marginalization

In recent decades, marginalization has been one of the most important and complex urban issues that has caused numerous damages in various dimensions in urban management. This research, emphasizing the lived experience of marginalized people, seeks a deep understanding of their challenging lives.The research approach of the present study is phenomenological. Based on the logic of purposeful sampling and also available sampling, interviews were conducted with 34 marginalized people from four marginalized areas of Rasht city.The findings of this study showed that the phenomenon of limited citizenship by forming feelings such as insecurity, discrimination, alienation, self-destruction and anger, reinforces the dominance of this feeling among marginalized people and produces consequences such as intensification of urban poverty, social exclusion, erosion of outgroup social capital, social dissatisfaction and conflict in urban life in the urban environment.The result is that what is clearly evident in the urban space of Rasht is that the dispersion of the marginal neighborhoods has prevented the formation of a unified and just citizenship identity in this city. The inattention of the authorities to the changing lives of the marginal areas has led to the dominance of an unpleasant feeling of limited citizenship among them. By destroying urban cohesion, this feeling has transformed the social fabric of the city into an atmosphere full of dissatisfaction, tension, and heterogeneity.

In this research, we used Delphi fuzzy and ahp fuzzy to identify the drivers of good urban governance in the direction of empowering the population living in the marginal areas of Zabul, emphasizing the role of non-governmental organizations. The research method of this research is descriptive-survey and applied, and the sample population in this research was identified and selected based on the purposeful judgment method of 20 experts who have the necessary expertise and knowledge in the field of research. According to the results obtained from the opinions of experts, the contextual dimension has the highest level of importance and was placed in the first priority, and the structural and behavioral dimensions got the second and third priority respectively. In the drivers of the contextual, structural and behavioral dimensions, respectively, to promote the activities of agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, handicrafts, workshops, tourism and the development of border markets in the villages of the region with the cooperation of social networks, the press, support and demands of local influential groups, reflecting the problems of the villagers and attracting People's support, the result of which is empowering the village and preventing the migration of people to the city. In the context of the creation of local entrepreneurship funds, self-help and Qarzul-Hasna, the fruitfulness of implementing Islamic banking in order to provide facilities to young people for self-employment, entrepreneurship, marriage and housing loans with the participation and initial capital of the people themselves and the support of regional and national charitable organizations. In the structural dimension and strengthening the social interactions of the residents in the residential areas through the holding of training courses in the schools and mosques of the neighborhood for women to improve the communication space within the family and to know how to face the challenges of their children and the correct education of the children in the behavioral dimension, the highest priority was included.

The rapid growth of urbanization along with the increase of rural-urban migration has provided a favorable platform for the formation of marginal areas around the cities. The rapid growth of urbanization has caused many problems and problems for cities, among which we can mention the problems of marginalization and the growth of informal settlements. Meanwhile, the city of Bonab, as one of the cities of East Azarbaijan province, has faced the problem of marginalization due to having different capacities. The present research has investigated the problems of social harms of marginalization in Bonab city. The current research is a qualitative research method based on foundational data theory and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The statistical population was the residents of Aghdash, South Dizj (Iran Garage), North Dizj (Almalo neighborhood) of Benab city in East Azerbaijan province, 41 of them were interviewed and theoretical saturation was achieved. The investigation and analysis of the conducted interviews indicate that the people living in the suburbs are engaged in informal jobs such as buying and selling drugs, alcoholic beverages, labor and carpet weaving due to the lack of skills and expertise, and it is also one of the main causes of injuries. Social in these neighborhoods, we can point to things like economic and social inequalities, the availability of drugs and the lack of a proper program to fill free time. Dropping out of school due to economic poverty, the low literacy level of families, and the addiction of parents has created a phenomenon called working children, these factors have caused false employment, and the lack of cultural centers has caused delinquency in these areas.

Over the past three decades, market-driven dynamics have profoundly influenced the Iranian housing system, leading to significant commodification of housing. This commodification has exacerbated housing unaffordability, particularly for low-income households, despite a substantial increase in the overall housing stock. Furthermore, market forces have contributed to the spatial segregation of various social groups during this period. Theoretically, state intervention in the housing market—through initiatives such as social housing programs—has the potential to enhance the affordability of formal housing and mitigate social stratification. The Maskan-i-Mehr program was conceived and implemented to address the shortcomings of the Iranian housing market. However, this social housing initiative has failed to effectively counteract the prevailing market dynamics, resulting in the emergence of numerous marginalized communities. Residents of Maskan-i-Mehr now experience heightened social and spatial segregation compared to their prior living conditions. Many have relocated from urban centers to the peripheries, where Maskan-i-Mehr estates are situated. This transition has led to the marginalization of these residents, adversely affecting their livability and overall social conditions. By focusing on the Maskan-i-Mehr developments in the new towns of Pardis and Parand, this paper seeks to evaluate how contemporary social housing programs in Iran have fostered a “new social life in new communities.” Specifically, it aims to investigate how the livability conditions for individuals who migrated to these new communities have significantly transformed.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the patterns that rural migrants went through until they reached marginalization. Interview technique has been used to find these patterns. The main method of analyzing the data obtained from the interview was thematic analysis. The community studied in this research are families who migrated from Kamfirouz region and settled in Saadi and Javadieh towns of Shiraz. After conducting 22 in-depth interviews with these people, data saturation was achieved. According to the findings of this study, four patterns can be concluded for the marginalization of these families: 1. The pattern of migration of families with economic poverty, 2. The pattern of migration of families that have undergone value-normative transformation, 3. The pattern of migration of large rural landowners, 4. The pattern of migration Families with work culture. In general, the results showed that the socio-cultural factors and contexts that were expressed in the second, third and fourth patterns were more influential on the migration and marginalization of immigrants than the economic factors in the first pattern.

With the development of migration from the countryside to the city, the development of marginalization in urban centers and the increase in crimes and the challenges of the police in preventing and reducing crimes in these areas have been the attention of many experts and officials in the past few decades. The main purpose of this research was to examine the challenges of police management in preventing crimes in the marginal areas of Birjand city.

The research method is qualitative and exploratory. The statistical population included commanders and administrative managers, judges, and professors working in Birjand University, who were interviewed in depth with 19 people using the purposeful judgment sampling method. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the interviews and "MAXQDA" version 20/20 software was used to analyze the data.

The important challenges of police management in the prevention of crimes were identified in the form of four main themes, including management factors, factors related to equipment, factors related to criminals, and urban factors and sixteen sub-themes. The important challenges of police management in the social prevention of crimes were identified in the form of five main themes, including safety factors, occupational factors, educational factors, management factors, and communication factors and fourteen sub-themes. The challenges of police management in criminal prevention of crimes were identified in the form of three main themes, including behavioral factors, legal factors, and organizational factors and nine sub-themes.

If the necessary legal and judicial foundations are provided for the police and the necessary facilities and resources are reduced and the obstacles to the police implementation are reduced, the possibility of the police success in preventing crimes in the marginal areas will be very high. With this definition, these platforms are at the disposal of the three forces and also subject to the cooperation of the people. Therefore, the success of the police to prevent crimes in the city and especially in the marginal areas largely requires the coordination and cooperation of extra-organizational centers and people at the macro level and in the internal field to remove intra-organizational obstacles.

"Living on the margins" is made up of the conditions and circumstances and consequences of structural factors on the people left out of attention. One of the important issues about the surrounding areas of cities is to identify the various characteristics of these areas. The importance of this research is that the mentioned areas do not have the same characteristics and any policy and intervention in these areas without considering these characteristics will not lead to positive results. Based on this, the upcoming qualitative research tries to identify the characteristics of this settlement through interviews with knowledgeable people. The spatial territory of the research was the marginal areas of Khuzestan province, and the research samples were stopped when the theoretical saturation was reached, and the data were analyzed using the technique of thematic analysis with the Atrid-Stirling method. The findings led to the creation of eleven organizing themes with the names of accumulation of physical problems, economic disability, intragroup social capital based on ethnicity, double relative deprivation, exclusion, socio-cultural divergences, dual habitats, interest group activity, state-oriented expectations and expectations, institutional distrust and hopelessness. Relative to changing conditions; And four overarching themes were named environmental characteristics, economic characteristics, socio-cultural characteristics and political characteristics. The results of the research show the importance of the mutual influence of society, culture and politics on the issue of marginalization in Khuzestan province; Two points that have made this province one of the most emigrant provinces of the country.

Survival has been the most important concern of mankind throughout history. Spatial mobility (migration) has been one of the strategies of humans to achieve survival. In the migration process, the first and most important actions of immigrants, especially immigrants with lower economic levels, are survival and adaptation-oriented actions with the destination society. Therefore, the present research has sought to analyze the survival-oriented actions among marginalized immigrant women in Yazd city. The current research method is qualitative and grounded theory approach is used. The participants were 21 women who immigrated to Yazd city from different provinces of the country with a residence period of more than two years, who were selected in a targeted manner using theoretical sampling. The data collection tool was semi-structured interview and data analysis was done by open, central and selective coding method. The findings showed that the generational gap and inappropriate policies in immigration origins by creating extensive changes in the form of linking survival to material things, forces women to act rationally and adopt migration as a practical guide to achieve and maintain survival. This path is often rational, with measurement and calculation and centered on money. But on the other hand, in the process of durability and survival in the destination, women need incentives beyond money. Although the main path is all calculation, spirituality in women increases the adaptability of immigrant women by generating hope and healing mental injuries, and provides a support for their standing and efforts to ensure and facilitate survival.

The current research was conducted with the aim of presenting a paradigmatic model of organizing the outskirts of Kerman city. In terms of purpose, the present research is applied in terms of qualitative method of grounded theory type (Strauss and Corbin). The target community in this study was the organization officials of the outskirts of Kerman city, which reached conceptual saturation with a sample size of 18 people. The purposeful sampling method and research tool in this research is semi-structured interview. Reliability was obtained with the intra-subject agreement method of 0.78 and the face validity of the interview text was confirmed by experts. The findings include 56 categories in open coding and 45 categories of central coding and 5 categories of selective coding. The results showed that the way of organizing the edge of the city currently includes destruction; Discharge; Remediation (limited to inadequate measures) has been implemented; But these measures could not work. The strategies for organizing the edge of the city suggested by the experts include the implementation of the green belt plan of Kerman city; elimination of the conflict of interest of the organs; improvement with the empowerment and participation of marginalized people; The use of experts in the implementation of plans; Determining the rules of organization and the necessity of their implementation; Placing the property is subject to possession.

The current study adopts a critical ethnographic approach to delve into the plight of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. Its primary objective is to illuminate the prevailing narratives that encapsulate individuals' lived experiences within this marginalized group. Furthermore, the study aims to offer a realistic analysis of the local conditions and needs specific to the area, all within the context of the locality. To achieve these goals, purposeful sampling methods were employed, and data was gathered through the use of participatory observation tools and semi-structured interviews, followed by meticulous analysis using thematic analysis techniques. A total of 21 interviews were conducted across seven marginalized neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city. Following the coding process, 109 primary codes and 11 organizing themes were identified, ranging from issues such as dangerous living conditions, migrant populations, job insecurity, inadequate urban infrastructure, limited negotiating power, organizational shortcomings, confrontational management styles, perceptions of inequality, shirking of responsibilities, interventions for development, to the absence of institutional support. These findings culminated in the selection of the overarching theme of the study: "the entrapment of powerlessness and deprivation within the marginalized community." The crux of the article's argument lies in attributing the powerlessness and deprivation prevalent in Khorramabad's marginalized community to the unequal hierarchical structures within the planning and implementation systems, coupled with inefficient community organization. To ameliorate the marginalized community's circumstances, the study advocates for the adoption of a justice-centered urban governance approach and the reconfiguration of urban societal structures. 

Marginalization, predominantly an urban phenomenon, signifies the condition where residents lack access to the economic and official urban infrastructure, often resembling living conditions in slum areas. These marginalized communities typically form in semi-permanent or permanent settlements along rivers, railway lines, city entrances and exits, among other locations (Cahyani, D. Widaningsih, 2019). In recent years, the escalating number of marginal areas and the ensuing repercussions has propelled marginalization into a pressing challenge within the nation's planning and decision-making framework. Recognizing the gravity and repercussions of marginalization, various stakeholders such as experts, policymakers, and civil activists have scrutinized and elucidated this phenomenon through different lenses. Academic scholars and researchers delve into the causes, contexts, and consequences of marginalization; policymakers enact laws and regulations and undertake executive initiatives; while civil activists form campaigns and organizations to aid the impoverished and vulnerable populations residing in informal settlements and marginalized areas.
The predicament of marginalization gains heightened sensitivity in disadvantaged provinces like Lorestan. The prevalence of hierarchical disparities, inequities in access to resources at the macro level, soaring rates of unemployment, poverty, deprivation, and deeply entrenched ethnic and tribal biases amplify the ramifications and ramifications of this challenge within such regions. In Khorramabad city, marginalized communities are dispersed across the urban landscape, spanning central and peripheral areas, characterized by marginal infrastructure and external perceptions shrouded in pessimism, juxtaposed with the proliferation of poverty and social adversities. Addressing the issue of marginalization in Khorramabad city emerges as a pressing necessity.
Consequently, several studies have explored facets of marginalization issues (causes, contexts, and consequences) in Lorestan province. This article, employing a critical ethnographic approach and thematic analysis technique, endeavors to comprehend the predicament of the marginalized community in Khorramabad city. It seeks to illuminate the predominant narratives drawn from individuals' lived experiences within these marginalized settings and, subsequently, offering a contextualized and realistic analysis tailored to the region's specific demands. Hence, this research endeavors to address fundamental questions such as: What is the marginalized community's perception of their marginalization situation? How do they interpret their experiences residing in these marginalized areas?

Numerous studies have delved into the realms of marginalization and informal settlements. Many of these research endeavors, adopting a survey approach, have explored the factors influencing the emergence of informal settlements and migration to the peripheries of cities (Rabbani et al., 2015; Zangiabadi and Mobaraki, 2011; Naqdi, 2012; Taleb and Yusuf-Vand, 2014; Biranvand, 2013; Mirzapur, 2014). These studies have highlighted that the socio-economic dynamics between the origin (village) and the destination play a pivotal role in shaping migration patterns and fostering the development of informal settlements. Additionally, there have been physical studies analyzing the spatial distribution of urban poverty (Mirzapour, 2014; Khodayi and Timuri, 2015).
Research in the field of marginalization boasts a rich historical background, encompassing various thematic areas. Primarily adopting a survey methodology, many of these studies have scrutinized the root causes, contexts, and repercussions of marginalization and migration. Some inquiries influenced by a physical perspective have explored aspects of marginalization and the spatial distribution of urban poverty. Others have focused on social issues, detriments, and the distinctive traits of marginalized populations. Amidst these endeavors, a scant few have approached the lives of marginalized communities through an emic lens, seeking to understand their perspectives and experiences firsthand.
Therefore, to contribute to and enhance the existing body of research, this study endeavors to elucidate and interpret the reality of marginalization through the voice of the marginalized community, aiming to enrich the scholarly discourse on this pressing issue.

This research employs a qualitative and critical ethnographic methodology, with data analysis conducted through thematic analysis. Critical ethnography delves into power dynamics and mechanisms of domination to examine the conditions for progress and impediments to improvement (Madison, 2012). The study utilized purposive sampling to select participants, interviewing 21 marginalized individuals across seven neighborhoods in Khorram Abad city until theoretical saturation was achieved, indicating that no new insights were forthcoming from additional interviews. Consequently, the authors utilized this sample for data analysis, ensuring a comprehensive representation. Efforts were made to encompass a diverse range of perspectives by including participants of varying genders and age groups. The research commenced with an exploratory phase involving immersion in the community under study, followed by data collection through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. This methodological approach sought to provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences and viewpoints of marginalized individuals within the context of their lived realities.

The research findings reveal a multitude of challenges faced by marginalized and impoverished residents in the region, including insufficient income, engagement in precarious and informal work, widespread social issues (e.g., addiction, conflicts, theft), unsafe living conditions, disregard for civic responsibilities in accessing public resources, environmental degradation, inadequate housing and unauthorized construction, absence of essential amenities and services, and limited engagement in local governance. Within this study, disadvantaged communities have highlighted diverse facets of their struggles and hardships. Subsequently, the identified issues are synthesized into overarching thematic categories for presentation and analysis.

This research, adopting a critical ethnography approach and employing thematic analysis, aims to explore the circumstances and challenges faced by the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city. The research findings are presented through an analytical-thematic model, with the primary category derived from community data being "powerlessness and the entrapment of marginalization." This concept underscores the dire conditions and precarious existence of the marginalized community in Khorram Abad city, ensnared in a complex web of intertwined marginalization. Various facets of their powerlessness and deprivation intertwine to alienate them from mainstream society and official culture. This issue is rooted in the failure of organizational and administrative policies of government entities. Local residents critique the ineffectiveness, deficiencies, and incapacity of governmental institutions in managing and empowering marginalized areas. They perceive themselves as victims of unjust social policies implemented by these institutions, which have hindered societal development and neglected community needs and preferences.

Family institution is undeniably one of the most crucial and influential aspects of human life, shaping our present and future. Over the years, we have witnessed significant developments within the realm of family dynamics. Among the vulnerable families, there exists a subgroup known as disordered families. These families struggle to fulfill the basic functions and meet the essential needs of their children, including material, emotional, sexual, and socialization needs. Due to the inherent nature of family institution as the smallest social unit, disordered families are particularly susceptible to social harm. One specific group of vulnerable families that has received limited attention and lacks comprehensive scientific studies, both domestically and internationally, is that, in which the female head of the household has been abandoned by the father for various reasons. In this research, we aimed to investigate the lives of abandoned women within the cultural context of a suburban area in Isfahan City. By understanding the cultural nuances of this neighborhood and comprehending the experiences of abandoned women through the lens of suspension within this cultural context, we could gain valuable insights into their circumstances. The choice of this particular cultural context for our study stemmed from the preliminary observations made by the researcher. It became apparent that a significant number of abandoned women resided in this neighborhood with drug addiction being a prevalent reason for their abandonment by their husbands. This research sought to shed light on the lives of these women, their challenges, and the impact of abandonment on their overall well-being. By addressing this understudied issue, we could contribute to a better understanding of the complexities surrounding abandoned women and potentially develop interventions to support them in rebuilding their lives.

This study employed a qualitative approach, specifically utilizing an ethnographic method. The data collection process involved conducting semi-structured interviews and non-participatory observations with a sample of 21 abandoned women residing in the Joyabad Khomeini Neighborhood of Isfahan. The selection of participants was based on a combined purposive sampling approach, which incorporated snowball sampling and acute case sampling methods. Thematic analysis was employed as the data analysis technique, involving coding at 4 levels: first, second, third, and superior level codes. To ensure validity, two control measures were implemented. Firstly, member-checking was conducted, where the selected participants were asked to review and provide feedback on the analyzed findings, concepts, and categories. Secondly, a scientific peer review was employed to further validate the findings.

The findings of this research shed light on the experiences of abandoned women within the cultural context of this neighborhood. It was evident that the family structure of the abandoned women was highly vulnerable with a significant risk of collapse. The absence of the father figure had torn these families apart, leaving the wives and children to face numerous challenges.The cultural context of this neighborhood with its strong adherence to traditional values and customs had further complicated the situation for these abandoned women. The prevalence of addiction and drug-related issues in this harmful context posed a significant threat to the residents. The families of the abandoned women, particularly the children, were among the most affected groups in this neighborhood, susceptible to falling into the trap of injuries and deviations.Understanding the conditions of abandonment within this cultural context, it was clear that the abandoned women perceived their situation with a range of negative emotions. These included distress, confusion, indecision, doubt, despair, dislike of their husbands, mental and physical turmoil, a sense of destruction and burning of life, mental and psychological helplessness, a sense of displacement and fatigue, and longing for a different life. These perceptions could be attributed to the trauma of abandonment, which had deeply affected these women.In conclusion, it is crucial to address the challenges faced by abandoned women and their families to prevent further negative consequences. Efforts should be made to provide support, interventions, and resources to help these women overcome the trauma of abandonment and rebuild their lives in a healthier and more fulfilling manner. By addressing the underlying issues and providing the necessary assistance, we can work towards creating a more supportive and inclusive community for abandoned women.

Disadvantaged settlements encompass areas that face various vulnerabilities and deprivations. These adversities give rise to the recognition of these areas as being plagued by “spatial stigma.” The nature of this spatial stigma is dynamic and permeates individuals, leading to their notoriety. Consequently, residents of these areas bear the burden of place stigma, which results in the attachment of diverse labels to them, prompting the adoption of various strategies to confront these challenges. The objective of this research is to explore the perception of marginalized individuals as seen through the eyes of residents residing in disadvantaged areas and to investigate strategies employed to address urban marginalization in the city of Mashhad. Employing a qualitative approach, the study utilized a semi-structured interview tool and implemented purposeful sampling and sample size determination based on the principle of informational saturation. The analysis of interviews followed the thematic analysis technique proposed by Braun and Clarke. The findings from 21 interviews with residents of disadvantaged areas in Mashhad reveal that marginalized individuals are perceived based on distinctive characteristics, including initial categorization (focused on livelihood, economic marginalization, self-sufficiency, and self-reliance), deviant behavior (undesirable traits and nonconformity), and a culture of marginalization (reactive behavior, self-neglect, informal upbringing, vernacular discourse, actions, and cultural capital of marginalization). These perceptions collectively contribute to the construction of “marginalization stigma.” The establishment and perception of marginalization stigma serve as the foundation for interactions with marginalized individuals, giving rise to two categories of strategies: “social accommodation” strategies, involving acceptance and engagement with marginalized individuals, and “social non-accommodation” strategies, entailing rejection and the establishment of boundaries in interactions with marginalized individuals.

Discussing the rights of citizenship in society refers to the enjoyment of the rights of individuals in asociety of all individual and social rights. Accordingly, this research has been conducted with the aim ofstructural analysis of the role of citizenship rights components on the level of social capital of upper and lowerclasses of Isfahan in both marginalized and marginalized regions. The method of the present study is a surveybased on the time criterion; the cross-sectional, in terms of its nature, is practical and in terms of scale. Thestatistical population of the study consisted of men and women aged 15-60 (young people) living in Isfahan intwo regions with marginalization. The protected area includes the Mardavij and the marginal area, includingthe Arzanan and Darak neighborhoods, with a sample size of 384 and a total of 768, based on the Lane table.The results of structural analysis show that, due to coefficients, the effect of citizenship rights on social capital issignificant in two different marginalized and well-off societies. Considering the coefficient of influence (0.49) ofthe effect of citizenship rights on social capital of the marginalized area Most of the effect of citizenship rightson social capital of the region is (0.31). In general, both of these effects are significant, but the social capitalmeasurements have shown that according to the coefficients, the size of social capital is greater than that of themarginalized region

Nowadays, with the expansion of metropolises and the complexities of life, the problems of life are increasing day by day. These problems require skills and abilities to deal with them. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of the individual skills training package in improving the cognitive-behavioral abilities of girls and women aged 20-30 years in the marginal areas of the cities of Isfahan, Tehran), Zahedan and Mashhad.The experimental intervention method is based on a semi-experimental method of pre-test-post-test type with a control group and with the intervention of training individual skills improvement package. It was based on a sample consisting of two groups of 60 individuals from the women's community living in marginal areas, who were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The results obtained from the multivariate covariance analysis test showed that the mean scores of the participants in the emotional regulation, self-awareness and effective communication was significantly different among experimental and control groups, after intervention. In other words, individual skills’ training has significantly improved the cognitive-behavioral abilities of the participants.

Most of the studies and researches that have been done in recent decades in Iran on values insociology, show major and fundamental changes in the value system of families. Therefore, the present study,based on Inglehart's theory of value changes, seeks the fundamental question of what is the change in familyvalues in its various dimensions among the marginalized in the Region 19 and Region 4 of Tehran? For thispurpose, 30 in-depth interviews were conducted with men and women over 18 years of age in the Marginalizedneighborhoods of the mentioned Regions, as well as in order to compare and contrast them with otherneighborhoods in the same Regions. The research approach was qualitative and the research method wasgrounded theory and the sampling method was purposeful and theoretical. The findings of the study showed theopposite of Inglehart's theory that the Marginalized neighborhoods, as well as other neighborhoods studied inthe context of urban society, were generally inclined to postmaterial family values. According to the prevailingapproaches of society, regarding how to orient family values, it can be said that among the studied samples, thedirection of family values is moving towards polarization. According to Inglehart, a society has a value balancethat has both material and postmaterial values.

Marginalization in the world, especially in the developing regions, has an inseparable connection with modern urbanization and in its process, it has led to the formation of various social gaps. The aim of this research is to investigate marginalization from the perspective of the gap between tradition and modernity in the vicinity of Tehran metropolis, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way and with two methods of library and secondary study through big data. The basis of the big data was survey studies in two marginal areas of southeast Tehran (Khatunabad and Hesar Amir), which were taken into account by interpreting the general lifestyle common in the region, the manifestations of the intersection of tradition and modernity. Based on the findings of the research, the fields of marginalization in Tehran were provided by the dismantling of the Naseri fences in the first Pahlavi period, and with the growth of modern urbanization, industrial technologies, etc., in the following decades, a flood of immigrants poured into the vicinity of this city. With the perceptual-cognitive changes among the new residents, a new arrangement of gaps centered on tradition and modernity was formed in the metropolis of Tehran.

Child labor on the street is a complex, multidimensional and growing phenomenon and is one of the social issues in society.The present study was conducted as a rapid assessment and response method in 1398-99 using a combination of qualitative methods (focus group discussion, in-depth interviews) and quantitative to collect data from key informants and street children. In the qualitative section, by purposive sampling, 10 individual interviews with key informants and 3 group discussions were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires with street children. Shortly after identifying 21 street work hangouts for children, using time-place sampling and a questionnaire, information on 75 street children in child work hangouts was collected. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative section, qualitative content analysis was used. Findings show that most of the street children in Khorramabad are engaged in conventional activities such as handicrafts (selling chewing gum, cotton wool, flowers, socks, limbs, etc.), car window cleaning and weighing. Khorramabad street children are mostly boys (97.3%) and in terms of national-ethnic composition are all Iranians. The findings of this study show that poverty a In addition to the economic factor, other factors such as unfavorable socio-economic status of families such as: head of the family addiction, illiteracy and illiteracy of parents, instrumental view of the child by parents, incompetence and unemployment of the head of the family and marginalization also play an effective role in the street Has children. nd livelihood and economic problems of families are the main factors in children entering the streets.

The Naysar metropolitan area is the largest district with the largest population and at the same time has the most challenges and problems. Among these challenges and issues is the issue of ownership and housing, which in addition to planners and officials, has also involved the residents and landowners of this region. Therefore, the present study, considering the theory of urban regeneration and the current trend, seeks to analyze how the spatial-physical development of this area and the conflicts that have formed around land conflicts and provide property and housing rights to the residents of this area. . The method used in this study is an institutional ethnographic method that seeks to change the status quo with the strategy of defending the lower classes (residents). Therefore, using semi-structured interview data with 25 managers and urban planners as well as local trustees and collecting statistics and institutional information related to the measures taken in the study area, to analyze the current situation and present Solutions have been taken. The results show that due to the power of landlords and entrepreneurs, as well as institutions such as the municipality, marginalized people have been rejected or forced to accept the status quo in these conflicts. The categories of rural urban infrastructure, unconstitutional construction and smuggling of urban services, lack of strategic urban planning, lack of sufficient funds and lack of interaction of stakeholders indicate the conditions that have caused socio-economic instability.

The present research, through using a qualitative approach, aims to investigate the performance of institutions in charge of social harms in the marginal Sheikh Abad neighborhood in Qom.

Data collection was done through conducting in-depth interviews, and foundation data theory method was used for data analysis. The statistical population includes activists in the field of combating with social harms, and the interviewees were selected by adopting a targeted strategy and theoretical sampling method. The result of data analysis led to identifying 44 basic themes in the field of social harm reduction.

Based on the findings of the research, the issue of “ritual orientation of the institutions in charge of social harms" was chosen as the core issue. In other words, the institutions in charge of reducing social harms by adopting ritualistic and formalistic orientation towards social harms, rather than committing to realistically dealing with harms, are concerned with presenting a favorable and retouched image of their performance and presenting it to higher officials within the framework of administrative and bureaucratic reports. The findings of the research also showed that issues such as "poor knowledge and specialized insight", "hierarchical organizational management", " institutions weakness and inability ", "lack of effective monitoring of the performance of relevant institutions in reducing social harms" are the most important causal conditions. The issues of "improper settings of laws and regulations of institutions" and "inequality in wealth distribution" (economic poverty of marginalized people) are among the most important intervention and background conditions. In addition, the issue of "popularity of the section and justifying the image of the relevant institution" has been the most important strategy adopted by the institutions in charge, and "increasing growth of social harms" has also been the most important consequence of the performance of the institution in charge