globalization

Globalization is the main factor of social, economic, cultural and political changes around the world that has turned into a vast area that includes a number of facts and values that affect different aspects of contemporary human life. The topic of the emergence and spread of the phenomenon of globalization and the formation of a global society is one of the highest aspirations of humanity. With the development and expansion of communication tools, we are witnessing a kind of global tension in the close relations of human communities in various fields. Globalization has increased human knowledge and strengthened international relations on the one hand, but on the other hand, it has brought with it challenging issues related to cultural, political and economic issues. Among these, the unity of religions and the strengthening of the position of religious thought is one of the advantages of the globalization project. Therefore, reviewing religious texts and religious cultural texts leads to an undeniable fact that Islam is a universal religion that has tried to become global throughout its historical experience. Islam has raised the issue of globalization and the formation of a global society and global government, on which the great founder of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, Imam Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini, has emphasized. Islamic ideology is capable of creating a new system in the relations between nations, based on humanity and spirituality, which can be considered the first simulation of the idea of globalization and the formation of a global society. Among Islamic teachings, there are strong and comprehensive theoretical foundations related to family rights in the direction of promoting the sensitive and important position of the family, which if translated into today's language, can be a bright light for families in the present era. In this research, we analyze the correct use of globalization strategies in a descriptive, analytical, and inductive manner, based on the statements of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini and then explain the possibilities.

Science and culture are among the issues that have always been interconnected, with various theorists seeking to uncover the nature of their relationship. According to Islamic philosophy, science is introduced as the foundation and basis of the culture and civilization of human societies. To evaluate that civilization, one must examine its scientific foundations; therefore, if the scientific foundations of a culture and civilization are destroyed or destabilized, the defensibility of its slogans and ideals is undermined, allowing for distortion to enter its domain. One of the most significant factors in the destabilization of the structure of science is the degradation of its issuance from a metaphysical position to a realm governed by language and social phenomena. This degradation, which results in the introduction of relativity into the structure of science, also destabilizes the cultural norms derived from that science, rendering them outdated. Modern thought journalism is one of the most important tools that, by reducing sciences to superficial and trivial literature, despite aligning with societal masses, targets the scientific roots of civilizations. The contemporary cyber model of this type of journalism has a greater impact on the degradation of science and destruction of civilizational foundations due to its specific characteristics such as content construction, context-dependence and temporality, individualism dominance, reliance on multimedia, language centrality, and audience-centricity compared to previous models. In our country, active thought journalists initially aim to discredit the ideological foundations embedded in cultural elements and norms and ultimately indirectly target the core ideology of Islam and the Revolution. This article attempts to elucidate this process of destruction through an ethnographic approach to cyberspace.

Symbolic unity, as one of the basic requirements of social order, which is often used interchangeably with concepts such as social and value consensus in sociological literature, has always been the subject of theoretical and empirical inquiries. Considering the various effects of symbolic unity on different aspects of social life, such as economic growth and development, social and political instability, political participation, and social cohesion, this study aims to investigate the factors affecting the level of symbolic unity in societies. This study was conducted using the panel analysis of data gathered from 89 countries from 1981 to 2020. Further, it proposes a new index called “level of symbolic unity” on a scale of 0 to 100 for country-years with available data, utilizing the World Values Survey (WVS) wave 7 data. The findings suggest that the level of post-materialism in society's culture paves the way for lowering the level of symbolic unity in societies. Additionally, migration and the level of cosmopolitan communication of societies, by expanding the value horizon and introducing different values from other societies, contribute to the emergence of distinct identities and, consequently, weaken the collective conscience, as conceptualized by Emile Durkheim, or reduce the subsequent level of symbolic unity in societies. The results also show that the level of earlier economic development of societies exerts a negative impact on the level of subsequent symbolic unity of societies. In general, given the consequentialism of symbolic unity as a prerequisite for societal development in societies, and the potential risk of social disorder, especially for transitional and fragile societies, cultural planners and policymakers should accord greater attention to the problem of symbolic unity and social order.

This article examines the changes that are caused by mass communication networks in the lifestyle of people in the society. The main question: What effect have the aforementioned changes had on the national identity of Iranians? Based on the hypothesis of this article, lifestyle is practically a platform that reflects individual and collective identity. In this research, by validating the category of globalization of the value system, mass communication networks are considered the most important tools in order to realize this category. According to the findings of the research, the Iranian national identity since the Islamic revolution has placed religion as one of the main foundations of the Iranian national identity and in line with the establishment of the Islamic nation. Meanwhile, mass communication networks have been effective in weakening the religious spirit and growing individualism. This effect is evident in the changes that are taking place in the current Iranian lifestyle. The result of the research showed that the consequence of the weakening of the national identity has actually strengthened the ethnic identity and reduced the political and social participation of Iranian citizens. This article is presented by referring to documents and library sources and using a qualitative analytical-descriptive method.

The culture of every society is not constant over different periods, and it transforms being affected by various factors including the effect of other cultures. Also, art inevitably transforms over time being affected by the culture. Therefore, study of art as a phenomenon that is affected by culture can be a step towards identifying the human and culture. Visual anthropology is a major subcategory of cultural anthropology, and it investigates the culture by means of image. Also, it investigates the humans’ thoughts, relationships, and situations by studying their culture. This research is a descriptive analytical study in which, data collection has been done by library method. It aims to investigate the visual relationships in the contemporary Iranian Graphics. For this purpose, the research has been performed by using the global anthropological concepts and theories introduced by the Indian anthropologist, Arjun Appadurai. It is assumed that the today’s phenomenon of globalization can make significant changes in moving towards homogenization or heterogenization to the global culture. The research population includes the posters exhibited in Silver Cedar Exhibitions in 2017 and 2019. Regarding the content of the contemporary Iranian graphics, the artists have paid attention to the national visual identity and companionship of national and transnational identities. This attitude provides a new viewpoint and structure in association of two different identities.

Consumption is often considered as buying goods or services, but in its social context, consumption is a concept more than buying or using products. Consumption can be related to a person's identity, social base and a part of a person's daily life, and determines the position he occupies in society. This kind of look at the phenomenon of consumerism is actually the sociology of consumerism (Kennedy, 2008:1). The research method used in this article to collect data and analyze them is the grounded theory qualitative method, which allows the researcher in cases where it is not possible to develop a native hypothesis or theory, instead of using non-native theories and It is predefined to develop a new theoretical model. In this process, after conducting various interviews, the main categories were gradually revealed, by repeating the topics, concepts and categories, and reaching theoretical saturation, and by conducting 10 interviews, the work of data collection and analysis was completed. The results of coding and extracting the qualitative model showed that several concepts are effective in the formation of the phenomenon of Iranian consumerism, namely the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Accordingly, according to the source of influence of these factors, they can be divided into two categories: 1. External factors affecting Iranian consumerism after the Islamic revolution 2. Internal factors affecting Iranian consumerism after the Islamic revolution.

Human resources, particularly elite and competent individuals, play a vital role in various national domains. Therefore, effective and purposeful management of these valuable assets is crucial. When a society lacks elites, its development process can stagnate. Iran has been experiencing elite migration for some time, which poses significant challenges to the country's development. This study aims to examine and identify the factors influencing elite migration in Iran. A hierarchical process analysis-based evaluation model has been employed to rank these influential factors. In this regard, an expert-designed questionnaire was first created and then completed by experts. The results indicate that, according to experts, globalization has the most significant impact on the migration of Iranian elites. This paper proposes creating networks of Iranian professionals abroad for part-time collaboration with domestic scientific centers as a short-term solution. For a long-term solution, it suggests the creation of a suitable environment across various economic, social, and cultural dimensions to retain the country’s experts and mitigate their migration abroad.

According to statistics, the digital economy accounts for 15% of the global GDP, while in Iran, this figure stands at 7.8%. This indicates that there is potential for doubling the current development in Iran. Moreover, one of the crucial ways to enhance economic security and diversify national income is through the internationalization of businesses. Given this and the necessity of developing a framework for government interaction with organizations and regional and international economic arrangements, this project examines the opportunities and threats of globalizing startups in the digital economy sector, providing solutions to mitigate the negative consequences.In this project, the literature review was first conducted, followed by an indepth analysis of internationalization models. Subsequently, globalization models were categorized based on historical trends, and suitable models for digital startups were identified. To identify the opportunities and threats of globalization, the Delphi method and open-ended  uestionnaires were employed to gather expert opinions on globalization. After applying the Delphi method, qualitative content analysis was performed using MAXQDA software, where data was coded through open and axial coding techniques. Ultimately, the opportunities and threats of globalization were structured within a SWOTframework. Furthermore, six primary strategies to reduce the threats of globalization were derived from the research data analysis. Finally, suggestions for future projects were presented.

“Cultural Anthropology in a Globalizing World” (forth edition, 2017) by Barbara Miller is a text book with aim to introduce cultural anthropology for students. The first chapter is about history and theory in cultural anthropology and the second chapter about research method in this discipline. The next nine chapters written in order to three axes including culture grounds, social organization, and symbolic systems. The last two chapters consider two contemporary issues: movement and development. Miller has made a good effort and innovations to appear a book which form tasteful and contents engaging. In doing so, she uses of nine techniques that make book unique among other textbooks in cultural anthropology. The strengths of book include: concrete engagement of redear, learning anthropological thinking, seeing applied dimension of cultural anthropology, introducing critical approaches, and providing contemporary changes in the subjects of chapters. Some weak points of the book include: ignorance of some contemporary theoretical currents, absence of a good discussion about the representation and analysis of ethnographic date, and unequal accesses of readers to additional packages of the book.

Globalization and the new world order is a complex process with ups and downs that has continued to evolve over time and has become the most common concepts of humanities in the focus of researchers in various fields today. The limitation of the world order to time and the formation of its different periods with a short history are caused by the lack of morality, the lack of global consensus on the concept of the new order, the lack of adherence to commitments, etc. So far, the new world order has often used war and military power in the path of evolution to achieve its goals, and it was successful in the economic dimension and international relations at first, but it is gradually trying to penetrate other dimensions by using information technology while expanding military power. to do The emergence of social networks as a key component with the capability of two-way communication and reality over time will take over the soft power of the new world order. In this period of history, the world order is ready to form a new structure based on evolution, dynamics and various components. Iran, after the Islamic revolution, by changing its symbols and strategies for the new world order, due to having outstanding characteristics such as intelligent and talented human resources, sensitive and privileged geographical location, high governmental and civilizational logic, etc., can occupy a prominent position. provide for himself in the new world order and stabilize it in the following periods.

The theories of globalization and the global village, underpinned by the digital infrastructure, have induced profound and substantive transformations at both micro and macro levels, influencing societal cultures and the lives of the world's youth. The transition from static, traditional societies to dynamic, modern ones has accelerated, and religious authorities' conventional methods of religious proselytization have undergone significant changes. Amidst the turbulence of modern society, we have witnessed the emergence of mystical and spiritual movements that have rapidly transcended national boundaries, leveraging the power of digital platforms to infiltrate cultures and shape identities.A substantial portion of today's youth have become disengaged from traditional religious indoctrination and are instead influenced by the cultural and spiritual teachings disseminated through digital spaces. The digital realm has facilitated unprecedented opportunities for connection and cultural penetration, and if not managed effectively, it poses significant challenges and threats to the younger generation.This research aims to critically analyze the impact of new-age spirituality and mysticism on youth culture within the digital context. Employing a qualitative, library-based, and analytical-descriptive methodology, this study reveals that the digital space offers opportunities for new-age spiritual and mystical movements to flourish while simultaneously presenting associated threats. The combined effects of these positive and negative influences on youth and national cultures have been subjected to a critical analysis. The study concludes by proposing practical recommendations centred around three key areas: strengthening youth culture, safeguarding national identity, and managing mystical and spiritual movements, which are crucial in addressing the issues raised.

The primary goal of this research is to identify and examine the increasing challenges faced by human resource managers in modern work environments. This study, with an emphasis on the importance of human resources as a vital element in organizational growth and development, extensively explores various changes and challenges that have occurred in this field. The abstract of this research indicates that human resource management in the current era goes beyond a simple process of hiring and retaining employees. Instead, it involves discussions such as the impact of globalization, advancements in information technology and digitalization, ethical challenges, work-life balance, and generational differences in the workplace, which significantly affect the performance and strategies of human resource management. Additionally, this research examines solutions for addressing these challenges and effectively utilizing human resources to achieve organizational goals. Ultimately, the current study shows that human resource management in the present era requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach that encompasses both technology and the human element, continually adapting in response to the rapid and complex changes in the work environment.

Culture is the distinguishing factor of societies and groups and the main pillar of the personality and human identity of every nation and we can talk about culture and specific cultural identity. Immigrant acceptance in big cities with different cultures and ethnicities has caused cultural diversity, the culture of native and non-native people has been influenced by two currents of particularism and generalism, cultural separation is one of its consequences. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the components of globalization and traditionalism on cultural particularism in the Hamadan city and with the approach of cultural system and Parsons pattern variables, as well as the theories of globalization and traditionalism. The research was conducted with a survey method and using a questionnaire with a sample size of 500 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster method and random sampling. SPSS and PLS statistical software were also used for data analysis. Based on the analysis of structural equations, the research hypotheses have been confirmed, and it tells about the significant impact of globalization, traditionalism, cyberspace, education, religiosity and being an immigrant or a native on cultural particularism. Overall, independent variables explain 67% of the dependent variable variance, ie cultural particularism.

With the emergence of late modernity and the growth of culture globalization, transformation has spread in human life, and women have not been excluded in this regard. The transformations made in the attitude of women in today’s world is an undeniable fact. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of the globalization of culture on the attitude of women toward the concept of freedom. The research design included a survey and the instrument employed was a questionnaire. Convergent and construct validity were confirmed. Moreover, the reliability was calculated through Cronbach’s alpha and the compositional reliability was in the acceptable range. The statistical population of the research included women between the ages of 17 and 50 on the Instagram social media. Random sampling was used and based on Cochran’s formula the participants included 297 women. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results show that in the component of using global cultural and artistic products, watching foreign films and series had the greatest impact on women’s attitude toward the concept of civil freedom and then toward the concept of individual freedom, and the component of knowledge of international laws regarding women’s rights. The component of awareness of international laws regarding women’s rights had a greater impact on women’s attitude toward the concept of civil freedom. Regarding the component of using global information networks, the most impact related to foreign news networks, which had the greatest impact on women’s attitudes toward the concept of individual freedom and then civil freedom. Also, the results of stepwise regression coefficients in demographic variables showed that women’s attitude toward the concept of personal and civil liberties in individuals less than 30 years of age and women with master’s education was closer to Isaiah Berlin’s definition of personal and civil liberties.

The relationship between Historical Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International Historical Sociology (IHS) or Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global Historical Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global historical sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, Historical Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

The commercialized wedding celebration, as a Western and global phenomenon, is developing and expanding. This cultural phenomenon has found its presence and become pervasive in Iranian society. The globalization of weddings and the introduction of new cultural elements related to them have brought significant changes and transformations to these ceremonies in various regions of Iran. In the Iranian society, the convergence of old and new cultural elements has created new mechanisms and cultural trends. This article focuses on the city of Hamedan, one of the cities in Iran. The emergence of the wedding industry phenomenon in Hamedan has been accompanied by challenges. The aim of this article is to examine the cultural and social consequences of the presence and expansion of the wedding industry in Hamedan. The research method used in this qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews with 16 professionals working in the wedding industry in Hamedan. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings of this article encompass two main themes: “Cultural Reconstruction” and “Cultural Anomalies,” each of which includes various subtopics of significance. The results indicate that the expansion of this industry in the city of Hamedan has been concurrent with multifaceted and intricate social changes and cultural trends. Cultural interactions and conflicts, particularly in the realm of wedding ceremonies in this city, have led, on one hand, to the amalgamation and fusion of traditions, and on the other hand, to conflicts of values and disturbances in norms. As a result of these trends, local wedding customs in Hamedan have been weakened, and the consumer culture of the capitalist system has influenced them significantly.

In the new era, people's values and attitudes change drastically under the influence of globalization processes. In the Iranian society, in the last few decades, the rate of change of values, beliefs and behaviors has changed fundamentally under the influence of new innovations, so that it can be said that the Iranian society is also experiencing some cultural elements and components of the postmodernism society, and also some damages. It affects some structures of society. This research investigated 380 youths of Ahvaz city in the form of cluster sampling in an experimental and survey way. The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of cultural globalization and cultural postmodernism, that is, with the increase of positive attitude towards the process of globalization, the influence of the cultural components of the postmodern society in the society also increases. Also, the results showed that 19% of the variance of the cultural postmodernism variable was explained by the two dimensions of transnational norms and cultural globalization.

Over time and in the process of globalization, the structure and appearance of Islamic cities, including its architecture, has undergone dramatic challenges. One of the most important challenges is the identity crisis, especially the identity of Islamic architecture. The main purpose of this research in the first stage is to identify and analyze the identity and vulnerable elements of architecture in the process of globalization and in the second stage is to analyze the identity of Islamic architecture from people point of view around two holy shrines (Holy Mosque in Mecca & the shrine of Imam Reza (AS) in the holy city of Mashhad) by using visual tests and qualitative classification.Therefore, the main questions of this research are;1) How does globalization affect the identity of Islamic architecture and on which elements?2) Considering the era of globalization, how close are the identity elements of architecture from the theorists' point of view to the identity elements from the peoples' point of view?If we can anlayse globalization,we can see through the permeability of borders and the reconstruction of space and time and on the other hand the distinctive expansion of social media & culture, directly affects them to a large extent.The results of the analysis of identity elements from the perspective of contemporary theorists show that architectural identity is deeply related to the identity of its users. We have already examinined and analyzed the elements of identity from the perspective of popular preferences towards the two holy shrines

The general purpose of this research is to investigate how the educational system faces the phenomenon of globalization. Using the qualitative content analysis method, this research has analyzed the texts, researches, as well as documents and researches done in this field. The results of the present research show that the phenomenon of globalization cannot be ignored in the field of education, but planning, policy making and change management should be done in such a way that the opportunities of globalization in the field of education are fully utilized to achieve Sustainable development should be done without haste and its marginal consequences should be minimized.Policy planning and change management should be done in such a way that maximum use of the opportunities of globalization in the field of education to achieve sustainable development is done without haste and its marginal consequences are minimized.haste and its marginal consequences are minimized.