent-child relationships. Notably, the characters of Parisa, mother, and father, as well as the setting of the home, are the most frequent. It is observed that a form of dissatisfaction arises due to the denial, ridicule, and neglect that adolescents face from the older generation. It further suggests that this dissatisfaction might stem from a desirable relationship with the previous generation and as an act of protest against traditional familial and social structures. Although the page "pooorblack" may not overtly advocate for a rational reaction to demonstrate the autonomy of adolescents, its appeal lies in the subtle suggestion to accept dissatisfaction and engage in self-mockery in response to difficulties. While there may not be a direct call to action, the page serves as a platform for self-expression and connection among adolescents who share similar experiences, fostering a sense of shared identity and understanding. Self-mockery indicates that the adolescent has accepted the denial and ridicule of their character, to a certain extent even ridiculing themselves. The route for fleeing from all this denial lies in "exhilaration." The act of making meaningless jokes or engaging in frivolous amusement is a temporary way to evade the realities of life and avert any prospects of reformation. In other words: "Seeing as you are misunderstood, there is no need to try; just use me and find pleasure in these fleeting moments."

The growing phenomenon of microcelebrities, micro bloggers, and even less prominent individuals who have not yet fully entered the realm of fame operate within the capitalist framework of fame and self-branding. Both consciously and unconsciously, they serve as the artistic and media extensions of the capitalist system, injecting momentary pleasure in order to control the discontent of socially unequal classes. Adorno asserts that this kind of mass media leads the audience to become indifferent to reality, instead gravitating towards entertainment that does not demand much attention. (Adorno, 1961: 309-310). These types of pages are entirely reliant on the skewed preferences of the audience living in the postmodern era. The foundation of postmodernism, characterized by living in the moment, temporary happiness, mockery of life, disregard for broader concepts, and meaninglessness, has permeated the art and culture of societies. Thus, we observe indications of this phenomenon in phenomena such as Instagram pages.In the current era of visual media, numerous adolescents enter the realm of social media with the aspiration of "being seen" and attaining online celebrity status, often producing low-quality works. Such works are not subject to the stringent form and content scrutiny of traditional media, such as television or cinema. They require minimal costs, expertise, or time to produce, and are immediately accessible to the audience without the need for approval or screening. Moreover, these creations facilitate direct feedback from the audience to the creators, devoid of any unnecessary delays. One essential approach for engaging with adolescents in the postmodern era is to appeal to national values. By recognizing and acknowledging genuine Iranian heroes who can truly compete with the ephemeral celebrities of this era, it can be a significant step towards mitigating the disillusionment of Iranian youth and motivating them towards constructive individual and communal actions.

 The aim of present study was conducted with the aim of predicting social anxiety based on childhood trauma with the mediating role of alexithymia in adolescents.
The present study was descriptive-correlational and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all teenagers in Tehran in 1401. Among these adolescents who scored higher than 40 in the social anxiety questionnaire, 102 people were selected as a sample and they were asked to answer the childhood trauma questionnaire and the alexithymia scale.
 The results of the research showed that the correlation coefficient between social anxiety with childhood trauma and alexithymia is significant at the level of 0.01. Also, alexithymia had a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and social anxiety in adolescents.
Based on this, in the relationship between childhood trauma and social anxiety in adolescents, emotional ataxia had a mediating role. Therefore, childhood trauma can help to increase social anxiety in adolescents through increasing the level of alexithymia.

The loss of a mother during adolescence has a profound impact on the adolescent. Recognizing the significance of this subject, the present study aimed to explore the lived experiences of young girls in the realm of adaptation after the death of their mothers during adolescence.

This research employed a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. The research population comprised teenage girls and young women aged 20 to 30 who had lost their mothers during their teenage years. Participants were selected through virtual platforms, and data collection was carried out via semi-structured interviews.

After analyzing the data, 22 subthemes were identified and categorized into 6 main components. The results indicated that shifts in attitudes, acceptance of alternative support systems, purposeful efforts, and the cultivation of intimate relationships post-loss contribute to adaptation to life after such a significant loss. Ineffective coping methods encompass a spectrum ranging from diverting attention to avoiding the responsibilities of life. The latter state may lead to the suppression of perceived psychological pressure and the potential continuation of its effects.

Today, speech and communication skills are more important than in the past. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare voice and personality characteristics in teenagers with speech sound disorders and social (practical) communication.

The present study was descriptive and causal-comparative in terms of its fundamental purpose and data collection method. The statistical population of the present study included all teenagers with speech sound disorder and (practical) social communication disorder who referred to the speech therapy clinics of Qazvin city in 1401. From this statistical population, 30 people (15 subjects for each group) of adolescent boys with speech sound disorders and (practical) social communication were selected by purposive sampling. To collect data from the questionnaire of five major factors of children's personality, social communication disorder scale, and to evaluate the voice, acoustic analysis method and Pratt software were used. The data obtained from the evaluations were analyzed by multiway analysis of variance.

The results showed that there is a difference between voice characteristics and personality characteristics in the two groups and the indices of these components are higher in the speech sound group than in the social communication group (P<0.001).

Therefore, the differences could be due to the belief of these people about speaking out loud, fear of facing or being ridiculed by others and searching for different ways to solve problems. And the presence of defects in these abilities is harmful and needs to be taken into consideration.

This research aims to compare spiritual health and psychological helplessness in adolescent girls from divorced and nuclear families. The descriptive research method was of a comparative causal type. The statistical population of this research includes all teenage girls in the first secondary school of Shiraz City. There are 80 people in the statistical sample population, 40 girls whose parents are divorced and 40 girls whose parents are not divorced. A statical sample was determined using cluster sampling. Palotzin and Ellison's spiritual health questionnaires and depression, stress, and anxiety questionnaire (DASS-21) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed at two levels (descriptive statistics and inferential statistics). Means and standard deviations were used for descriptive statistics and univariate analysis of variance for inferential statistics. The results showed a significant difference between spiritual health and psychological helplessness in teenage girls from divorced and nuclear families; Spiritual health is higher among teenagers whose parents are not divorced. Also, psychological helplessness is more among teenagers whose parents are divorced.

The National Document on the Rights of Children and Adolescents is one of the documents approved by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, which has been prepared with the intention of regulating the country's comprehensive cultural system in the field of education and training of children and adolescents. The existence of legal rules and regulations that have a nature and background in the present case has led to the question of the position of this document in the system of normative hierarchy and, consequently, the capacity assessment of the legal system in its implementation. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question "What is the position of the National Document on the Rights of the Child and Adolescent in the Iranian legal system and what are the ways to implement it?" Leading research collects research data by library method and studies them by adopting descriptive-analytical method. Based on the findings of this study, it should be said that the National Document on the Rights of the Child and Adolescent is a document with a policy nature, for the implementation of which the three assumptions of direct implementation of policy, implementation in the context of legislation and implementation through regulation can be expressed. The author believes that the implementation of this document in the context of legislation by presenting a bill by the government is more compatible with the Iranian constitutional system.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of parents' communication skills training program on the academic achievement of adolescent female students. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included female students of public high schools in Damavand, from which 77 female students and their parents were selected non-randomly. Data collection tools included a demographic information questionnaire and academic achievement report. Data were analyzed by MannWhitney test and analysis of covariance and the results did not show a significant difference between academic achievement in the experimental group compared to the control group.

Since adolescent girls are the main potentials and assets of any country, their deviance as one of the important challenges in the field of family will have a direct impact on the future of the country. The aim of this study is to build and validate the scale of deviance of adolescent girls.

The statistical society includes a number of the adolescent girls in firozkoh, and the statistical sample was chosen, on the basis of cochran formula, 200 people. For preparing the research tools, after confirming the content validity of the items, and interviewing with the scope of sociology of the social harms scope and reviewing the social issues, the intended questionnaire, was prepared after ralidating the content validation of the items, to remove the ambiguity and recognize the possible problems of the test, some people were requested to answer the questionnaire and define the unclear phrases and words. Following for implementation this test, the form of some items, was changed, but not of them was deleted.

For analyzing the investigation data, the exploratory factor analysis test with the software spss 24 and confirmatory factor analysis of the second stage with the software amos 24 was used. The reliability of the questionnaire, was calculated using cronbach Alpha method. The findings showed that the built test measures seven dimensions.

Considering the amount of earned validity the questionnaire of deviance of adolescent girls, is a suitable tool to for the fear of the crime in the women.

Mother's mourning during adolescence has a profound effect on adolescents. according to imprtance of subject; The aim of this study was to study the lived experiences of young girls in the field of stress after maternal death in adolescence.

This research has been done with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method. The study population consisted of adolescent and young girls aged 20 to 30 years who lost their mother during adolescence. Participants were selected to be available online. The interview data collection method was semi-structured. .

From the coding of information obtained after data analysis and coding, 8 themes of pressure, direct consequences of maternal absence, role overload, lack of maternal support in life milestones, damage in interpersonal relationships, post-mortem pressure Feeling of loneliness, academic failure and negative emotional pressure were extracted. The findings showed that the vast changes that occur in the adolescent girl's life after the loss of the mother require strong resources to cope with the pressure of change, and the effects of the loss are almost lifelong. Based on the findings, it is possible to develop educational programs to reduce the psychological stress of adolescent girls after the loss of the mother.

Body can be comprehended as the root of human identity, a time and a place in which the social world is embodied. Our understanding of our body and the meanings signified by this understanding vary depending on different social contexts. Moreover, adolescence is a period which body -as an unfinished and changing project- becomes an acute and critical sphere. The main aim in this article, first, is to analyse the understanding and attitude of adolescents in Tehran -as a generation- toward their body and others’ in their peer group. And second, to study the attitude adults -as previous generations- have toward this adolescents' understanding of body. In fact, the main effort is to learn how adolescents distinguish between bodies, and based on what regulations they classify bodies. And then to learn what attitudes adults have toward this understanding of body.
This study has been done through “Qualitative Research” and the data is grounded in “In-depth and Semi-Structured Interviews” with 17 adolescent boys and girls (aged 15 to 18) and 14 adult men and women (aged 21 to 48) in Tehran. The Maximum Variation sampling is used for finding the cases in various types and theoretical sampling is used to achieve conceptual saturation. Finally, the interview data were coded and categorized by “Thematic analysis”.
Results show modern attitude toward body prevails among adolescents and most of them recognize body changeable and becoming. Although this understanding leads to puzzlement and sometimes worry for previous generations, the change itself and its ruling regulations paradoxically follow the totally traditional and gendered (masculine body and feminine body) patterns. Although this configuration seemingly represents adolescents’ embodiment ground breaking and altered, it has roots in values and patterns of previous generations. The same values and patterns but with different emersion and representation. It needs to be mentioned, the existing and continuity of these traditional regulations lies beneath the deep layers of this understanding and cannot be revealed effortlessly.
Therefore, most of both adolescents and adults contradict the existence and continuity of these regulations. This contradiction is comprehensible. Part of the adolescents' fulfilment and identification is constructed from this contradiction they feel between themselves and previous generations. Approving this convergence of these apparently different regulations in understanding body, causes a crisis in their identification. Additionally, adults resist approving this convergence mostly because the outstanding difference they observe between the emergence and representation of this embodied understanding the adolescents and previous generations have; therefore, adults cannot recognize the fundamental and significant similarities. Occasionally, the idea of existing such contradiction gives identity to previous generations. Therefore, seemingly these two sides of this equation strive to accentuate the differences in order to consolidate the boundaries of “self” and “others” -as two or more different generations.

The purpose of this research is studying family roles on the delinquent behaviour of adolescent and youth in Bastak city. Population of this study were adolescent and youth 18-29 years old of bastak city which among them based on cochran formula, 384 individual were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. This research was done with the survey method and by using the questionnaire technique. After the gathering questionnaires, data were analyzed by spss statistical software. First, the tables related to the hypothesis test were calculated, and then the prediction equation related to the relationship of independent variables affecting delinquent behaviour was calculated. The results of this research demonstrate that the variables including religious attitude, parents control, family commitment and alliance, parental conflicts, generational rupture have a significant relationship with the delinquent behaviour. In the linear multiple regression model, the results show a significant positive effect of generational rupture on adolescent delinquent behaviour.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based training on self-harming behaviors and protective factors of substance abuse among adolescents at the juvenile correction and rehabilitation center at Tehran.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all adolescents aged 13-17 years old at juvenile correction and rehabilitation center in Tehran city. The final sample consisted of 24 male high school students in the juvenile correction and rehabilitation center who were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (n=12) and the training sessions were held for the experimental group for 8 sessions (once every 2 hours per week). The measures were the Inventory of Statements about Self-injury by Klonski & Glenn (2009) and Questionnaire of Risk Factors and Protective Factors against Substance Use. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that mindfulness-based training program reduced self-injurious behaviors in the experimental group and also it reduced substance use attitude, feeling of depression and sensation seeking. There was a significant increase in the dignity and self-control in the experimental group (p <0.001).

Based on the results, it is recommended that the mindfulness-based principles and concepts which in fact were confirmed its impact on Iranian society, can be used for counselors and have been analyzed, interpreted in specialized workgroups and empowerment sessions to learn how they can be used to help adolescents at juvenile correction and rehabilitation center.

Adolescence is a time in which the values having been formed in childhood will have the opportunity to grow and mature. Besides, it is a period when an adolescent who is more susceptible to danger, may make hasty decisions that would probably lead to unfavorable behaviors including delinquency. Thus, the adolescents need to learn and master certain social skills. Social responsibility is a skill that makes the individual obliged and committed regarding the consequences of his/her decision on himself/herself and others. The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of social responsibility training on attitude towards juvenile delinquency in adolescents

This is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all the female secondary high school students within the age range of 15 to 18 years old in Tehran. A sample of 92 students (45 intervention group and 47 control students) was selected from two districts of Tehran. In order to educate social responsibility, a learning protocol was designed which was different but interconnected, and included the followings: social consciousness, responsibility and its types, choices and consequences, respecting the feelings of others- respect for social diversity, rights and responsibilities, solving the problem peacefully and designing models for social responsibility (Table 1). To assess the subjects’ attitude towards the delinquency, Delinquent Behaviors Questionnaire was used. The subjects received social responsibility training for seven sessions of 90 minutes lasting for two months. Then, the post-test was given. To analyze the data, SPSS24 Software and Paired and Independent T-Test, One Way ANOVA and Multivariate Analysis of Variance were used.

The mean age of participants in the study was 16.39 (S.D=0/67) years old. Based on Fisher’s exact tests and Chi-square tests, participants in the intervention and control group did not differ significantly in terms of demographic characteristics such as age, the parents ‘education, the prisoner in the family and the parents’ smoking. Result of Paired and Independent T-Test suggested that in the intervention group, the positive attitude towards delinquency significantly decreased and negative attitudes toward delinquency increased significantly; however, in the control group, significant difference was not observed for any of the dimensions of attitude towards delinquency (Table 2). The findings of Multivariate Analysis Of Variance showed that the pre-test score of positive attitude towards delinquency explains 6% and 22% of the variations of post-test scores of negative and positive attitudes, respectively. In addition, the pre-test score of negative attitude towards delinquency explains about 32% of the post-test variations of negative attitudes (Table 3).

Responsibility and its types    What does personal and social responsibility mean? A Review of the previous session A review of students’ perception of responsibility Understanding various individual and social responsibilities Familiarization with the responsibility training program Understanding the importance of learning responsibility in adolescents Brainstorming- group discussion- Watching a short movie about social responsibility Choices and consequences    Making a choice means accepting its consequences. Understanding the importance of predicting the consequences of a choice Understanding the short-term and long-term consequences Understanding the impact of our choices on our lives and the lives of others Group discussion - Watching a short video clip Respect for social variations - Respect for the feelings of others  Understanding differences of individuals helps making better choices and respecting the feelings of others    Understanding a variety of social differences The importance of respecting differences and diversity in society The importance of considering the differences and social diversity in our judgments. Brainstorming- group discussion- Understanding rights and responsibilities  For every right, there is a responsibility. Understanding the concept of rights Understanding your rights and the rights of others in society Understanding various social responsibilities (religious, political, environmental, social, economic, cultural) Understanding the relationship between rights and responsibilities  Brainstorming- group discussion-Role play- In-class activities Solving problems peacefully  Solving a problem peacefully benefits individuals as well as society.  A review of the third session: choices and consequences Students’ understanding of multiple ways to solve a problem Students’ understanding of peaceful solutions Understanding the need to choose a peaceful solution Brainstorming- group discussion-Role play - In-class activities Designing role models for social responsibility (as a parent, a school principal, policeman or a mayor)    Every society (small or large) has its own rules and values that affect the choices and decisions made by its members. Students’ understanding of the role of leadership and management Students’ understanding of the necessity of laws and norms and respecting them Students’ understanding of adults’ roles    Competition in the form of class work - Student group activities - Brainstorming

The findings of the study showed that social responsibility training could be effective in promoting attitude and social competencies and decreasing adolescents’ tendency to resort to deviant patterns, such as delinquency. In addition, the results of Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed that this training is more effective in younger adolescents.