goods smuggling

In regards to the high volume of goods smuggling from the State’s national economy, codifying strategies to counter organized crimes of goods smuggling based on deterring and advancing factors to combat these crimes isof utmost importance.

This research is of applied and developmental type in terms of objective and has descriptive-analytical nature. The methodological approach of this research is of mixed discovery and its expert population consists of: expertsfrom government, parliament, judiciary, Law Enforcement, and instructors related to the fields of economic organized crimes of goods smuggling and the expert samples include 32 experts holding PH.D degrees in the fields pertinentto the subject matter with at least 20 years of experience and responsibility in executive jobs and is in a purposeful manner till the saturation level.To analyze the collected data, contents analysis was used in order to classify and categorize the research elements and statistical analyses such as: Lavshe coefficient to investigate the validity of the research structure was also used andchronbach Alpha was used to review the reliability of the research, as well. For average ranks, we used the SPSS software.

The results of the research include: strategies to counter the organized crimes of goods smuggling based on deterring and advancing factors effective in combating the organized crimes of smuggling in the axes of laws and regulations, architecture (structure, process and system), human capital, combating culture, pressures, international interventions, policies, border and smuggling setting.

Smuggling goods has long been one of the important social issues in parts of  Iran, and a lot of studies have been conducted on this issue. So far, pathological view has been the most common perspective in these studies. Never the less, this viewpoint could not lead us to a deep-rooted understanding of the issue. Instead, examining the lived experiences of the real people who has been involved in such a profession would be a better way for an in-depth understanding of the problem.  By Using hermeneutical phenomenology and narrative interviews with 15 Shooti drivers of Baneh, we have attempted to analyze their lived experience. The most important themes, based on narratives, are the context of emergence of goods smuggling, dangers of the job, the strategies of encountering these dangers, and the last but not the least, understanding smuggling.  The research reveals that context and situation prepare them to start the job, and factors like, enormous profits, disproportion of crime and punishment, low probability of being arrested, and availability of resistance strategies explain the continuation of the practice. From another perspective the profession could be understood as resistance against inequal structures. Shooti’s resistance may be divided into passive and active.  Passive resistance refers to those shooties who leave smuggling when they find a desirable job.  Active resistance refers to the behavior of those shootis who love this job because of the identity the job gives them as a man who resists and struggles against a discriminating society. These group of shooties don’t leave their job even when they find other job opportunities. The second group are more frequent among shooti drivers. This kind of resistance is against both regional inequality as well as legitimate ways with which people become successful in the today’s life.

 With the global expansion of goods and currency smuggling and its destructive effects on Iran’s economy and security, and the neglect of goods smuggling cases within some money laundering cases investigated by the Economic Security Police, this study aims to develop a model for detecting goods smuggling through money laundering cases in the Economic Security Police.

 This applied research was conducted with a qualitative approach. The study population consisted of money laundering cases under investigation by the Economic Security Police of FATA, which were purposefully selected until the thirteenth case, where theoretical and thematic saturation was achieved. Data analysis was performed using the MAXQDA tool.

 Eight categories were identified: information sources, technical actions, suspects and associates, law enforcement officers, crime detection, departments and organizations, laws, and banking operations. These were ultimately divided into two dimensions: organizational and non-organizational, after selective coding.

 The developed model, comprising 2 dimensions, 8 components, and 126 indicators, can serve as a guide for the Economic Security Police (departments combating economic crimes and goods and currency smuggling). Implementing this model and developing a framework for detecting goods smuggling through money laundering cases can provide an interactive and managerial approach between the two departments of the Economic Security Police. By utilizing the executive actions and designs in the present model, it can facilitate the detection of goods smuggling through the path of combating money laundering and vice versa.

Considering the continuous emphasis of government, judicial, law enforcement and security institutions on fighting the crime of goods smuggling, which reduces production and employment, part of its consequences, the present research focuses on the integration of technologies and aims to investigate how to fight against smuggling. The product is written using the integration of GIS and RFID systems.

This research is of a survey type in terms of practical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature. The study population of the research is 105 people, including the chiefs and deputies of the Economic Security Police and Customs Police of Farajah and the provinces, and the sample size is 82 people using Cochran's formula and simple random sampling. Data was collected in two forms, library and questionnaire, and one-sample t-test and SPSS 23 software were used for data analysis.

Based on the findings of the research, the necessity and effectiveness of the research hypotheses has been confirmed and the role of GIS and RFID systems and their points of commonality in the fight against goods smuggling has been identified as related to the three hypotheses of the research. In fact, the findings are in line with the background of the research, despite the newness of the issues raised.

According to the results of the research, in order, the common points of the two systems, GIS capabilities and RFID capabilities have the most impact in the fight against goods smuggling. Designing an integrated surveillance and control system using the RFID system and completing the information layers of the GIS system by the customs police are among the suggestions to fight this crime.

the direction of social investment is used in response to many organizational issues, and with its increase, one can witness the lowering of the level of society as well as the organizational costs of organizations. This research has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of social capital based on the evaluation criteria of structural, communicative and cognitive role in order to strengthen the performance of organizations related to goods smuggling.

This research is based on the research on the practical purpose and based on the descriptive survey method. The statistical population of the research is the residents of the border areas and the headquarters of the fight against goods smuggling. The sampling method in the resident section is available sampling (154 people) and in the simple probability survey section (38 people).The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed before implementation. The structural equation model (multivariate analysis) was used to analyze the data.

The results of the research show that social capital has an effect on preventing the phenomenon of smuggling; Therefore, based on the results of the research, strengthening the structural, cognitive and communication social capital has a positive effect in preventing the phenomenon of trafficking.

The phenomenon of goods smuggling is a multifaceted phenomenon that has many effects and consequences that include different dimensions of society. The serious task of dealing with this widespread problem is considered one of the main tasks of this force according to the law of illegal formation. effects and consequences and presentation of management strategies, and the researcher has addressed the subject by examining the records of studies conducted with a strong background and rich theoretical literature.

The research method in this research is descriptive and document analysis type. According to the research method, the research community includes all documents, documents and resources related to the phenomenon of smuggling and management strategies to deal with it. Since in the current research all the available sources and references have been taken and used in line with the purpose of the research, sampling has not been done and all the relevant and available sources and references have been examined and analyzed. In this connection, questionnaire forms have been used to collect the results of related studies.

Results and findings of the research: 

The result of the research indicates that considering the principles of environmental design in crime prevention and eliminating defenseless environments; Electronic monitoring and protection in areas contaminated with goods smuggling in the field of prevention and providing proof of litigation; Requiring institutions and organizations to remove the objects of crime; Establishing coordination in the high economic management for drafting strategic policies; Comprehensiveness in policies instead of periodical and sectional attitudes; harmonizing economic policies with political changes; Creating a relative balance in the expenses and resources of the whole country in order to reduce the budget deficit; organizing the piers and preventing the activity of unauthorized piers; Motives for committing crimes among anti-trafficking employees should be identified by the relevant authorities in the relevant commissions and evaluated and examined, scrutinized and diagnosed, and appropriate solutions should be adopted to eliminate them.

Smuggling is one of the activities that are attributed to the so-called underground economy. The underground economy refers to all activities that take place outside the framework of current laws and regulations. Also, smuggling may be done from official sources or from unofficial sources. Every year, irreparable material and moral costs and damages are imposed on the country due to this abnormal behavior. The unfavorable economic situation of the border dwellers and the uneven growth and development in different regions of the country, which is the result of a certain type of historical process of nation-state formation in the country, has caused the level of development of the border regions to be much lower than the center.

In this research, according to data collection through interviews with elites and experts, or the Delphi method, and snowball sampling from the statistical population of Bushehr province, to investigate the phenomenon of cattle smuggling and the economic factors affecting this phenomenon. and the ways to reduce it have been discussed. Finally, the information obtained was analyzed using Excel and SPSS software, and the results of determining the reliability of the questions asked in the interview, which was also through Cronbach's alpha test, were the average reliability for the whole The number of components showed 0.89.

Results and findings of the research:

 The results of the research indicate that dealing with the smuggling of goods requires the study of two groups: small-scale smugglers and consumers. If it is possible to curb the smuggling at the micro level, it will be much easier to deal with the smuggling at the macro level because it is limited. The lack of employment opportunities in official sectors and poverty in the border areas make people tend to smuggle goods at the retail level; On the other hand, the expansion and continuation of goods smuggling in the long term will increase unemployment and as a result, the spread of poverty. The root of this sequence lies in the fact that the smuggling of goods generates large incomes for a limited number of people, and for the majority of people, it only serves the function of livelihood.

Security is the bedrock of the growth of any society and people have always used all their material and spiritual tools and facilities throughout history to realize it and formed the government for this reason. One of the disturbing factors of security in Economic dimensions, smuggling of goods into the country without any rules. From the political point of view, goods smuggling is considered a negative point in countries; From the social aspect, smuggling of goods causes disruption of the social and income balance among the layers of the society and creates a rich and at the same time hated class in the society. From the economic point of view, the smuggling of goods also inflicts fatal blows on the economy of the society. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of smuggling of goods on the economic security of the country. 

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of research design and method, and the statistical population includes the collective employees of the military-mission units of the police command headquarters of Bushehr province, which is 120 people using Cochran's table. They were chosen as a sample and in a simple random way. The tool for collecting information was a questionnaire made by the researcher, and content validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire, and the reliability of the tool was checked by Cronbach's alpha test and calculated as 0.92.

The results showed that goods smuggling has an impact on the dimensions of economic security in such a way that with the increase in goods smuggling, the level of public participation, political stability, health of the legal system, health of the administrative system, quick access of countries to essential and strategic goods of the country and the rate of economic growth The country is declining. On the other hand, with the increase in the smuggling of goods, the level of political violence in the country increases.

Background and Aim:

Goods smuggling as part of the informal economy reduces the incentive to invest in production and employment (productive business space) and has a negative effect on the economic development process of a society due to higher profitability. The quality of political, economic and financial institutions plays an important role in the expansion of smuggling, and the poor quality of these institutions, including political, economic and financial instability, causes uncertainty and ultimately diminishes the motivation of economic actors in formal economic activities; and this has received less attention in domestic research. Accordingly, studying the determinants of goods smuggling (risk factor) is of great importance in the social and political system of any society. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the determinants of goods smuggling with emphasis on economic, political and financial risks of Iran based on the International Risk Index of the country (ICRG) during 1997-2017.

Concerning the purpose, this is a practical research, and research method is causal-analytical. Statistical population is seasonal data on goods smuggling in Iran during 1997-2017. The present research model is Vector Autocorrelation (VAR) which has been estimated using Eviews 9.5 software. In this model, analysis of instantaneous reaction functions and prediction error variance analysis have been studied.

Results obtained from the immediate reaction test show that over a period of 10 years, with the shock of economic, political and financial risk variables, goods smuggling has been declined, but the effect of unemployment rate and Gini coefficient on smuggling has been positive and has an increased trend. Finally, the analysis of variance of the research indicates that the variables of smuggling, Gini coefficient, unemployment rate, political risk, economic risk and financial risk had the most effect on the goods smuggling, respectively.

 The phenomenon of goods smuggling is a multifaceted phenomenon that has many effects and consequences that include different dimensions of society. The serious task of dealing with this widespread problem is considered one of the main tasks of this force according to the law of the formation of illegals. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the causes of goods smuggling in Bushehr province and the solutions to prevent the situation with a law enforcement approach. By examining the records of studies with a strong background and rich theoretical literature, the researcher has discussed a topic that, despite the prevalence of illegal measures in dealing with the phenomenon of goods smuggling (preventive measures with a law enforcement approach), as it should be considered Researchers in the field of criminal justice and criminology are not located.

 The present research is practical in terms of its nature and purpose, and in terms of descriptive method, it is of the background (survey) type. The statistical population of this research consists of 100 professors and master's degree students in the fields of law, penal and criminology in Bushehr province universities, and a total of 50 people were selected as a sample using the stratified probability sampling method. After completing the questionnaire, they were studied and analyzed. After analyzing the initial questionnaire, a reliability of 0.87 was obtained for the entire questionnaire, which shows high reliability. The method of collecting information in this research is the library and field method, and the collection tools are interviews and researcher-made questionnaires.

 Research findings indicate that the formation of smuggling is a function of various factors, which was determined by careful examination and ranking of factors, the most important cause of goods smuggling in Bushehr province is unemployment and economic problems of border dwellers. Among the declared prevention methods, the prevention of goods smuggling by increasing the risk of committing goods smuggling, according to the respondents, has been rated as a priority with high effectiveness according to the findings of the research, by using legislative strategies; judicial strategies; Executive strategies (improving the management situation, improving the economic situation, improving the police force situation, improving the social situation, improving the cultural situation) and the suggested cooperative and educational strategies can reduce the amount of smuggling.

 The presence of goods smuggling in a country is like the presence of a cancerous tumor in the body, which slowly spreads throughout the country to lead to the final decline of the society. Smuggling of goods, currency and fuel can have destructive effects on commercial policies. In this regard, considering the need to prevent the smuggling of goods, currency and fuel, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the prevention and combating of smuggling of goods, currency and fuel in the coastal cities of Bushehr province.

 In the first stage, to identify the concepts and effective factors of smuggling, the opinions of 20 relevant experts who were selected by Delphi method were used. In the next step, to check and confirm the identified factors, a questionnaire was designed and sent to 350 relevant experts, and the results obtained from the questionnaire using the modeling of hardness equations and the subject of factor analysis, analysis was analyzed.

 The results show that all Cronbach's alpha values ​​and combined reliability are greater than 0.7, which indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire and the alignment of the questions with the theoretical structure. The results of the factor analysis show that all the factor loadings are greater than 0.7 and it indicates that the structure of "Factors to prevent and deal with the smuggling of goods, currency and fuel" has the necessary validity. In the end, the factors affecting the smuggling and dealing with the smuggling of goods, fuel and currency are explained and the results show that the prevention and dealing with the smuggling of fuel is the most important.

Today, the development of communication technology and the dramatic change in exchanges and relations between countries has brought closer the consumer culture of societies. On the other hand, the existence of borders and policies resulting from the sovereignty of governments in exports and imports has led to the emergence of smuggling. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural factors of the tendency to smuggle in the border cities of Kermanshah. The research method is applied and mixed.  The statistical population is 385 people in the border cities of Kermanshah in 1398. Data were collected through valid (expert opinion) and reliable (Cronbach's alpha 0.82) questionnaire, and by using SPSS and LISREL software programs, has been analyzed. The results show that the variables of cultural homogeneity between the two borders, lifestyle, luxury, cultural beliefs, cultural poverty, weakening work culture, beliefs and profitability culture, are effective in the tendency to smuggle goods in the border cities of Kermanshah. The obtained fit indices showed that the developed model had a good fit and the variables of cultural homogeneity between the two borders, lifestyle, luxury, cultural beliefs, cultural poverty, weakening work culture, beliefs and profitability culture, respectively, by 0.71 0.64, 0.63, 0.67, 0.66, 0.56, 0.56, 0.68, 0.078 have been effective in the tendency to smuggle goods in the border cities of Kermanshah. So the amount of RMSEA index is within the standard and the model of cultural factors tending to smuggle in the border cities of Kermanshah is appropriate. The highest coefficient of influence of the path is related to the culture of profitability (path coefficient = 0.68) and cultural homogeneity between the two borders (path coefficient = 0.71) and cultural beliefs (path coefficient = 0.67).

According to location of Iran, several neighborhoods, vast water and land borders and profit from the sale of smuggled goods, trafficking has become a serious damage to the economy of the country. The aim of the present study was to investigate geographical patterns and temporal analysis of the phenomenon of smuggling in the Bushehr province.

This study is based on analysis-comparative method and the population of interest in this research is the goods smugglings, which have occurred in Bushehr province during a year. The spatial patterns of crime distribution in Bushehr province have been identified by using Mean Center, Standard Deviation Ellipse, Network Analysis and Quartic Kernel Density Estimation tests. The essential data and information has been collected through documentary and survey methods.

The results of this study show that main food smuggling is the most important form of goods trafficking in Boshehr Province. Spatial analysis of goods smuggling shows the mean center of studied crime matches largely on the geographic center of this area. Also the Standard deviation ellipse of crime is largely spread on the whole area with very little stretch which means the locations of theses crime have been scattered in large parts of the province. Deilam parish is the main hotspot of goods smuggling in Bushehr. Temporal analysis of crime occurrence shows that goods smuggling are more happened in the middle and end of the week than other days, and during the day, in the middle of the day.