child labour

Despite numerous efforts by formal and informal institutions to manage behavior in the issue of child labor, the efforts made have not led to the realization of the goals of this field and specifically to reduce the number of these children and the problems related to them.

The research was developmental in terms of purpose and qualitative research with interpretive philosophical foundations and content analysis with the Attride-Stirling (2005) approach in the form of basic, organizing, and comprehensive themes. To determine the interviewees, we used two groups of academic experts and executive experts. A theoretical and convenient sampling method was used, which was carried out to the extent of achieving theoretical saturation of the interviews. Theoretical saturation was achieved after interviewing the twelfth person.

By studying the data and information extracted from the interviews, 257 verbal witnesses, 633 open codes (primary concepts), 115 basic themes, 33 organizing themes, and 10 overarching themes were identified. In order to determine the reliability and validity of the extracted codes, the Lincoln and Guba evaluation method was used for validation based on the four axes of reliability, confirmability, repeatability, and verifiability.

The main categories identified are:

 capabilities and capacities of institutions responsible for child labor, review and revision of macro policies, alignment of goals and performance of institutions, organizations and programs, environmental uncertainty, legislation and policy formulation,

The rapid growth of urbanization along with the increase of rural-urban migration has provided a favorable platform for the formation of marginal areas around the cities. The rapid growth of urbanization has caused many problems and problems for cities, among which we can mention the problems of marginalization and the growth of informal settlements. Meanwhile, the city of Bonab, as one of the cities of East Azarbaijan province, has faced the problem of marginalization due to having different capacities. The present research has investigated the problems of social harms of marginalization in Bonab city. The current research is a qualitative research method based on foundational data theory and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The statistical population was the residents of Aghdash, South Dizj (Iran Garage), North Dizj (Almalo neighborhood) of Benab city in East Azerbaijan province, 41 of them were interviewed and theoretical saturation was achieved. The investigation and analysis of the conducted interviews indicate that the people living in the suburbs are engaged in informal jobs such as buying and selling drugs, alcoholic beverages, labor and carpet weaving due to the lack of skills and expertise, and it is also one of the main causes of injuries. Social in these neighborhoods, we can point to things like economic and social inequalities, the availability of drugs and the lack of a proper program to fill free time. Dropping out of school due to economic poverty, the low literacy level of families, and the addiction of parents has created a phenomenon called working children, these factors have caused false employment, and the lack of cultural centers has caused delinquency in these areas.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Child labour is one of the most important social harm in the world. Many children are working in exploitative conditions and are exploited. In Iran, policies and interventions to eliminate child labour have not been very effective so far. Therefore, considering the diversity and extent of child labour and injuries caused by forced labour on them, the present study has tried to identify the types of child labour in Tehran, categories and occupations of child exploitation and identify the issues and consequences of each type of labour for children; so that through proper knowledge, we can help plan the necessary measures for any child job in order to reduce and eliminate child labour. A qualitative study has used in this research. We used semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 15 key informants in the field of child labour to gather the data. Also, we studied documents which were sampling done intentionally and theoretically. A thematic analysis was used in this study and finally, we reached seven main themes: Workshop work, Peddling, Street services, Barbage gathering, Begging, House working and Delinquencies. In conclusion, results try to get a realistic cognition of child labour based on a holistic approach. We hope this knowledge use as the basis of research and scientific and practical actions of policymakers and institutions in charge of children's health and welfare.

The present meta-analysis seeks to re-analyze a series of studies on child labour and street children and enumerate their strengths and weaknesses. The present study, providing a statistical summary of the previous research in the field of child labour and street children, seeks an overall estimate of the factors affecting this variable. Accordingly, this study uses a documentary meta-analysis research method and the statistical population of the study includes all valid scientific studies that have been published during the years 1381 to 1398 on the subject of child labour and street children. Finally, 15 documents suitable for performing a meta-analysis were selected and analyzed using CMA2 software. The analysis of the severity of the combined effects showed that the variables of parental education level and drug addiction with the combined effects of 0.614 and 0.541, respectively, affected the average rates of child labour and street children

The phenomenon of street children and child labour has increasingly become a major  challenge in Tehran. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the causes and consequences of emerging child labour and then offer a proper approach for its solution. Using data mining and content analysis, elements contributing to the causes and consequences of street childeren were identified. The questionnaries were analyzed using Fuzzy Delphi approach. Then using 3C model, approaches toward street children were sorted in three branches of Content, Structure and Context. In order to demonstrate the relation between elements that were agreed on by the experts, the strategic options development and analysis (SODA) method was implemented. Eventually, by  integrating expert's plans, a model emerged that consisted of 45 indices and 57 approches. The findings showed that poverty was the main cause of the occurrence and prevalence of this phenomenon, and structural factors or issues related to government and legislation can have the greatest impact on solving the problems of street children, and can lead to poverty reduction. Content factors are of secondary importance. The existence of various solutions in the field of cultural and religious arenas is also noteworthy.

The use of child labour is one of the characteristics of developing countries. In these countries children work in order to make a living for themselves and their families and، in some cases، working prevents them from following their education. In Iranian villages like most other developing countries، children are given labour according to their age and physical capabilities. Children، especially boys، are considered capital goods in rural working/ farming families. This capital is used not for the future but for the improvement of the current situation. Theodore Schultz، first human capital theoretician، believed that human investment has two dimensions: investment in health and investment in education. The present study’s main question is this: Is there a relationship between children’s labour in villages and their education? To conduct this experiment، survey was used. The sample included 70 people selected from children aged 10-14 from Keradeh، a village around Jahrom. The obtained results showed that families’ socio-cultural and economical characteristics and parents’ physical characteristics are important reason of child labour and quitted school and not educational development are important effectcs of child labour.