justice

Interpreting criminal law on the basis of right and justice is one of the fundamental principles in judicial proceedings. Here he examines the criteria for interpreting criminal law within the framework of legal teachings and emphasizes that interpreting laws should be done in a way that ensures the fundamental justice and fundamental rights of individuals. Key criteria include strict interpretation of criminal law, observance of the principle of legality of crimes and penalties, attention to legislative objectives and compliance of laws with human rights values.The results show that the interpretation of criminal law should be based on legal logic and justice-oriented principles and the abuse of interpretive power should be avoided. Also, the dynamic and flexible interpretation of laws according to social and cultural developments is another important criterion in the process. Finally, the article concludes that the interpretation of criminal law in light of legal teachings should be such that it balances the rights of defendants, the rights of victims and the public interest and helps to achieve criminal justice.

In our country, a lawyer as a representative is listed under an establishment, and it is necessary to distinguish between the profession of legal representation and other ordinary representation. In western countries, these two are separated and the simultaneous use of two models of representation is prohibited. This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method. Its purpose is to compare the Islamic-Iranian model of advocacy with its western model. It was concluded that the common law of most western countries did not provide a definition of representation and left this important to the executive process. Therefore, at the place of execution, the difference between the two types of attorneys is evident and the simultaneous use of judicial and civil attorneys is prohibited. As a result, the possibility of lawyers abusing their powers has decreased, which is considered a preventive measure against crime. Influenced by the Islamic-Iranian model of our country, according to the respectable jurists, a definition of advocacy has been implemented, and there is no definition of the profession of advocacy in other legal sources. Therefore, in the first place, it is necessary to state the exact definition of legal representation and then separate their nature and legal effects from each other. The executive system of our country is not able to influence the subject's rights like the western executive system.

Civilization consists of components, some of which are human and some of which are tools.Human components are directly influenced and formed by ideas and beliefs. In the Islamic worldview, there are strong and strong beliefs that have an effect on the development, formation, strengthening and excellence of civilizational components. "Teaching Imamate" is one of those beliefs.This research has been carried out under the title of the civilizational capacities of the doctrine of Imamate, with the aim of introducing these capacities in a descriptive-analytical way and using library resources in an interdisciplinary (theological-civilizational) way.The importance of research is evident from two aspects: one is to show the effectiveness of the teachings of the Imamiyyah in the field of civilization, and the other;Explaining the pure springs of thought in the direction of civilization.In the structure of the research, first the civilizational components are briefly listed, and then the attributes and affairs of the Imamate are mentioned and their influence on the most important civilizational components (which have the most influence from this doctrine) is expressed. The research findings show; The doctrine of Imamate in "the relationship between the Imam and the Ummah" and "building society, culture and civilization" has unique capacities: correct knowledge and worldview, rationality, central justice, creating security, rule of justice, prosperity, unity and cohesion. Obedience and moral virtues of the people of the society are some of the civilizational capacities that are realized in the light of the doctrine of Imamate, and with the presence of the Imam, or they reach perfection and give results.

Conflict—also referred to as struggle, opposition, and contention—denotes confrontation, combat, and dispute, reflecting external realities and illustrating competitions, disputes, and clashes that occur within human social life. Consequently, it has garnered significant attention as a social phenomenon among social thinkers. Sociologists trace the roots of conflict to individual actions and social structures such as social classes, scarce resources, and unequal distribution of authority. This study aims to explore this concept in the Qur’an as a source of divine and epistemic knowledge. This discourse is examined through the method of thematic interpretation (tafsīr mawḍūʿī) and logical analysis of the verses. The findings reveal that conflict has both individual and social origins. Individually, it stems from self-love (ḥubb al-dhāt) and the human inclination for exploitation, while socially, it originates from structures like rebellion (baghy), greed, arrogance (istikbār), corruption (fasād), and discrimination, all of which lead to social conflict and disputes. Furthermore, social beliefs and values, such as truth and falsehood (ḥaqq wa bāṭil), monotheism (tawḥīd) and polytheism (shirk), and faith (īmān) and disbelief (kufr), inherently oppose one another, and their followers are in constant contention. Therefore, the phenomenon of conflict is not solely influenced by a single exclusive factor; rather, alongside the influence of social structures, individual agency and motivation also play a pivotal role in its emergence.

The purpose of this article is to examine the role of smart power in realizing the ideals of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. In response to the research question of what effect smart power has on realizing the ideals of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the hypothesis was put forward that smart power has a significant and indisputable role in realizing the aforementioned ideals. To examine the research hypothesis, data were collected using a library method and the aforementioned information was processed using a descriptive-analytical method. Smart power is a purposeful and wise combination of hard power and soft power to deal with the inefficiency of hard power and the limitations of soft power in dealing with external threats and internal harms. In this way, in smart power, coercive and persuasive resources, including military, economic, cultural, and ideological capabilities, are coordinated in one direction to ensure the continued stability and progress of the country. Given the lofty goals and ideals of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, using the tools of smart power to realize ideals such as independence, freedom, and justice is vital for the Islamic Republic of Iran to achieve goals and ideals worthy of its name and title.

The ethics of agency and governance is the most important part of Mencius' political philosophy, which is based on his epistemological, ontological and anthropological foundations. Using Spriggans' model and his crisis theory, the article focuses on Mencius' solutions in response to what and why the crisis is. Mencius considers the power-seeking and belligerence of the rulers on the one hand and the wrong teachings of some teachers and philosophers as the origin and cause of the crisis. He considered acceptance and acceptability of the people as the basic condition of the ruler and he believes that the decree of heaven is manifested in the will of the people. In his opinion, learning benevolence is the extension of justice; Benevolence involves refining oneself and loving others; War for the purpose of opening the country is unreasonable; There should be no class distinction between the rulers and the ruled, and the welfare of the people is the definite duty of the government. Mencius considers the right of rebellion and revolution for the people, and there is a linear process between the acquisition of virtue and the acquisition of wealth. From his point of view, political stability is the most important characteristic of an efficient government, and knowledge and awareness, employment of competent agents, the existence of long-term goals for political activities, prioritization in solving problems and political action aimed at public benefit make good governance.

Civil participation ethnic groups plays a significant role in demolishing social classifications. In this regard, in the present research, an attempt has been made to study the civil participation of Bakhtiari women according to the opinions of experts.Women's civil participation provides broad growth grounds in the development process and they solve the problems and problems of societies in economic and social fields through cooperation and shared efforts. Despite the development and expansion of various aspects of social fields, civil participation among Bakhtiari women still does not have a worthy position. In this research, using the method of thematic analysis, the platforms for the reorganization of the civil participation of Bakhtiari women were identified. The research is based on the purpose of the applied type and in terms of the nature of the data, it is of the qualitative type and the statistical sample is 12 Bakhtiari women who have expertise and experience in this field. Information was collected based on semi-structured interviews and the study of sources and documents. The findings show that among 76 open codes, 29 basic concepts were identified, which can be divided into 7 categories of organizing themes. The results of the analysis indicate that in rearranging and renewing the factors affecting the civil participation of Bakhtiari women, attention should be paid to their empowerment and attention to justice and equality in the social structure and the need to achieve the goals of policies and structures. It developed a field of social participation for women.

This research tries to answer the question "What is the difference between Islam's approach to social justice compared to the social contract aimed at universal consensus on the implementation of justice in the political thought of the West?" Human civilization, the correctness of the hypothesis "The divine origin of justice in Islam, while requiring government officials to establish justice in society by recognizing the people in charge of monitoring the good performance of the trustees, has a greater capability than the social contract of the West in establishing justice and its stability in the foundation of human civilization" to examine in a documentary way and through a library study using the descriptive-analytical method.The findings of the research show that contrary to the political thought of the West, which is expected from the government and those in power chosen based on the collective agreement and social contract, the establishment and implementation of justice in the society, in the Imamate system of Islamic justice, the realization of this is important to fulfill the duties of each of the government and People are conditioned based on a dialectical relationship.

With the modern era, subjectivity was placed in the center of philosophical reflections, and therefore, the goal of philosophical reflection became to discover the rules of correct thinking and to build epistemic systems. In the 20th century, an important development occurred in the concept of subjectivity, which can be called the transition from "subjectivity" to "subjectification". In this transition, the truths based on epistemic depth (legal/discursive subject) give way to truth-telling that is the product of the subjects' self-care and exercise of their power. In other words, legal/discourse subjects give way to ethical subjects; Subjects who, in Foucault's interpretation, as specific intellectuals, have their own concerns and constantly participate in the construction of truth in a collective way. In this article, focusing on the question, can traces of such subjectification of the Muslim person be found in the political thought of Ayatollah Khamenei? We are looking for the test of this hypothesis that fire at will, jihadist, revolutionary and resistanceist approach are concepts that provide the possibility of speaking about the subjectification of the Muslim person in the political thought of Ayatollah Khamenei. The findings of the research indicate that fire at will, the resistanceist, jihadist and revolutionary approach is the product of the relationship between freedom and justice in the political thought of Ayatollah Khamenei. It is in this relationship that the Muslim person emerges as a subject. This means that with the force that the subjects get from the immanent relationship of Islamic freedom and justice, they will take care of themselves as specific intellectuals. And, by exercising power while simultaneously promoting Islamic freedom and justice, they also participate in building the truth in a collective way.

The event of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and its victory in Iran was the re-emergence of the glory and greatness of Islam, which was formed with the leadership of the great founder of the Islamic Revolution (RA) and the sacrifice of high-ranking martyrs in this land, and as it was the foundation of a new civilization at the head of Islam. In the present era, he established the foundation of the new Islamic civilization. On the other hand, justice, which has a high place in religious teachings, in such a way that it is introduced as the reason for the sending of divine prophets and is one of the necessary conditions for the fulfillment of positions such as Imamate and judging in Islam. In the eyes of the supreme leader of the revolution, along with other components such as faith, science and ethics, it has been introduced as one of the characteristics of the new Islamic civilization. This research with a descriptive-analytical method seeks to answer the question, what is the position of justice in the social system of modern Islamic civilization from the point of view of the Supreme Leader, and what are the most important prerequisites for its creation? The results of the research indicate that the new Islamic civilization observes all the different physical and mental dimensions of man, and therefore the education of pious and polite people is one of the achievements of the new Islamic civilization, and this meaning is in the first ...

One of the important issues in various legal systems in the world is to create a balance between the level of respect for civil rights and the guarantee of social security, as the realization of a desirable legal system requires the reduction of these conflicts and the resolution of executive problems, especially in police and security missions. In this regard, first of all, it is necessary to examine and clarify the relationships and proportions between the two fundamental concepts mentioned, theoretically and practically. In this way, it is possible to recognize the interference of these two and to present a strategy to resolve and eliminate this interference.

The present paper is applied in terms of its purpose and has been organized using a descriptive-documentary method. The required data and information were collected through library methods and discussed using a descriptive-analytical method. 

According to the research findings; the government, the legal system, and especially security and law enforcement institutions such as the police and judicial officers may establish the ground for guaranteeing civil rights and maintaining social security by institutionalizing and implementing the two bodies of "justice" and "dignity" in their policies and missions.

The analysis of the research findings based on the teachings of Islamic jurisprudence, it could be concluded that “justice orientation” along with “dignity orientation” could be an important strategy under the title of “criminal justice” or “just dignity” that should be implemented in three levels of legislation, judiciary, and execution; especially by security institutions, judicial officers and those involved in the country's executive affairs of order and security.

Islamic-Iranian progress pattern by use of generality of Islamic Republic of Iran and by understanding and analyzing reality of society and determining national and native values, tries to answer physical and spiritual needs of society. This pattern has Epistemic- Ontology and anthropology bases that rooted in revelation and ideology of Islam trainings. Therefore its content is based on monotheism and resurrection and the not separation of the world and the hereafter. This research aims to determining and analyzing political development indicators in this pattern. Considered strategies to data analyze in this research is based on qualitative framework and descriptive-analytical. Main question of this research is as following: what are the political development indicators in Islamic-Iranian progress pattern and how proper political development in this patter will be realized? Results of this research showed that political development indicators in this research are match with Sharia with request to implementing justice and equality in policy making, properly provide political development platform.

Today, neglecting the social and environmental concepts in housing has caused constructions to be measured in the form of a quantitative relationship, that is, the quantitative and numerical relationship of humans economically with the physical dimensions of housing or the people living in it. Thus, considering social values and concepts such as justice in housing has been violated. Therefore, the current research, recognizes the sensitivity of the issue of housing and its role on people's perception of social justice, has found the necessity of payment in this field by relying on the relationship between three environmental, social and physical factors related to housing; with the aim of explaining the role of housing on people's perception of social justice in Tehran as case study. The applied research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research. Data analysis is done with SPSS version 27 and Smart PLS version 3 software. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between all three environmental, social and physical factors (p<0.05). The direction of the relationship between all three factors is positive and the factors are correlated with each other and affect the citizens' perception of justice; in general, citizens do not consider the housing situation in Tehran fair.

Over the past three decades, the positions of the student justice movement have become challenging on many issues. The purpose of this article is to examine the place of development in the discourse of this student movement. Considering the impact of student movements' discourse on the effective discourse of society and its impact on political and social structures, it seems necessary to examine it. In this regard, it should be clarified that the discourse of this organization preserves and rejects what meaning of development.The integrated discourse analysis model of Fairclough, Lacla and Mouffe is efficient to achieve this goal. Based on this model, firstly, the formal features of the statements and speeches of prominent people from the point of view of vocabulary, phonetic system, and grammar in the three levels of content and relationships in the text, as well as the identities that are depicted at the level of the text; Checked out. Next, at the level of interpretation, using the combination of Fairclough, Lacla and Mouffe, the discourses in the texts of the statements and interviews were identified. At the explanation level, the position of the studied discourse in power relations was determined. The findings show that although this discourse introduces "Islamic civilization" as an alternative to development, it still has a fundamental relationship with the dependency approach.In the discourse of the movement, categories such as seeking justice, resistance economy, anti-arrogance, anti-colonialism, and fighting corruption have been highlighted. On the other hand, western development, aristocracy and political factions have been strongly marginalized. The absent discourses of this movement include pacifism, the category of women, democracy, freedom, human rights and everyday affairs.

Justice is an important social subject and the justice research is a necessary action of humanities. Justice research is a scientific and methodical study of justice for social change and applicability or theoretical and non-applicable research that is carried out in the fields of the basics and methodology of justice research and theorizing and implementing justice. In this research, the theses of sociology of the top universities of Iran have been analyzed with a systematic review method. The findings indicate the sixth rank of social sciences and social justice among disciplines and subjects of humanities. The quantity of justice research by formulating a system of problems, analyzing the problem position of justice research in sociology and the role of governments and discourses of justice and its quality by strengthening methodological dimensions, balance of research strategies, applied research, the balance of the aspects of justice research and the harmony of ontology and epistemology of theses will increase. The most important opportunity for the justice research for sociology is organizing the concepts related to justice, but the lack of sociologically attention to the justice research is a threat that its solution is the semantic research of justice and the return of the normative view of sociology to justice.

Communitarianism and its serious critique of liberal discourse is one of the most important issues in contemporary political philosophy. The book "An Introduction to the Debate of Liberals and Communitarians in Contemporary Political Philosophy" is responsible for analyzing this important issue. One of the strengths of the present book is to address an almost novel subject in the field of political philosophy that has been less studied independently, especially in Persian sources. The authors' emphasis on Paul Ricoeur's method as "text-based hermeneutics" gives them a considerable opportunity to examine and read the works of political thought. However, there are some objections to the book. First, the writers have not paid attention to the results of this conflict and the effects or, in other words, the changes that have resulted from the conflict in contemporary political philosophy. Second, the authors did not pay attention to the influence of Wittgenstein II's views on the content of the political philosophy of communitarianism. The authors also attribute a leadership role to McIntyre, but little attention has been paid to Sandel's very important position. Also, considering that the axis of the dispute was justice, it was appropriate that the axes explained in the book in this regard be finally referred to the issue of justice.

The central issue of this paper is the study of the ratio of the budget allocation of the government with the level of development of the provinces of Iran. From this point of view, the importance of balanced regional development is justified by reviewing and introduction of conceptual foundations. The budget allocation criteria in different countries are reviewed and the suitable type of Iran is introduced. The method of study is taxonomy and classification of the existing situation based on indicators made from existing data. By combining the indicators, the development rank of each province is extracted and its entitlement rank is also calculated from the government budget. The result of the research indicates that the provincial budget allocation is not based on the degree of underdevelopment of the provinces and the budget process in Iran is not aimed at reducing inequality and regional gap. Along with other factors including regional coordinates, the budget plays an important role in infrastructure development and investment attraction and regional market formation. Balanced development that guarantees stability and security requires equal budget allocation as a national necessity and a legal duty of the government.Balanced development that guarantees stability and security requires equal budget allocation as a national necessity and a legal duty of the government.

Justice and fairness are the two main components accepted by intellectuals as well as civilized nations to limit the power and behavior of rulers and executives with the people. In this article, we seek to answer this question with a descriptive, analytical, yet practical approach: can justice and fairness play an effective role in the performance and missions of the police as the general officer of the criminal justice system? In response, it should be said: by avoiding the "effective" variable, it seems that it can play a "determining" role in increasing work efficiency. The research findings show that: the police, with community-oriented approaches, should in some way be in the field of their legal missions. In addition to the fact that people are involved in these activities, its work efficiency is more man-centered with the increase in security, and finally, another result is that it makes them act with more justice and fairness as bailiffs in treating people. Justice and vice versa, people will have a fairer judgment about the performance of the police

The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate., the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.