divergence

Tehran’s security as the capital and guarantor of internal and national security is ofutmost importance and it is necessary that the activists affecting it, be analyzed in termsof convergent and divergent effects. This research is of applied type and its nature is ofdescriptive and case study type and it is acquired in terms of futurology and normativetype and its research methodology is of hybrid type. The statistical society of thisresearch includes all documents and sources issued pertinent to the sustainable securityof the Province of Tehran and for interviews and questionnaires, a number of experts andspecialists were referred to including (Ministry of Interior, Governor-General of Tehran,senior Law Enforcement Commanders., IRIGC, Tehran Saralah Command Center,Ministry of Intelligence, Supreme National Security Secretariat, Tehran Metropolis LawEnforcement Command and the like) possessing the following features: Ph.D and MS.Education in the fields pertinent to the subject of the research and having at least ten yearsof experience and responsibility. The collection methods of data in this research were based on library research to study thepertinent resources and texts and to be aware of views and opinions of experts, field methodswere utilized. To analyze the collected data, firstly, descriptive statistic indexes were used toprepare the frequency tables and frequency percentage, average and index deviation methodswere used, as well. And to analyze the collected data and in order to analyze the activistsaffecting the security in Tehran Province, the Mactor software was used, as well.The most important international, regional, national and provincial activists affecting thesecurity of Tehran Province, in terms of impact, convergence and divergence based onstrengthening and preventing security include hooligans, professional criminals, mosquesand religious gatherings, Office of the Provincial Governor, Municipality, Ministry ofJustice and Prosecuting Attorney, Provincial Intelligence Agencies, Norther and EasternLaw Enforcement Command of Tehran Metropolis, Saralah Command Center, ProphetMohammad Command Center, Labor and trade Entities, religious figures, internal socialnetworks, Friday Congressional Prayer Leaders, mass media and foreign Persian networks,the Zionist Regime, America, European Union, China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia all whichhave been analyzed and presented in the article.

Introduction and statement of the topic: This article seeks to analyze the ethnic identity in Iranian society based on the researches that have been conducted in the field of ethnic identity, and it deals with the importance of how the prominence of ethnic identity is compared to national identity among Iranian ethnic groups and the factors affecting divergence. And what are the convergences? In the theoretical framework, in addition to using two macro-linear and non-linear approaches of national identity and ethnic identity, the theories of ethnic nationalism, elite competition, unbalanced development and relative deprivation have also been used. A systematic review method was used and based on that, 48 studies that paid attention to the issue of ethnic identity in Iran from 1380-1401 were selected. The results of this research show that all Iranian ethnic groups emphasized on the central Iran of their identity and the prominence of national identity was the first priority of all Iranian ethnic groups' identity choices. Different social groups of Iranians are proud of being Iranian. At the same time, pride in ethnic identity and ethnic commitment and belonging has a high score (close to 60), but according to the results of this research and the emphasis on law-oriented demands by Ethnic groups, extra-legal collective actions with violence and deviance have no place in the mentality of Iranian ethnic groups.

Whether we want to consider the diversity of religiosity as a natural and intrinsic thing or a secondary and constructive thing. Its problematic nature is not hidden from anyone in a religious society. Increasing the chances of conflict and divergence among groups attributed to religiosity, weakening nationalism, reducing social participation of the people, failure of policies, etc. are a set of possible consequences of the diversity of religiosity in Iranian society. Therefore, understanding why diversity and providing prescriptions for it prevents confusion in the face of the problem and on the other hand provides a model for the development of explanatory studies of the typology of religiosity in Iranian society. Because according to studies, most religious studies have described religiosity or types of religiosity and have neglected to address the reasons for the diversity. Hence, the present study is prepared in response to this question; why do we face the diversity of religiosity in Iranian society - even in religious spaces? To answer this question, the present study has used the method of content analysis and semi-structured interview techniques of academic and theological elites. The results show that the following 18 explanator in two all-encompassing dimensions help to perpetuate and intensify the diversity of religiosity by creating a central theme of "advocates of religious diversity." Providing strategies and solutions around the four policies is another research finding.

the culture of conflict means the desire to accept and backtrack on the rules of conflict , always as an obstacle to the realization of social consensus and the emergence of different kinds of conflicts . the present article attempts to present a model for pathology of conflict culture by extracting factors affecting the emergence and aggravation of this issue . for this purpose , it is attempted to answer the question by using thematic analysis and using the capacities of research documents and interviews with the university elites . socialization , lack of necessary capacities for social capital , settling society , sector industrialization , legal structure and legal structure , experience of insecurity and instability , weakness of civil forces , tribalism and its related cultural requirements in different social aspects are among the basic themes that shape the problem . in accordance with the thematic network , all the basic concepts ( themes of the case ) were formulated around three organizing codes ; and i was drawn from the triple structure of conflict , conflict , social conflict and political conflict . in line with such a model , research strategies focused on the necessity of manipulation and positive change in the three dimensions .

The changes and transformations which are experienced by the Middle East in the last century are products of a sort of various effective factors. studying these factor which have influences on this geographical region was an interesting subject for scholars with different scientific backgrounds. This research that fulfilled by the perspective of political geography tries to answer this question: What factors are crucial for shaping the political structures of Middle East? Findings of this paper show that we can categorize effective factors in the two main groups: (1) historical; and (2) new emerging factors. In addition to this categorization, geopolitical analysis indicates that shaping, reshaping and transformation if political structure of Middle East always are under influence of interior and exterior players and factors. In conclusion, with the analysis of findings of this study we can claim that, at least for short term, this geographical region is continued it's existence as a fragmented spatial structure.

The present study investigates the meaningful factors in the life of the elderly according to the social interpretation approach. The data of this study were obtained through using in-depth interviews with purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion with 21 Elderly 68 to 81 years old in Tehran 21 district (Tehransar) and the information obtained from the interviews was coded (open and centered) and the concepts and categories were analyzed. Findings using the grounded theory approach consist of 10 categories.  The central theme of this research is divergence that in general is covered all other categories. According to the core category, two of the findings of the study are convergence and divergence as if the most important research achievement is the role of divergence (family and social) in the meaninglessness of life and the role of empathy (family and social) in the meaning of life. Factors such as health or illness, economic status and the fatefulness of the elderly are also factors Which illustrates their approach to life. At the end, the foundational theory presented in the paradigm model of marital maladjustment and divergence with spouse as the most central factor of nonsense in the life of the old men.

Globalization is accompanied by the expansion of mass communication across the globe. Regarding the magnitude and type of the major impacts left by globalization and cosmopolitan connections on cultural developments, various theories have been formed, among which the most important ones are the theory of cultural convergence and the theory of cultural polarization. The main issue is the relationship between cultural diversity and globalization which Norris and Inglehart have tested in their book, "Cosmopolitan Communications: Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World ", through an extensive survey based on variables. According to the results of this study, globalization has had a convergent aspect only in the areas close to the center of mass communications world, while the fact is that due to the so-called firewalls, a major part of the world is not highly exposed to global mass communications. The present paper tries to review and examine the relationship between globalization and cultural diversity introduced in the collaborative research of Norris and Inglehart which is translated into Persian by Abdollah Fazeli and Sajedeh Allameh and published in a book entitled “Globalization and Cultural Diversity” by Kavir Publishing. In addition to the review and analysis of the content of this work, its form and translation are also considered at this paper.

The principles of the School of Natural Rights during the Age of Enlightment, i.e., the 17th and 18th centuries, regarding the individuality of human beings, their freedom and self-determination, as well as the human rights recommendations and documentations are designed and drafted by the international organizations during the current century and the appearance of “Global-ization”, the cultural seeds have been planted in different human societies.  Consequently, we have seen (nowadays) that relying on concepts of freedom, intellectualism, natural rights, self-determination, independency, and tendency towards consumerisms; some people have relieved themselves from observing the religious, traditional, and customary values, and have displayed un-conventional styles of life, which is different from the normal and conventional lives of other peo-ple in the society.   Using the merits of technology and the appearance of the concept of “Globali-zation”, this culture is being increasingly widespread throughout the world using the platforms, such as the internet, satellites TV,  and consumptive goods.  
However, this Study is not designed to find the roots of the “divergence” or providing approaches to fight against this global phenomenon.  In fact, following the appearance of divergence in the Is-lamic society, this Study is aimed at the identification of Islamic legal system approach(es) and dis-covery of its capacities in order to create a kind of balance in the society and establish social order and justice.
Generally, three different approaches may be provided regarding this phenomenon. The approach based on the obligation that all unconventional behaviors and or lifestyles are rejected and on the strength of the jurisprudential principles and rules, and even some verses of the Holy Quran, such behavior or lifestyles are criminalized.  The right-oriented approach accepts the divergence, with some minor exceptions and not only proposes any limitations for it, but also makes no objections against its scope.  The final moderate approach is right-task-oriented, and while believing in the freedom of individuals in their lives, criminalizes some of these specific behaviors and lifestyles.  
In order to explain and identify the approach of Islamic legal system towards this new social phe-nomenon, the descriptive-analytical and comparative method is used and for the collection of data, the Quranic verses, and Hadith, as well as works authored by Islamic Jurisprudents and western scholars have been utilized.  
Critical review of literature:Task-oriented Approach:This approach is based on the “originality of the society”. Verses and jurisprudential rules underlying this approach are aimed at the protection of the society.   Originality of the society means that all the behaviors and lifestyles of the individuals are required to be in the framework of tenets, beliefs, and values of the society, and the individuals are required to observe the social val-ue system and any types of theoretical or practical divergence which are in contradiction of the in-dependent identity of the society and the public conscience.  
Right-oriented Approach:Contrary to the Task-oriented legal system, which emphasizes the originality of the society and the limitation of the scope of divergence and is established on the “expediency” doctrine, “the Right-oriented legal system” not only believes in the “centrality of the individual”, but also believes in the rights of individuals regarding how to live, how to exist and be free in their behavior and thinking.  In this way, there are some jurisprudential and legal rules which form the basis for the school of “centrality of individual.”  Some Moslem scholars also believe that not only the centrality is at-tributed to the individual, but also no independent and separate existence may be considered for the society.  They believe that the society is a dependent phenomenon and lacks any independent iden-tity.  Such scholars think the number of personal beliefs and feelings amounts to the number of people in the society.  Among the works of early Islamic philosophers, differences in the souls of human beings may be traced, showing that they recognized differences in the ethics and behaviors of the human beings, which result from the differences in the nature of their souls.   
Combined Approach (Right-Task Oriented):Besides these two basic ideologies, there is another ideology in the Islamic World, which thinks of originality not merely for the individual or the society, but for both of them.  The legal school based on this ideology, propagates a moderate lifestyle, relying on the expediency for the individu-al and for the society.  This belief not only balances the former two approaches, but also believes that the Islamic legal system fundamentally rejects going to the two extremes, because any behavior which is far from balance and moderation, is considered as detachment from pure nature. God has created human beings and their souls to be moderate and to live based on moderation.   

All the three approaches regarding the scope of intervention of the criminal law in con-fronting the phenomenon of divergence, lack consensus.  The Task-oriented doctrine, which inter-prets the loss principle based on the concept of “expediency”, criminalizes all the behaviors which are in contradiction with the values and beliefs of the society.  This approach is aimed at homoge-nization of the thoughts and behaviors, which is inaccessible and will inevitably result in the infla-tion of criminal law and the maximum intervention of the state in the freedom and privacy of the people, as it is traceable in the Iranian legal system.  In such a legal system, the punishment is aimed at the public interests and prevention of crimes.  Consequently, we witness the increase of preventive crimes and victimless crimes.  The criminal policy of such a system shall be based on the security, curbing, and intimidation, which may not be implemented in today’st open and variant world.
The right-oriented legal system, is a system separate from morality, because only the behavior, which threatens or violates the right of other(s) will be criminalized and where the behavior violates the ethics and brings about no harms to others, shall not be considered as a crime.  In this system, the state may not intervene in the freedom or privacy of individuals with the justification of expe-diency or the observance of ethics and limit their freedom based on the patrimonial reasons and the rules of morality.  In other words, in such a system, the state is designed to be based on the princi-ples of minimalism and minimum intervention.  Although this legal system, based on the principle of tolerance, and taking the criminal policies based on the tolerance, is in line with today’s plural society, and tolerates individuals with all types of clothing, tendencie,s and lifestyles, is somehow approving the human rights and the freedom of thoughts and expressions, and although the princi-ple of tolerance is considered in Islam as an ethical value, this principle may create a justification for some people to promote anarchistic and pure permissiveness.  Moreover, recognizing the prin-ciple of “tolerance” in this legal school may be considered as the approval of the divergence and denial of “homogenous lifestyle”.  This level of tolerance is not a good characteristic in the way defined in the Holy Quran and is not considered as an ethical value.  Actually, it is one of the liber-alist principles, which may not be contested, and any thought or act, which attempts to limit the scope of tolerance and permissiveness must be limited.  Consequently, the tolerance which is one of the principles of this school is in line with the religion of Islam, if it agrees with the ethical prin-ciples. Otherwise, it will be turned into a theory of trait.   
But in the combined legal system, which is based on the “legal expediency”, the criticizing and public contempt of a behavior may not be considered as a good reason for calling it an unethical behavior.   On the other hand, the gladiator-like behaviors, which are aimed at the entertainment or enjoyment of the individual or people who do it, are not acceptable.   
If the legal system is merely task-oriented, some type of ethical populism is formed and a unique lifestyle is inflicted upon the society.  If the legal system is merely right-oriented, then the permis-siveness and unstrained tendencies are promoted.  Consequently, in the combined or moderate sys-tem, taking into account the expediency of the society and the rights of individuals and with the designing of a “moderate state”, any  the type of behavior which is rationally and naturally consid-ered as unethical, and each behavior which is prohibited in the religion, such as divergence, shall be forbidden.  However, other representations of the divergence which appear in the form of clothing, make-up, viewpoints, etc., are not considered as unethical and if no religious rule have been issued to prohibit them, they will be authorized.   In fact, this approach is a type of liberalism combined with the governing perfectionism. The aforementioned approach follows some of the principles of liberalism, such as freedom, self-determination, and independency and at the same time supports the behaviors, which promotes the human being to the rank of “divine closeness”.  

Funding
In the present study, did not have any sponsors
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed in designing, running, and writing all parts of the research.
Conflicts of interest
This article does not conflict with other articles of my.
 Acknowledgments
In this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully listed.

Qatar and Saudi Arabia can be considered as societies that have played both effective and destructive roles in adopting converging and unified policies in many political, security, cultural and economic crises in the West Asian region; But theoretical and pragmatic unity and pragmatism in Riyadh-Doha policies, especially after the visit of President Donald Tramp on May 20, 2017, was thwarted. The main question of the present study focuses on what factors can be considered as the basis for deepening the gaps in Qatar and Saudi Arabia relations, which ultimately resulted in a complete political breakdown between the two countries. The findings of this study, using the method of historical sociology and the theory of social gaps, confirm that most of the factors that led to the divergence and disconnection of political relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar Are; a broad ideological gap between the two countries, Saudi Arabia's successive defeats in the struggle against the resistance fronts (Syria, Iraq, and to a large extent Yemen) and, ultimately, Saudi Arabia's vast accusations of Qatar on protecting terrorists and the Muslim Brotherhood groups.

The paradigm of globalization of culture and its components such as the informatics revolution and the advent and development of commination-information communities are among the most important features in the human life in beginning of the third millennium which has provided necessary grounds for facilitating the convergence flow in terms of culture. Culture on the one hand is considered as the coherent totality of values, rituals, sensations, and elements constructing ethics and actions of each ethnic group and nation, and on the other hand, it is taken as the riches resource, symbol of giving identity, development, creativity, and dynamics which as basic roles in giving senses, making coherent of social relations among individuals and different groups in societies. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and is based on library-documentary research to answer this main question that which strategies governments and ethnic groups adopt for the main paradigm dominating the current world in the form of globalization.
Findings of the present study inspired by James Rosenau’s ideas who believe that chaos in the world of politics indicates that globalization is based on the compression of time and place. With transformation of conditions, the framework of traditional grounds and devastation of identity building factors have provide opportunities and threats for other cultures and identities. This issue have caused the emergence of different convergent approaches and the process-oriented type of view as well as the project-centered ideology towards it and adoption of divergent approaches

This study investigates the impact of workplace environment، conflict of work and family and methods of dealing with physical and psychological stress among police officers. As the research data obtained from a large statistical population of police officers residing in New England in America. In this paper، we will have special attention to the differences and similarities of the different gender groups. The present study shows that in both men and women''s groups، regardless of the amount of confounding variables such as physical، anxiety and depression; conflict of work and family and methods of dealing with stress are the strongest and worst stressful stimuli. On the other hand، was diagnosed that the divergent effects in dealing with a negative and unfavorable work environment resulting in increasing friendships and creating constructive coping mechanisms to work related stress in both men and women police groups. Also، the concept of these diverging and converging effects has been studied.

The purposes of this article are discourse analysis of citizenship concept in the light of archaeology theory of Foucault and also reclassification of obstacles of "citizenship inclusion" in five social especial groups. Also removing strategies of citizenship "exclusion" are presented in this article. Evolution of criticizing theoretic discussions and citizenship basic changes from one hand and establishment of independent theoretical bases, tendencies and institutes about especial groups on the other hand have lead to revision in our understanding about citizenship on the basis of "especial" social groups rights. There are common reasons for complete or proportional deletion of especial groups in citizenship domain such as lack of balance in citizenship rights and responsibilities in the groups, inaccessibility of social sphere and their proportional farness from employment.