gender

For the native people of northern Iran, the organization of the bloody battle of two bulls is called Varzajang. They insist on its continuation under titles such as safeguarding the local game, tradition, preservation of culture, and protection of identity. Although during the last few centuries, this unusual culture has undergone tremendous changes with the transformation of social structures, but its main core, "fighting two bulls", still remains. Recently, some university researchers also emphasized economic dimensions, its development to attract profit and financial income for the host, the attraction of tourism, and social cohesion. Although many tourists and historians in Iran have called this phenomenon a play since the past, but the ideal of the presence of wisdom in individual and social life makes us consider a play beautiful that accepts the equality of actors in its functions. This show, which has a kind of unconventional livelihood, denies half of its actors (women). Our intention to deal with this issue is not to try to bring women into this campaign, but to critically analyze it. Therefore, the central question is that the lack of presence of women in this ceremony indicates what kind of relationships? Therefore, the researcher tried to find an appropriate answer to the above questions with the bio-experiment among the mentioned activists and adopting the Moustakas strategy in phenomenology as a method as a result, Varzajang, in the continuation of the cultural tradition of the past in the society, despite the changes it has had, has not come close to the threshold of a cohesive social play.

Migration is a gendered process because reasons, routes, patterns and consequences of migration are different for men and women. Therefore, not only the migration process should be studied through a gender lens, but the data system and migration policies should also be based on the gender nature of migration flows.
In general, the traditional patterns of migration were more male-selective and women were seen as dependents, which is changed today and with the increase of agency, women have gradually turned from the subordinates of migration to the agents of migration.
This research, based on the documentary method, seeks to expand the conceptual and theoretical field of migration studies and answer the question of how international migrations are formulated from the perspective of gender considerations?
In this research, all three dimensions of the migration cycle (outmigration, diaspora, and return) will be analyzed through the lens of gender.

The reduction of the gender gap in deviant behaviors has recently attracted a lot of attention. Therefore, the current article aims to test the validity of Braithwaite's assertion that this theory is not gender neutral and its potential to be generalized to both genders. The present study is divided into two sections. First, the library method was employed to analyze the theoretical issues; second, the survey technique was employed to evaluate the results. The multi-stage cluster sampling method was employed to gather the questionnaire from 831 students at five public universities in Tehran. The method involved clustering universities based on majors, selecting universities based on the number of students, and selecting universities based on gender.
The regression coefficients of independent variables and students’ deviant behavior for both sexes indicate that the regression model of girls encompassed only four variables: adherence to moral values, deviant friends, stigmatization, and shame displacement. These variables were capable of accounting for 39% of the variance in the variable of girls’ deviant behavior. Additionally, the linear regression model of males has been supplemented with five variables: shame internalization, deviant friends, stigmatization, reintegration, and adherence to moral values. These variables have the capacity to explain 40% of the variance in their deviant behavior. In general, reintegrative shaming theory has the ability to generalize to the deviant behaviors of female students. Braithwaite’s assertion regarding the theory’s ability to generalize gender was not an ambitious assumption, and the theory has the capacity to generalize to both sexes.

Art is a fundamental component of the culture of a society, and its motifs can serve as a reflection of the society’s cultural, social, political, and economic status. In this investigation, the text of Mohammad Yaghoubi’s drama “Drought and Lie” from the 2000s serves as the data for analysis. The purpose of this research is to study the concept of gender in the aforementioned text in order to identify the manner in which this concept is generated or perpetuated within the context of the social conditions of Iran in the 2000s. Ruth Wodak’s discourse-historical approach has been selected in the research methodology section. The research results indicate that the drama “Drought and Lie” presents the definition of gender and gender roles in a state that is between the traditional official dominant discourse and the modern discourse (as the rival discourse), which was established in the 2000s, by employing the historical-social horizons of the era and utilizing Wodak’s fivefold strategies to analyze the linguistic aspects of words, phrases, and key contents of the text. The final conclusion posits that the author of the drama “Drought and Lie” has effectively conveyed the position of Iran's transitional society toward modernity in the 2000s, as well as the repercussions of cultural changes in the private sphere of family and marital relations.

Novels, As cultural products, represent a society with various discourses. Each discourse, with its own configurations, is constantly trying to make its meanings hegemonic. The current research is an attempt to analyze the discourse semiotics of gender with an emphasis on the theory of Laclau and Mufehe in the two novels "This street has no speed bumps" and "Rahesh". The main issue in the current research is how "gender" is represented in these novels. Also, how gender thoughts are reflected through the author's mentality in writing the novel and what is the author's point of view towards them. In terms of methodology, it is a descriptive and qualitative research, which uses library method to collect data. According to this method, the analysis of the novel includes three levels: textual analysis, intertextual analysis, contextual analysis. Textual analysis is dedicated to the semiotics of the novel's characters and finding the discourse order of the novel; In intertextual analysis, each novel is compared with novels of the same period; in contextual analysis, the relationship between the novel and larger social space is examined. Finally, the analysis of the propositions revealed that the main concern and theme of the novels; The obvious conflict between tradition and modernity lies in the social construction of gender, which is implicitly included in the inner layers of the text and lexical reflection, and the main character of the novels at all stages are in the conflict between the biological construction of gender and its social construction.

This study investigates the impact of the intersection of gender and ethnicity on income inequality in Iran. We use data from two sources: the National Survey of the Consumption of Cultural Goods (2019) collected by the Research Center for Culture, Art and Communication, and the Household Expenditure and Income Surveys (HEIS) collected by the Statistical Center of Iran between 2016 and 2020. Our findings, based on Ordinary Least Squares and Quantile Regressions, reveal a persistent gender income gap across all income percentiles and ethnicities, with women consistently earning less than men. Furthermore, the interaction term between gender (being female) and ethnicity (being non-Fars) is significant and negative for both low and high-income groups. This suggests that being non-Fars exacerbates the gender income gap for women (non-Fars women face a significantly wider gender income gap when compared to Fars women). Additionally, regardless of ethnicity, the gender income gap is the largest for women in the lowest income percentiles and smallest in the middle percentiles. Our results highlight the importance of considering the concept of Intersectionality when formulating policies. Policies aimed solely at reducing the gender income gap might be ineffective unless they acknowledge the diversity of ethnicities within a society.

The modernist scholars of the Quran, whether they are considered feminists or not, have engaged in re-reading the Quran and produced new literature on verses about women and family since the latter half of the 20th century. Their main focus is advocating for change regarding Muslim women or women in Islamic societies. Consequently, their studies on the Quran take a critical approach to traditional exegesis. Among these scholars, Amina Wadud, due to the depth of her thought and emphasis on a methodological method, has more influence on the specialized and public arenas. This study analyzes and reviews Amina Wadud's interpretive attitude. Objective The paper aims to enhance the interpretive knowledge of female scholars in the critical field, ensuring that negative critiques and theories deepen positive and interpretive information. This theoretical study was conducted through a documentary method, and data collection was library-based. The findings of this study are consolidated under three headings: foundations, method, and feminine interpretation of several Quranic terms in Wadud's thought. These are explained and reviewed in this paper.  Consequently Amina Wadud, through her critical analysis of exegetical books, utilizing a holistic and Qur'an-centric hermeneutic, feminine theology, and analytical tools and feminist literature, has presented her gendered interpretation of the Qur'an, which has been critiqued on all these grounds.

Critics of traditional theology, particularly feminists, have turned their attention to reinterpreting the sacred text from a feminine perspective. By doing so, feminist theologians aim to provide a fresh outlook on the human relationship with God, drawing from women's experiences within Western religious and intellectual traditions. This approach has led to the scrutiny of the historically male-centered philosophical, and theological foundations in the history of philosophy and theological thought. Consequently, gender has emerged as an explicit or implicit element in interpretations of religious texts. This research focused on the methodology employed by Schüssler Fiorenza, in order to understand the role of gender and hermeneutics within her approach. the findings of this research revealed Fiorenza utilized a critical and rhetorical hermeneutical method to challenge the masculine interpretation of the sacred text. She established a foundation for a new feminine reading by constructing positive and conceptual frameworks derived from the Bible. Furthermore, Fiorenza traced the transformation of understanding by departing from male historical-theological approaches and incorporating female agency. It is important to note that Fiorenza's emphasis on the diversity of femininity in reconstructing a contextualized and gender-inclusive theology did not imply a relativistic approach to knowledge or exclusive adoption of feminist epistemology

Postmodernism, as a huge intellectual movement that plays a more serious role in education today, has different and sometimes contradictory analyzes of the influence of gender on education, so the answer is that education It is free from the element of gender, it produces different results. The differences are sometimes due to underestimating natural differences and sometimes due to different perceptions of what gender is and its role in the world of creation. Based on this, this article, relying on the analysis of gender in postmodernism education approaches as research innovation, finds the root of the failure and inefficiency of many schools in the lack of real attention to the role of gender in education systems. knows Therefore, with a descriptive and inferential method, it is intended to analyze gender strains in educational schools. Based on the findings of the research, post-modern ideas that are inconsistent in theoretical foundations and ineffective in practice have been tried; They introduce gender in the field of education and declare that because Islamic education is aimed at cultivating the soul, the element of gender does not interfere with it. However, many evidences of jurisprudence show that the discussion of gender differences is related to the validity of gender and it affects the identity of a person and plays an effective role in higher human levels, and it is inappropriate to invalidate it.

Considering the limited number and limitations of the conceptual models of gender presented in the media coverage, the purpose of writing this article was to reach a conceptual model of the position of gender in the media coverage of the 2020 Tokyo and 2016 Rio Olympics so that it can be used as a model. In the analysis of the existing conditions, he used it to achieve the desired situation.

This research is qualitative research based on thematic analysis approach. The statistical population included all the contents of Iran Sports newspaper in 1395 and 1400. Statistical sampling was purposefully selected, which included 212 textual data (news, reports, interviews and articles) in the Iran Sports newspaper during the time period of each of the mentioned Olympics (August 15-31, 2015 and August 1-17, 1400). . In order to analyze the data, the coding method of three stages of descriptive, interpretive and integration coding was used

According to the coding results, five primary themes, three secondary themes and one overarching theme were obtained. The comparison of the obtained results shows that in most cases, under the influence of the gendered discourse and the approach of this newspaper based on the concepts of "hegemony",

One of the significant points in the concept of "hegemony" is that the news coverage in this theme has been done for both sexes, with the difference that the news support for women is mostly the announcement of infrastructural deprivations.

This study aims to investigate Ayatollah Javadi Amoli's view on the gender of the soul and analyze and criticize his arguments, referring to his written works using an analytical-documentary method. The results of the studies showed that the dominant tendency of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli's arguments is to deny the gender in terms of the human abstract. He proves the above issue by relying on the philosophical principles such as the quality of the emergence of the soul, actuality and human form, the position of the gender in matter, the gender impossibility of the soul based on the Tashrifia addition and the truth of the resurrection. There are some considerations in each of these arguments, which include: assigning substantial movement to existence and considering matter and body to be outside of it, considering the body to be one with the matter, not considering Mulla Sadra's final opinion on the matter and form as the analytical Araz of the body. Ayatollah Javadi Amoli has also raised points in some cases that prove an influence of the gender in the soul. These points are as follows: the difference between the two sexes in some sensual states, the effect of the soul's previous state on its abstract state during its substantial movement, the presence of the body and some of its characteristics in some subsequent states. The mentioned points show that although arguments can deny the gender from the perspective of the human abstract, they cannot deny the effect of the gender on the structure of the human soul.

The separation of sex/gender and then not supervening gender over sex, which has been proposed in social sciences, is one of the most important social issues of scientific approaches due to the legal and cultural requirements and of course the science. To identify the way to enter the debate and judge such a duality, the first question is how to attain the methodological literature of this debate and identify this type of debate and, based on that, draw the discourse of this debate so that instead of confronting the approaches, it is possible to discuss approaches. In this way, it is possible to identify the concerns and methodological arguments of the proponents of this separation and provide a common literature to advance the discussion. Then, in another stage, it is possible to judge about this separation and then its claim that gender is not based on sex through an authentic method.

The method of this article to achieve such goals is a combination of a special kind of historical study combined with common sense reasoning. Access to measurement and comparison between scientific approaches and paradigms requires a type of scientific and intellectual studies that is a combination of a special type of historical studies along with access to public arguments; Arguments that the human mind dictates regardless of paradigms and intellectual approaches. In this article, we identified the historical and intellectual roots of the separation of the two concepts of sex and gender in the history of the formation of sociological knowledge and its concepts in the works of Emile Durkheim. In the history of classical sociology, Durkheim used the conceptual distinction of individual and social conscience throughout his works. Based on this distinction, he was able to explain the social realities, the changeable identity of social reality, and laws as the norms that protect the society, and in this way, he established the theory of mechanic and organic solidarity in the description of traditional and modern societies. Durkheim did this through the concepts of similarity differentiation and division of labor. The division of labor leads to the formation of a special type of solidarity between people, while solidarity is based on the distinction in the social consciences of people. This type of division of labor and as a result this type of solidarity leads to the formation of a new social reality along with its special rights. This historical study shows us what intellectual foundations needed for this separation were how the intellectual space was ready for the birth of this conceptualization in the 70dicades and what conditions caused the emergence of this conceptual separation; A situation that may not be directly described in the current literature on gender issues and feminist studies. Much earlier, the conceptual and intellectual process to explain the transformation of the social rights of feminist movements for the realization of women's rights in Western society had begun, but it had not yet found the scientific and conceptual basis to penetrate the stream of social science until 1972 by Oakley. The distinction between sex and gender based on the fact that gender is something that is determined by society rather than having a natural basis was explicitly established in sociology, and the way of legal struggles in an official and scientific form was provided for feminist movements and found its proper conceptual and scientific basis.But is this primary sociological background in distinguishing individual and social conscience and this determined form in distinguishing sex from gender a correct conceptual distinction?The answer to this question requires a scientific and universal tool for judging and measuring conceptualizations in social science. This tool is nothing but knowledge that is not dependent on any specific scientific theory and viewpoint, and every human being can provide an answer to it. This tool is a general argument that precedes any theory and Allameh Tabatabai stated it before presenting the theory of Etebariat.An anthropological argument as the basis of social sciences, which is taken from Allameh Tabatabai's meta-theory of Etebariat, makes it possible to make an intellectual comparison between the concepts of the common intellectual stream of social sciences with the practical wisdom of the Islamic era, and secondly, the above conceptual separation can be judged.According to this argument, two levels of human life are depicted, one is the natural physical part and the other is the mental, active, and social part. To show which of these two levels is the main level and the other is considered its subsidiary, Allameh Tabatabai raises a question when death occurs which one of these two parts is lost? Is the death due to the closure of the first part or due to the closure of the second part? The answer is clear. As a result, the main part will be the first part that makes human life possible and the second part will supervene on the first part. We called the first part Sex base and the second part Gender structure.In other words, we showed that human and social realities are supervened by the main part and the "base" in humans and proportion to it, in such a way that the gender structure cannot be considered independent of the sex base and in some way separate sex and gender. The structure of people's gender, which is made by society, is not only built based on society but this social structure is based on something called the basis of sex, which is his physical and physical nature. Therefore, the separation of the two concepts of sex and gender, which implies the idea that gender is created independently of sex and is simply created by society, cannot be correct and therefore a correct conceptualization; Because the concepts and separation between them involve contents that automatically impose themselves on human thought and society.Therefore, the use of this conceptual separation introduces contents into the intellectual and cultural literature of the society that is not compatible with common sense. Therefore, to transfer this knowledge obtained from universal reasoning, in addition to the absence of conceptual differences, this fact must also be applied in the words referring to it. Therefore, two words "sex base" and "gender structure" which express the existential relationship between the structure and the base, and the non-separation of the base from the structure were proposed for the linguistic level of this knowledge. With this definition, gender cannot be considered as something constructed by society, although in the order of survival and reproduction, it is the society that decides whether to preserve or reproduce the female or male structures or to preserve the society and the lives of the members of the society. To change this principle can also be explained by Allameh Tabatabai's Etebariat theory under "change Etebariat".

"Gender" as one of the most important dualities in social and cultural structures, has been the subject and focus of sociologists and culturologists. And, feminism as one of the branches of sociology has dealt more than any other approach with the duality of "woman" and "man" and its impact on the cultural construction of societies. Existentialist feminists argue that men's worldviews seek to impose "gender identity" on women through cultural tools that lead to imposition of stereotyped behavior and special norms on women. Persian proverbs, as effective and practical cultural tools in public domain, have been unable to reflect gender standards well. Emphasizing the existential feminism theory and with the method of qualitative description and analysis of existing and common Persian proverbs, it can be said popular culture has not only ignored the women's existence but increased or decreased their freedom, selection and choice, and applied ways and behaviors to control them. Women's responsibility and social activity has also been limited through cultural means i.e. public culture can also impose dependence and sense of belonging on women. The same way, it can regulate, monitor and control the emotional and economic dependence of women. This article attempts to evaluate and analyze the issue of "gender identity" in Persian proverbs from the point of view of existentialist feminists.

The objective of this research is to compare the duration of unemployment among Iranian men and women who have visited labor centers. The current study is a secondary analysis, and the statistical population of the study consists of all job seekers aged 15 to 45 who have referred to job centers throughout the country from the beginning of 2013 to the end of October 2019. The study was conducted using the survival analysis statistical technique. The results of this study indicate that women experience longer periods of unemployment than males. The average duration of unemployment among job seekers aged 20 to 24 is shorter than that of other age categories. Job seekers who are married, divorced, or widowed are at a lower risk of unemployment than those who are unmarried. The risk of unemployment is highest among job candidates who lack education, while the second highest risk is borne by individuals with master's and doctoral degrees. The findings of this investigation suggest that the age and gender composition of the populace must be taken into account when formulating policies and overseeing the labor market. Given that women comprise half of the country's population, it is imperative to capitalize on this capacity, especially in the context of departing the demographic window and implementing strategies to reduce unemployment and establish stable employment. Furthermore, the role of job applicants in marriage, childbearing, and child training, as well as the limitations of job diversity, must be thoroughly considered and prioritized.

Women are more risk-averse and more conservative in making investment decisions.This research examines the relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and the investment inefficiency of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The argument is that companies with gender diversity of the board of directors have lower investment inefficiency than companies without gender diversity of the board of directors, and the presence of female directors in the board of directors has a negative relationship with investment inefficiency.This research is quasi-experimental. Also, considering that the results of the research deal with solving a specific problem or issue, it is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, correlation analysis with regression approach. Considering that this research uses past information to test hypotheses, it is retrospective. In order to examine this issue, research hypotheses were selected based on a statistical sample consisting of 108 stock companies (based on systematic exclusion) during the years 2017 to 2021 (540 observations) and tested using multivariate regression models.The analysis of the research sample shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and investment inefficiency. The results also showed that board independence moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency. But CEO tenure does not moderate the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency.

This paper endeavors to elucidate and formulate the social dimension of the concept of gender using an exploratory and analytical approach, as derived from the theory of “Acquired Human” in transcendental wisdom. Gender is exclusively associated with femininity and masculinity in the works of Islamic philosophers, which demonstrates the distinctions between the two sexes. The philosophical approach to gender definition necessitates the establishment of principles that can elucidate the relationships between social change and its impact on human identity. The foundations and principles of the theory of “Acquired Human” are capable of elucidating and clarifying this relationship with regards to the concept of gender in transcendental wisdom. In accordance with the principles of “Free Will,” “Substance Theory”, and the “Unity of the knowledge (Elm), the knower (Ālem), and the Unity of action and actor,” the actions and thoughts of an individual contribute to the formation of various aspects of their identity, including their gender identity. Behaviourism in Transcendental Wisdom also affirms that every gendered behavior initially acquires dimensions, which subsequently shape the gender identity of both men and women. Finally, the definition of gender identity is not neutral, as it is based on the principles of transcendental wisdom, despite the fact that the element of acquisition is a defining factor. The boundaries of its transformations are not limited to the confines of nature; they also play a role in the realm of anomalies.

Marriage patterns occur in various forms across different cultural settings. This study seeks to investigate the role of ethnicity in mate selection in Iran. Data from the "Marriage Survey" of the National Organization for Civil Registration of Iran (2016-2017) was used, which includes 9458 individuals who referred to the pre-marital testing laboratories in all provincial centers (except Tehran). The findings showed that 85% of the marriages were semi-arranged (spouse selected by the individual and approved by the family). The multinomial logistic regression test results showed that after controlling all the covariates, ethnicity retains its association with mate selection of both sexes. This finding emphasizes the importance of the normative-ethnic theoretical approach in explaining mate selection in Iran, contrasting with the theoretical approach of the similarity of characteristics. This study confirms the findings of previous studies on the role of ethnicity in marriage patterns in Iran. It emphasizes the importance of considering it as a cultural factor associated with specific values, norms, and customs in designing policies and programs that facilitate and consolidate marriage.

Considering the importance of generational and gender relations, in this article, we have investigated the gender analysis of emotional support between adult children and parents. The statistical population of this research is people aged 18 years and above in Tehran and were selected 1000 people from 30 districts in a multi-stage cluster method. The findings show that there are gender differences in the emotional support of parents and adult children to each other. So the fathers and mothers supported girls more than boys, and mothers’s emotional support from girls was more than fathers’. In the case of parents' divorce, fathers' emotional support was reported to be less than that of mothers. In addition, girls' emotional support from fathers and mothers was more than boys' emotional support from fathers and mothers, and girls' emotional support from mothers was more than that from fathers. Girls' and boys' emotional support from their fathers decreased in the case of parents’ divorce and conflict. In general, it can be said that mothers have more emotional ties with their children, especially with their daughters, and in divorce and parental conflict, adult children's relationships with their parents, especially with their father, are weakened. It is suggested to strengthen the emotional ties of fathers with their children and the efforts of parents in order to maintain the stability of married life.

This article tries to describe and analyse subaltern women’s perceptions of femininity and the factors that influence these perceptions. In fact, this research concentrates on the intersection of class and gender. In this study, “subaltern women” were determined based on Pierre Bourdieu’s class analysis and four types of capital according to him: economic, cultural, social and symbolic. This research has been conducted using phenomenological method and the data gathering tools were in-depth and semi-structured interviews and 10 working-class women were interviewed. The reason for choosing phenomenology is that it allows the researchers to see and describe the phenomenon from the respondent’s perspective. The results challenge the current feminist analysis of women’s experiences as universal and show how women’s experiences and perceptions should be understood at the intersection of class, gender and power relations. The findings have been explained in the following themes: femininity as an intrinsic concept, the stigma of unattractiveness, grinning and bearing as a strategy, tendency to traditional feminine roles, the desire of being a male, sexuality, experience of violence, fatalism, intra-class safety, poverty.

Subjectivity is the reflexive experience of awareness and individual agency in interaction with oneself and with others in the real, symbolic, and institutional realms. This study aims to comprehend the social and semantic complexities of the subjectivity of Kurdish women. The research employed theoretical sampling and in-depth individual interviews with 43 Kurdish women, supplemented by the formation of a focus group consisting of six individuals, within the interpretive-constructivist approach and grounded theory method framework. The findings reveal that the subjectivity of Kurdish women can be grasped through the central phenomenon of suspension. This experience was categorized into four concepts: suspension of cognition and agency, suspension of lived experience, conscious suspension of fear, and suspension as a strategy. Contextual conditions and institutional relations encompass normative institutions, regulatory institutions, minority status, and economic status while intervening conditions include experiences of subjugation, social connections, and available resources. Three types of strategies emerged: protection strategy, resistance strategy, and negotiation. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the intricate nature of subjectivity in Kurdish women's experiences, depicting it as fluid, mixed, and multifaceted, and existing within three categories of female subjectivity, passive-unembodied-internal subjectivity vs. embodied/active subjectivity, and delocalized subjectivity.