interpretation

The modernist scholars of the Quran, whether they are considered feminists or not, have engaged in re-reading the Quran and produced new literature on verses about women and family since the latter half of the 20th century. Their main focus is advocating for change regarding Muslim women or women in Islamic societies. Consequently, their studies on the Quran take a critical approach to traditional exegesis. Among these scholars, Amina Wadud, due to the depth of her thought and emphasis on a methodological method, has more influence on the specialized and public arenas. This study analyzes and reviews Amina Wadud's interpretive attitude. Objective The paper aims to enhance the interpretive knowledge of female scholars in the critical field, ensuring that negative critiques and theories deepen positive and interpretive information. This theoretical study was conducted through a documentary method, and data collection was library-based. The findings of this study are consolidated under three headings: foundations, method, and feminine interpretation of several Quranic terms in Wadud's thought. These are explained and reviewed in this paper.  Consequently Amina Wadud, through her critical analysis of exegetical books, utilizing a holistic and Qur'an-centric hermeneutic, feminine theology, and analytical tools and feminist literature, has presented her gendered interpretation of the Qur'an, which has been critiqued on all these grounds.

Tafaal with Divan Hafez is a traditional culture of Iranians to know the fate that has been set for humans and creatures in the unseen world. The aim of the current research was to study the perception of professors and teachers of Persian language and literature from Tafal to Divan Hafez. The research approach was qualitative and phenomenological. The field of research was professors and teachers of Persian language and literature. Sampling in a purposeful and criterion-oriented manner was preferred and continued until the theoretical saturation of the data, and finally 15 people participated in the research. The research strategy was semi-structured in-depth interview. The data were analyzed using the seven-step Claysey method. Based on the findings of the research, 70 primary codes and 19 sub-themes (including: connection with the Qur'an, saints of God, exaltation, innate extraordinary talent, sanctification of a part to Hafez's Diwan, the place of filth among people, factors influencing the filth of Hafez's Divan, history Tafaal to Hafez's court, Hafez's belief in horoscopes, Tafaal to other divins, the role of Tafaal in the power of choice, the root of horoscopes, language and poetic art, coding and rich symbolism, excitement and hope, expression in poetry, attention to the moods and thoughts of the audience, The music of the words and listening to the words and paying special attention to the problems of different verbal and spiritual industries) were counted in the form of 5 main themes (including: Hafez's personality traits, the place of Hafez's Divan, the place of the relationship with Hafez, the specialties of Hafez's poetry , the form and form of Hafez's poetry) were classified. In general, Iqbal for Hafez is not exclusive to a special group, and understanding and understanding of Hafez's verses, especially for those who are natives of the Persian language and literature and teach it, is more meaningful and rich. Sometimes the interpretation and interpretation of the themes and talking about the meaning of Hafez's words from the perspective of experts, professors and teachers of this field deciphers deeper angles and more complex thoughts of Hafez's words.

Halleh district replaced Baghdad and Najaf districts in the middle centuries. With the political freedom that was created after the overthrow of the Abbasid Caliphate, the Helians took valuable steps in the direction of developing the culture of comparative education. The leaders of Haliyan in this field were Mohaghegh Halli and Allameh Halli, who were completely surrounded by the theological, jurisprudential, and exegetical opinions of the Sunnis, and far from their prejudices, religious affiliations, and one-sided attitudes, they tried to adapt their opinions to the opinions of Imamiyya jurists. At the same time, Shiite scholars While writing works centered on controversial issues, Shahrhalla was the founder of intra-religious comparative education.The importance of Helian's activity in the field of comparative education according to their time situation is to preserve, transfer and convey the legacy of the predecessors to the future and provide a theoretical and practical model in the face of the opinions of the opponents and various schools of thought. The comparative scientific and intellectual community of Helleh has developed a defined method and a system for the transmission of scientific findings in successive ages, which can be placed as a successful model in this field, one of the

In semantic theories it is stated that a symbol is a combination of three elements: Signifier, Signified and Signification. Commonly the word of symbol “is used for any object, act, event, quality, or relation which serves as a vehicle for a conception – the conception is the symbol's "meaning"“. Most of thinkers did not discuss aspects of Signifier for the people and how they perceive it. This issue can be stated as "the problem of signifier".In this paper I explain that in my fieldwork among Shias in Lucknow, how this presupposition of symbol theory does not work. Ta'ziyeh or Zarih are central and important sacred symbols in this community. Not only they do not have fixed, shared or neutral idea for signifiers in these symbols, but also they have multiple forms (signifiers) in the devotees` perspectives that are commonly changeable and unfixed.Accordingly, it should be considered in anthropological and semantic theory about symbol that signifier in its pluralistic and variable forms is a positive and active factor in producing of meaning and the way in which people perceive and interpret a sacred symbol firstly depends on their physical and sensual perception of the form or signifier.

It has been several decades since the concern of Islamization and localization of humanities has occupied the mind and conscience of the country's cultural custodians. Among the humanities, mostly imported sciences such as psychology, which have Western origins, have been considered for localization and Islamization discussion. Based on a superficial conception, considering that the primary codes, such as the Civil Code, are adapted from jurisprudence, we are not facing the challenge of Islamization in legal science. This conception is incorrect for multiple reasons. In the field of law, we face challenges in the two domains of legislation and interpretation. In the area of legislation, one of the fundamental challenges is the existence of a vast volume of laws related to the time before the revolution in which legitimacy has not been audited, and the most important challenge is related to the interpretation system. The existence of some religious propositions and even the establishment of laws based on Islamic principles are not enough for forming Islamic legal science, and the importance lies in the viewpoint and method of interpreting and developing these propositions based on Islamic principles. In this research, we deal with the pathology and criticism of the current legal science, emphasizing civil law as one of the main branches of legal science, in the two fields of legislation and interpretation, based on the descriptive and analytical method from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence.

In recent years the number of divorces and the reference of divorced women to welfare organizations has increased. This research was done to investigate divorced women's interpretation of their post-divorced life. 

Methods and Data: 

Required data was gathered through in-depth interviews with 14 divorced women. Data analysis was done based on an abductive research strategy using interpretative phenomenology. 

The research findings show that the situation of divorced women is affected by two main interpretations: their own interpretation and the interpretation of society and those around them. Based on these interpretation resources, three main themes were detected: Freedom feeling, double dominatedness and repeated apprehension after divorce. Women are under the control of patriarchal values during their life after divorce, just like during their married life, and even their freedom feeling carries it. Therefore, the others' controls impact the various layers of their life, and they are frequently apprehended. 

The thematic network shows cultural structures, especially patriarchal values have more effects on the interpretations. So, in order to manage situations and challenges, it is necessary to direct research orientations towards a deeper understanding of them.

 Key Message:

 The most important point about these women is the lack of two skills that have led to negative experiences in them: communication and problem-solving skills and independent earning skills. Therefore, it is necessary to plan some programs to empower women for those skills.

According to a Hadith reported by Ibn Abbas, the addressee of the verses 16-19 of sura al-ghiama is prophet Mohammad, and their subject is prohibiting Mohammad from hurrying in repeating God's word. Most of exegesis have documented their interpretation on those verses by the Hadith. Even those exegetes who have not accepted this Hadith, they could not ignore it. This article criticizes this Hadith firstly and then proposes a new interpretation of this verses using similar verses, using similar verses and focusing on the context. The conclusion is that that prohibition is related to the world after this world, and unlike the current view saying the addressee is prophet, it addresses the one who does not believe in the other world and rejects that. In fact, these verses are related to reading letter of deeds in resurrection. God says: do not hurry, we will read it for you.

Aḥsan Al-Qaṣaṣ is a Persian translation of a book about Prophet Yusuf (AS). This ancient Persian text, which belongs to the end of the 5th century or the beginning of the 6th century AH, has been published recently, but unfortunately, it has significant shortcomings. In this article, we will try to show some of those shortcomings.

One of the desirable mechanisms for a quick and appropriate response to the increasing developments in the legal space is to create different privileges, the link between rights and rights on the one hand and politics and social life on the other, human beings and human societies with important concepts Humanity faces political and social rights, especially women's rights in society is one of the signs of civilization and human development. The events and legal affairs of the people in the society are so diverse that not even the most complete law can express the verdict of each case, so inevitably the means of interpretation must be used in order to apply the law to the cases. This article addresses the barriers to participation in the effective presence of women in the interpretation of the constitution. This research is based on a descriptive, exploratory study and with a developmental approach, applied to analyze the data from a qualitative approach and based on a combined algorithm of soft systems methodology and cognitive mapping and in a small part of Factor analysis was used, by studying the background of the subject and in-depth interviews with experts, the required dimensions and components of the subject were identified. The sample of the qualitative part of this research was selected using purposive judgmental sampling method and in order to validate the required data system was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Then the components were confirmed using factor analysis method.

A critical study on works that have scientific content will lead to the growth and development in a field of knowledge. Having a right understanding of legal articles depends on referring to the original texts from those laws that have been enacted. One major shortcoming of this book is that only some minor religious sources were pointed out to interpret a legal article, while to review a legal article, it is essential to see all the documents and resources, or all legal reasons should be investigated. At least, well-known fatwas available at the time of the law must be examined because it can be considerably helpful. Foundations and presuppositions of any legal article are appropriate with a legal system, and for the interpretation of every legal article, the special legal system should be considered and examined.

Max Weber is one of the most important founders of historical sociology. Not only, he emphasized the historical study of social problems, but also he seriously pursued a comparative approach. He developed his work with a focus on capitalism and an emphasis on the process of rationalization. The main point here is that weber sought to reconcile the interpretation with explanation, and specificity with general issues. For him, objectivity in the social sciences was important. In this article, we did three jobs. First, we discussed his efforts to describe, explain, and generalize a phenomenon in historical sociology by examining his methodological works. Second, we examined the main difference between Weber’s point of view and the oriental discourse. Finally, we argued that in order to avoid reducing the Western modernity to construction, one should use Weber’s ideal type - contrary to the theory of discourse.

It is commonly accepted that there is a significant difference between the most two prominent readings of phenomenology namely the Husserlian descriptive and Heideggerian interpretive ones. The present paper probes first to show that the aforementioned distinction arises from limited examination of Husserl's works. Besides, it is reflected that genetic themes with more hermeneutical elements in his last phase of thought have been neglected in the literature of the field. Second, a new approach is proposed, with the help of Merleu-ponty’s phenomenology, which in spite of similarities with both readings, goes beyond them. This new approach consists of three fundamental insights: (Re) considering the world, operative intentionality against thematized intentionality and considering passive synthesis at the final stage. Accordingly, some methodical suggestions include restricted and operative Epoche, description, imaginative variation, passive return to the phenomenon, and ongoing validation of the explanatione.

This paper has focused on reviewing the "Modernization, Sanctions and Interpretation (from scientific knowledge to the fear of Takfir)", written by Nasr Hamed Abu Zayd, and translated by Mohsen Armin and published by Ney publisher in Iran. In this paper, we have tried to introduce the author and his intellectual concerns, the basic problems, main concepts, methodology, and data analysis. This book has four essays: 1) the necessity of religious modernization as a prerequisite of political modernization; 2)the description of the reasons of exclusive vision towards art; 3) the problem of interpretation in the old and new era, and 4) the necessity of considering the Qur'an as discourse rather than as text that is the most important part of the book. This research is the latest Abu Zayd's publication during his lifetime, trying to offer the prescription for solving the crisis in Islamic societies and reinforcing the scientific knowledge. It should be noted that in spite of the fact that the book seems invaluable, there are some methodological deficiencies. Therefore, we intend to explain the main ideas of the book and evaluate it in terms of its form and content.

In this paper, first of all, a short introduction of entrance of language into philosophical and subsequently philosophy of science issues is presented. Then, it will be shown that the scientific activity is a collaborative activity which is based on interpretation and communication and so it provides Davidson’s conditions. In third part, the formation of the language of science, as a social activity which provides Davidson’s conditions, in the context of a natural language will be investigated. In this paper, first of all, a short introduction of entrance of language into philosophical and subsequently philosophy of science issues is presented. Then, it will be shown that the scientific activity is a collaborative activity which is based on interpretation and communication and so it provides Davidson’s conditions. In third part, the formation of the language of science, as a social activity which provides Davidson’s conditions, in the context of a natural language will be investigated

The need to address the issue of security and security as one of the important components of ordering in the country and environments such as cities has led to the study aiming to provide a conceptual model for managing security feelings. The method of doing this quantitative research is based on a structural interpretation approach implemented in two parts. In the first part, by reviewing the theoretical literature, the factors affecting the sense of security were identified. Then, 21 experts from law enforcement and management of Khorramabad who were selected through a judicious and purposeful sampling method, used the Delphi technique to evaluate the factors. Finally, 38 indicators were identified in the form of 11 major dimensions.In the next step, interpretive structural modeling was used for communication and sequencing between dimensions and presentation of structural model. The results of the research have led to the design of an integrated safety sense management model in five levels that identified the role of law enforcement as the underlying model of the model and the most influential factor. In the second part, a questionnaire was used to assess the model from citizens’ point of view. After determining the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 267 citizens were selected using Cochran formula and simple random sampling method. The data were analyzed using T and Friedman tests. The results of the statistical analysis indicated confirmation of the results in the first part.

Historical Criticism looked for the reality of the literary work at the extra-textual element that is the author. This approach considered to emphasis on the creation step and regarded the author’s intention as an only definite meaning and mere reality of the work. Lack of usefulness in analyzing some of literary works and also lack of suffice consideration on it and applying the human science’s different majors’ results in literal studying paved the way for the revelation of the set of new approaches each of which had ended to the meaning different from the work, unconscious meaning hidden from the author. The New Criticism phenomenon should defend itself against reprimands and complaints of traditional and academic Criticism, and prove its existence. Passing from philology to hermeneutic and to interpretation or somehow from absolutism to relativism, Barthes had a significant role. After New Criticism triumph against the literary history, he took a long step toward perfect erasing of the author from the entire field of the literary studies and consequently made it possible to pass from structuralism to post-structuralism. The result of the death of the author was the destruction of Criticism. After them, new notions such as text, writing, plurality of meaning, reader, reading, reception, and literary theory were taken into the core of considerations. The following article tries to analyze above subjects overtly, points out the case that has been neglected: The influence of Benveniste and Febvre on Barthes, Picard’s complaints on New Criticism, Doubrovsky’s existential psychology approach and opposition place between meaning and signification.

One of the required knowledge of the interpreter in understanding the Qur’an verses is the knowledge of the social conditions of the audience of the words and descendant situations. Social conditions can have dual functions of the age of descent and the interpreter's age. The interpreter's attention to the first function (social conditions of the age of descent) in the process of interpreting the verse of Mavadat is a necessity. Therefore, the author, by examining the social conditions of the most important Shia and Sunni interpretations, has concluded that interpretations of the first function have played the least role. However, the second function, with the prevailing social and political conditions of the caliphs in different periods, by forging the appropriate theological premises of the theologians and the practical actions of the caliphs and its politicians, led to the failure of most commentators to abide by the principle of neutrality and prevented them from paying attention to the first function of the element of social conditions, namely the social conditions of the age of descent and explanation of the verse of Mavadat.

Couple''s marital satisfaction influenced by cognition, plays a major role in the psychosocial health of the couples. The present study was conducted in order to predict marital conflicts between men and women based on controlling behavior and interpretation of problems. The present research is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population included all married university students in Roodehen in 2015. Based on multi-stage random sampling method, 342 of them (220 women and 122 men) were selected as the sample. The participants were asked to fill out the marital conflict questionnaire of Sanaei Zaker and Barati (2008), the Couples’ controlling behavior scale of Graham-Cowan and Archer (2005), and Difficulties Interpretation Scale of Heintrington, Cox, and Cox (1998). The obtained data were statistically analyzed using the multivariate hierarchal regression test. The findings showed that both interpersonal problems (β=0.083, p