comparative literature

This investigation applies Spivak's "Subaltern Theory" to undertake a comparative examination of Mastaneh, the History of the Forgotten and Nine Parts of Desire. Spivak maintains that comparative studies in world literature are currently predominantly conducted in accordance with the logic of globalization during the capitalist era. She is of the opinion that the field of literature is currently only used as a means to ensure the survival of Western powers. When they wish to investigate other cultures, they refer to them as "Third World" and regard them as an undeveloped "other." These criticisms are exacerbated when the Western world interacts with subordinate subjects, particularly the female gender. Due to the fact that they only provide an appearance of the situation of women in relation to their objectives. For the sake of its own objectives, it only presents a semblance of subalterns, particularly those of the female gender, and achieves an idealistic and essentialist policy. However, the subaltern subject is aware that a gender that is both expanding and developing is the most advantageous scenario for her when she speaks and behaves as a woman. It is regrettable that the subjugated and marginalized individuals should disclose another history of the oppressed, which has been neglected, in the shadow of this game. Through an examination of a selection of Spivak's theoretical works, including "Can the Subaltern Speak?"(1985), Death of a Discipline (2003), and "Rethinking Comparativism"(2009), this research will demonstrate that the Subaltern can articulate her pure experiences and self-expression through literature without the assistance of global powers, correction, or assistance.

In contemporary psychology, color is regarded as one of the personality measurement criteria. This is due to the fact that each color has a special effect on the viewer’s mind and body, representing their mental state. Poetry of the poet's entire mental and spiritual makeup, as it is derived from her emotions and sentiments. Max Luscher’s color psychology is a method that utilizes the selection of colors to gain insight into the human psyche. This investigation has examined the poetry of Forough Farrokhzad and Khaleda Forough, two contemporary poets associated with the Romantic Movement in Iran and Afghanistan, in accordance with the aforementioned theory. The quality and extent of the use of colors in their poems demonstrate that Forough Farrokhzad’s poetry prioritizes black, which reflects her inner conflicts, dissatisfaction, and disgust with the environment, as well as her depression and isolation. However, her frequent use of green in conjunction with black suggests her aspiration to alter the course of history and revolutionize society. Khaleda Forough's initial selection is green, which is a symbol of faith, freedom, and serenity. The color black, which is situated adjacent to green, is associated with tyranny, suffocation, and social unrest. The examination of the poetry notebooks of these two poets reveals that the use of calm and optimistic colors progressively replaces the use of dark colors. This demonstrates their aspiration and optimism for a more fulfilling existence, as well as their interest in implementing appropriate modifications to the image that evokes their emotions.

The narrative collection of the Arabian Nights consists of stories, tales and myths cause by interaction of the Indian, Persian and Arabic cultures that has been designed in a complex from artistically and attractively. One of these stories that is at this collection and its narrator or narrators have inspired from Me'raj event is Buluqiya story. This story has put in two parts: the first part is between night 467 and night 486 and the second one is between night 525 and night 527. It may be that this story has been influenced by the Me'raj event in terms of various aspects such as design and structure, theme and narrative elements especially personalities, place and time. That what we are about to study the mat this article.

The story of Layli and Majnoon is one of the most famous love stories in Persian literature, which has Arabic roots and has been transfered from Arabic language and literature into Persian. Nezami is the first Iranian poet who translated this story into Persian. After Nezami, other poets have also recreated this story under his influence.The story of Lily and Majnoon, like many other cultural traits, has spreeded through different cultures through Persian language and literature and its cultural activities with the literature of the tribes and people who were enteracted  with this culture and language.  It  has also been recreated in their languages and literatures.In Balochi literature, two stories can be found that are narated with Layli and Majnoon impression.The first is a story called Layli and Majnoon or Layla and majna and the other is the story of Hani and Shaymorid.The first story is not very famous, but Hani and Shaymorid is the most famous love story in Balochi literature. This poetic story, like many other old fiction poems in Balochi literature, does not have a specific poet. The narrators have narrated its narrations in different dialects, but naturally there are differences in the details and the number of poems and the number of verses of its narrations. Hani and Shaymrid has significant similarities with the story of Layli and Majnoon, which can be investigated from the cultural interactions and  literary impressibility perspective , considering the constant interactions of Balochi literature with Persian language and literature. Just as Nezami’s Layli and Majnoon has been influenced by the social and cultural context of Nezami's society in comparison with the narration of the same story in Arabic literature, Regarding the story of Hani and Shaymorid it is noticeable that the characteristics of the social and cultural context of the host society has influenced that and transformed to an expression of its social trait. In fact, Hani and Shaymorid can be considered  as the Balochi version of Layli and Majnoon.

“Johnson and Sa’di: Two Intimate Strangers”, written by Helen Ouliaeinia, is a very useful work in the realm of Persian-English comparative literature. It deals with the unorthodox structural and thematic similarities (and somehow differences) between Johnson’s The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia and S’adi's Golestan. She tries to show documentarily that Johnson’s Rasselas has been probably influenced both structurally and thematically by the great Persian poet and writer Sa’di of Shiraz. The present book falls within the realm of the French school of comparative literature, especially “influence studies”. The present paper is composed of three major sections. The first section introduces the author and his seminal book. The second part tries to discuss the book in terms of formal features. Here, typographical errors and some stylistic shortcomings are highlighted. The last section deals with the content of the book. At the end of this part, some points are suggested to enrich the text. To sum up, it is too difficult to accept the author’s claims about Johnsons’ influences.

Today, comparative literature has a special place in various literary disciplines and has played an indelible role in expressing relationships, acting and reacting between them. In addition, by showing the strengths and weaknesses of each, the richness of the literature of nations has also been brought. The book "Al-adab-Almoqaran Fi-Alderasat Almoqaranat Altatbiqiaat", by Dawood Salum, is a writing paper in the field of comparative literature that attempts to present a brief description of the theories and schools of comparative literature, which is a fairly significant volume of Arabic and non-Arabic cultural and literary works. It also shows the impact of comparative literature so as to reveal the backgrounds, attributes, and effects of each type of comparative literature. The present paper aims to introduce this work, present its weaknesses and strengths through a descriptive-analytic way. The results show that the book, while partially successful in achieving some of its goals, faces shortcomings and challenges.

Nostalgia for sadness, regret and being away from one's home is impossible to return to the past. Past includes memories, childhood, historical periods of the homeland that is lost. Nostalgic glance is used in literary works for purposes such as restoring and strengthening national and religious identities, unity and creating a spirit of movement and motivation. The purpose of this study is to compare the nostalgic effects and its manifestations in the poems of Abdolkarim al-Karmi and Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi. The research is descriptive and analytical and has used qualitative content analysis relying on comparative method. The hypothesis is that the political and social conditions of Palestine and Iran during these two poets could provide the context, and requirement for attention to nostalgic effects in their lyrics. Reference to the Arab and Islamic identity, the nostalgia of homeland, childhood memories, names of the cities, villages and mountains of Palestine in al-Karmi and references of heroes and ancient figures, is a reminder of the glorious past in Yazdi’s works are the most significant nostalgia effects. And their main goal was identity, the revival of national sentiment and expansion of hope in the people and defenders of the homeland, against foreign enemies and domestic treacherous leaders, as well as sustainability and resistance.

Comparative literature is a science that deals with the history of international literary relations and is able to bring the two countries closer through some sort of national psychoanalysis. In the meantime, travelogues are one of the most important sociology references and components of literary universalism through which we can gain a clear image of the conditions that existed in communities of “the Self” and “the Other”. Among the western travelers who have traveled to Iran so far, Henry René D’ALLMAGNE is one of the few French travelers who visited Khorasan province of Iran in the 20th century and presented a macro imagological research from Mashhad and its inhabitants in his travelogue entitled from Khorasan to Bakhtiari. This research as a branch of comparative literature survey examines the image of foreign countries and personalities, in particular, by an imagology approach of an author’s works, or an era or school in its context. It intends to answer the two questions by analytical-descriptive method as follows: what images of Mashhad has Henry René D’ALLEMAGNE represented for the readers? and what effect has the traveler conception had on its transferring mode? The results of this research showed that the narratives of this tourist are related to the topics of weather conditions, urban planning, architecture of places, post office, transportation conditions, industry, economy, security, politics, beliefs, culture, customs, and people's habits and the tourist intends to illustrate (positively, negatively, and neutrally) the contrast between 'European self' and 'Eastern Other'. 

Comparative literature dosent have the same and specific meaning. Actually as aresult of extensive alteration of meanings (eloquence) and development in the region of research. It can be said that nowadays; just the mentality of accosting by literature and different cultures are staying.Arab’s reasercher are increasing and their approches are varied. As a matter of fact they are interested in searching a specefics identity for arab’s comparative literature, an identity that dosent have any dependence to west and its matters. However taking about arab’s comparative literature is still early.
This essay is attempting to study about  Dr. Ahmad Abdolaziz book subjected Nahva Nazariyya Jadida Leladab Almogharan by using descriptive and analytical and comparative ways and also study about positive points, difficulties and content issues. This book is published in two copies and the author invited the readers to a new comparative literature bravely. But the result shows that his attempt is an approach between France classicism and American unbridle and free ideology.
He trends to France theory in comparative part and it wont be exaggerated if it said we cant find hid specific book’s idea in the world of comparative literature and also Arab comparative literature.

Myths are formed based on human nature and the mind and the language of the current period and are fluid. The myth of the season should be an integral literature. Poets and writers, if the wishes of its people in danger, they turned to myth.One of the most transformative periods in literary Persian and Arabic literature, contemporary with the effects of the land of poets and ideas that can be influenced by factors such as political developments, influence Arrogance', the pressure of internal despotic poets composed imbued with idealism have their own myths. In this study, effects of myth in a poem by Khalil alhavi (1919- 1982) and M. atashi (1310- 1384) with an analytic approach based on adaptive checked.According to the myth functions as a means of awakening people to select the most motivated poets mentioned in this Research.

The imagology is an attempt to better understand the judgment of others about ourselves and also to remove the layers of the text, and to understand facts or distortions, alterations, and the special perceptions that make it possible for the reader to understand the work of literature as the effect of the author's thoughts and perceptions. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the history of the images depicted by Edward Polak, a German travel writer, about the lifestyle, livelihood, customs, traditions, habits and social norms of Iranians of the Qajar era. The article is based on "text readability in the light of Imagology" in a descriptive way. The present study firstly presents its readings on Polak's narrative at two general levels, with a positive and negative look, then the examples of positive-looking text images in the form of the alignment and admiration of "me" from the geography of the "West" to the culture of " the other "(Iran) in the" East ". And secondly, considering the negative view based on the common pattern of Orientalism in the dimensions of the epistemological contradictions between the two identities of "me" and "the other" with regard to the position of the "West" and "East" in the dimensions of stereotyping and extension, magnifying the contrasts, and humiliating and insulting, has read the images.

One of the important subjects of comparative literature_ in French school_ is studying common contents between literature of different languages and separating literati’s initiatives and borrowing from other authors in the same or another language by them.
With this aspect. Using analytic – comparative metod, this study compares poems of Abu Tayyib Al-Muttanabbi_ as one of the most impressive Arab poets in the Persian poems_ with Anwari Al-Abiwardi so it can determine contents resulted by similar associations and help researchers regarding literature progress up Arabic- Persian’s relations.
On of the results of this paper is that Persian poet takes benefits of poem contents and images of Al-Muttanabbi visibly and sometimes invisibly because of his full knowledge of Al-Muttanabbi’s poems.
In addition, sometimes two poets have reached joint points as a reason of common cultural environment and similar personality characteristics.

Nowadays, because of the special and pivotal place of women in the family and nurturing future generations; problems and issues related to women has become one of the main concerns of thinkers and intellectuals. Jalal Al-e-Ahmad (1302-1348 AHS) and Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti (1876-1924 AD) are two of the social reformers and contemporary writers in the field of Persian and Arabic literature. Each of them has presented women issues and criticized its different aspects as the conditions of their own society and the specific viewpoint that they had toward social and cultural problems. The present study which has compared the works of these two writers with a descriptive-analytic method indicate the presence of many similarities in their approach to women issues which can be studied in six general areas including west oxification, freedom, social injustices, hijab, marriage, and science learning and while being similar in concepts they are presented in somewhat different writing styles when appropriate.

The study and criticism on the book entitled” the comparative analysis on Roodaki’s and Aboo Navas’s Khomriat”comprised by Said Fazl Alah Mir Ghaderi is to be examined here. This essay is to introduce this work as well as to analyze the different aspects of it, due to “properties”,”failures”, and “should”. Some of innovations in this work including: the scientific saving in the unbiased references in criticism, carefulness in the analysis, the use of authentic scientific sources, the presentation of different lists at the end of book, the moral, religious approach to the comparative issue. The findings of essay show some failures including: to ignore the methodology in the comparative study, the descriptive-based issue, to avoid the research as well as to explore the unknown issues, to ignore the new research-based findings, to marginalize the literary criticism and aesthetic, the moody approach in the criticism…and this study is descriptive-analytical to examine Roodaki’s and Aboo Navas’s Khomriat on the context.

Welcoming to Comparative Literature makes it necessary that creditable writing and translating of such books should be strongly done. One of translating works in this field is A review on Comparative Literature: A Comparative Study of Persian and Arabic Literature by M.S.Jamal-aldin translated into Persian by S.Hessampour and H.Kiani. Independent, non-comparative and quality evaluation against original text shows that such book cannot be qualified to be learned to university students and also is not useful for others without reviewing and general and particular rectifying.

The Comparative Literature Book a work of Mohammad Sa`eid Jamaluddeen is a characteristic one from among subjects of such literature، published for the first time in 1990. The writer followed up French School thoughts in his research focusing his efforts on Persian and Arabic Literatures. Although this work is not that type of teaching known books but in regard to its important research subjects and because it can be used as a teaching handbook، to have an overall critical-analytic study of it، pointing out its week and strong points، may look necessary. To have this critical-analytic study over the above mentioned work، in both form and content aspects، has been included within the Agenda of Text Studies Council and implemented by referring to the work`s text and using other relevant written works particularly the Persian translation of this very work. While studying the work it was found that it lacks the peculiarities of a teaching book، both in form and content، and because the content mostly relies upon preceding Arabic resources، but having no new remarkable ideas beside the weaknesses of conformity and comprehensiveness seen in the subject-matter. The only strong point we can mention here for the work is that it enjoys having two theoretical and practical sections in its researches and in what belongs to the pivotal aspects of Persian Literature and Arabic Literature thereafter.

Literature and art have always been a mirror reflecting the human intellect and thought and also the best way to penetrate the inner layers of the human community. To understand the relationship between societies and cultures it is preferable that the researchers use artists’ – writers’ transactions in the field of art and literature in order to test the range and level of this relation. During the two centuries of its short life comparative literature، a new knowledge which has been formed to this end، has offered good and adequate understanding to the seekers of common axes of human thoughts. “Comparative Literature: Based on Conjunction of Malek o''Shoara Bahar and Amir Al-Shoara Shoghi” authored by Abolhassan Amin Moqaddasi is one of the books which has been written in this field in Iran and this essay has tried to examine and criticize it. This article is based on measuring the harmony of the book with educational standards at Iranian universities، and therefore analyzing its strengths and weaknesses.

After passing the different limitations، historical-cultural limitations، an approving movement of French school، estudes transversals have been justified by Remak and R. Wellek as a novice field for comparative literature. The field produces a new region، the end of monologue، solitude، the analysis of human science، especially literature، other arts relating to human science (music، drawing، taking picture، cinema، philosophy، politics sociology…)، therefore literature provides material for other arts، knowledge، discourse، and human mystery. The author is to examine why estudes transversals of comparative literature turns into the criticism of methological study، hence some of comparative studies have been documented in order to examine the quality and quantity.

Satire in literature contains a combination of eriticism, lousy, sarcams and humor with a view to expose a person or idea or anything and try stripped by highligting negative aspects. Thus, the literary satire aimed at correcting of moral and aesthetic aspecst together. As none of the historical periods was without it, satire emerges with the emergence of human life and always accompanied with humanitarian and social lives. Ironically, these are growing in prominence and prosperity at times of anxiety and clog the ports of freedom. So, as we know the volume of the dreadful calamity that has befallen Iraq and Iran, and terrifying conspiracies by hegemonic and occupying forces in the region, poets of these two countries will also be affected by their plot. This article tries to survey and study the poetry that appeared in literature of Iran and Iraq poets such as Rahi Moayyeri and Mohammad Mehdi al-Jawahiri. So, an attempt is made to compasre these two poets with the help of analytical and descriptive methods and relying on American school of thought.

Globalizing interaction of culture, has always been one the most effective consequences of communications and language, as a basic ingredient of culture, has a fundamental role in this process. Every nation identifies itself through its classic and modern literature and in the inaction process among different territories, literature acts as a representative and “language” acts as communicative medium. As literature is the common concern of every nation, it goes beyond national and indigenous boundaries and acts at an international level and unites every nation. The main concert on of global literature is an understanding of “the other”, where one can come to a rigorous understanding of a one’s own literary potentials and powers through a comparison with others and achieve common cultural and literary positions. This is a result of the fact that literature is a combination of different cultures and subcultures and it facilitates the recognition of common literary symbols for achieving a global literature.