convention

Maritime terrorism is one of the serious and complex threats that challenge global security. This type of terrorism carries out violent attacks with the aim of creating terror and disrupting maritime transport، international trade and coastal security. The need to deal with these threats at the international level is of great importance due to its wideranging effects. Coordinated and effective international actions، including the adoption of international laws and conventions، information exchange and multilateral cooperation، are necessary to prevent the spread and continuation of this type of terrorism. Therefore، the current research entitled "Combating maritime terrorism from the perspective of international law" has comprehensively investigated issues related to this issue with a descriptive-library approach. In this research، various issues such as the criminalization of maritime terrorism in international conventions، the nature of the crime of maritime terrorism and the jurisdiction of governments to combat it، the actions of international organizations in dealing with maritime terrorism and the international obligations of governments to prevent and suppress maritime terrorism are analyzed and investigated. has taken. The results of the research show that effectively dealing with maritime terrorism requires strengthening international laws، increasing coordination and cooperation between governments and international organizations، and effective implementation of international commitments. By providing scientific and practical solutions، this research can help to improve international efforts in the field of dealing with maritime terrorism.

The right to privacy is one of the human rights stipulated in the European Convention on Human Rights, which can be limited and suspended by the government as a binding right. One of the conditions for suspending and limiting the right to privacy is to maintain security and national interests, which is identified in the European Convention on Human Rights as one of the legitimate goals for justifying government intervention in privacy. The four examples of legitimate goals are specified in the convention, which are considered exclusive, and maintaining security and national interests is one of the legitimate goals stipulated in the convention. According to the second paragraph of Article 8 of the Convention, it is possible for the government to intervene in privacy in order to maintain national security if it is based on the law, it has a legitimate purpose and is based on a social necessity in a democratic society, and otherwise the intervention of the government is illegal and it is considered a violation of privacy. At the same time, a definition of national security has not been provided in the convention and the determination of the priority and superioeity of national security over a human right, the conditions for the sovereignty to invoke national security at the time of interference in privacy, and the scope of reference of the member states of the convention to internal laws and the possibility of using the margin of discretion rule and Legal guarantees - protection of privacy is possible by reviewing the court procedure. As a result, it is important to examine the procedure of the court and its role in establishing and expanding the right to respect privacy as a human rights judicial institution that has executive mechanisms.

Today, the ominous phenomenon of drugs has destructive and catastrophic consequences in the behavior and actions of governments in various security, economic, social, cultural and political dimensions, and in this regard, leads to international sensitivity. In this regard, in addition to countries, international organizations also seek to confront and seriously fight against this subversive disaster by creating convergence at various levels.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For data collection, the tool of taking notes from books, articles, etc. is used and the UN conventions and treaties are also referred to as a process.

The present study is based on the hypothesis of "the United Nations as the highest authority for peace and security in the world by pursuing the demands of federalism and regionalism and the ratification of conventions and international laws and regulations related to drugs and its accompanying Regional and international organizations (International Narcotics Control Board, UN Narcotics Commission, World Health Organization, World Customs Organization, Counter Narcotics and Crime Office) through integrated border control, strengthening information-based research capacity and "Operations, control of internal routes of drug trafficking and treatment of addicts are aimed at converging and synergizing to address and eradicate this global problem."This article seeks to answer the question, "What is the role of the United Nations in bringing countries together to create lasting security?"

In the modern world, various movements under the name of women and for women are active all around the world, which have motivated international institutions and intellectuals to support and rebuild women’s status in social life. The output and product of these movements are international documents and commitments on women that have imposed requirements on governments and nations. One of the most crucial of these documents is the “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”, the evaluation and rethinking of which is of fundamental and strategic significance and places a responsibility on individuals and institutions. Therefore, focusing on prohibitions and sanctions is not a way forward and it is essential to provide alternative solutions and models in this regard. The present research, using the descriptive-analytical method, has provided a sociological explication of the reasons for the Islamic Republic of Iran’s forbearance and refusal to accept the provisions of the Women’ s Convention. According to the results of the research, considering that the laws and regulations of each country are the manifestation and application of the fundamentals and principles governing that society and that the intellectual fundamentals governing Western countries and international organizations are based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the full similarity and equality between men and women’s rights, the introduction and provisions of the Women’s Convention are also founded upon this attitude and remarkably different from the intellectual fundamentals and principles governing Islamic countries. Furthermore, the indicators of women’s development in various areas, such as educational, instructional, economic, and social ones reveal that the Islamic Republic of Iran has achieved a local model without the need for Western development indicators for women’s advancement in various fields.

The high yield, cost-effectiveness and living nature of biological agents that Biological Threats of the American Occupation of the Quds Regime and Providing an Appropriate Solution to these Threats in Iran.cause dispersal and proliferation in the contaminated area and area are among the features that make countries more attractive to these agents. In this paper, we have tried to explain the threats and their consequences by using library resources in the first step of bioterrorism and in the next step to provide appropriate solutions in order to prepare for national threats and internal security . The statistical population includes all the available documents and has been studied in full. The purpose of this study is applied research and descriptive-analytical research method and systematic analysis. Therefore, defense against the potentially debilitating effects of an attack requires awareness of the epidemiological principles of biological warfare, and fuller awareness of all aspects of these weapons is needed to ensure the security of the nation.

Studying the nature of canonical decrees has been a subject of the Principles of Jurisprudence for a long time. Historically, the study of the nature of a decree in Shia Principles of Jurisprudence was discussed by Allameh Helli in his book, Tazhib al-Wusul Ila Ilam al-Usul. There is no unanimity among the Shia jurisprudents about the study of the nature of canonical decrees. Some of them consider a decree the address of Sharia which belongs to the deeds of the faithful based on requirement, situation or will. Some others consider decree a legislative determination which is revealed through addressing. Some others consider canonical decree like a general proposition coined for subjects whose existence is supposedly accepted as true theorems. While criticizing the principles of the said theories, Imam Khomeini considers canonical decree conventional ideas  whose place are in the conventional world; therefore, the viewpoints of the jurisprudents in the field of studying the nature of canonical decree include address, legislative will,  coining and conventional ideas.

In the past time the acts of piracy and slave trade as the first instances of internationalcrimes were prosecuted but new kinds of international marine crimeshave emerged recently and received world community attention.Among lots of kinds of these above-mentioned crimes one titled as ((IllegalActions Against Seafaring Security)) was chosen regarding its significance andalso due to the signing an international contract to fight against it.Development of treaties to fight against these crimes beyond the jurisdiction ofgovernments has been the focus of this research.Conventions of marine laws in Genev in 1958 and 1982 and Convention ofRoma in 1988 and the annexed Protocol relating to seafaring security with otherinternational and regional documents on fighting against international marinecrimes have been investigated in this research.

If we consider clothing as a meaningful social act rather than a means of protecting the body, we have to interpret it by means of analytical frameworks associated with social meaning. Considering clothing as a symbolic matter and trying to unravel its symbols and meanings help us to look at this controversial issue from a new angle. Paying attention of the “regularities” of social acts and conventionality of symbols in semiotics can partly explain both the historical changes of clothing and the differences of viewpoints to clothing in different groups and various subcultures of a society. If cultural policy makers bring into consideration the “regularity” of clothing and its symbolic and conventional characteristic, cultural policy making can be correctly directed.

Citizenship and the rights and duties pertaining to it are from the basic concepts of democracy. Citizens have equal rights and duties and on the basis of the principle of equality in the west, the state is obliged to not only attach equal importance to the benefits of people, but also equally respect their views. On the other hand, not intervening of the countries in the civil affairs of each other is one of the basic principles of the new order of the world that explicitly suggested in United Nation Charter and observance of freedom and human rights is given as necessary conditions for practicing democratic principles.Despite of this principle, the law of prohibiting veil as an anti-religious campaign was passed. This law, as a 'religious discrimination', is in contradiction with France Constitution and in fact shows disloyalty to the Constitution and is a sample of breaking it; because France Constitution denies any gender,ethnic, racial, religious and belief discrimination. So, it concludes that the law of prohibiting veil which transmitted from France to other western countries is explicitly opposite to written democratic principles in world Constitutions and human rights.