police

Crime prevention requires the direct intervention of the police force in order to reduce crime. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of police disciplinary measures in preventing and reducing the rate of crimes in the marginal areas of Neka coastal city. This research is applied in terms of research purpose, descriptive and analytical in terms of survey type. The statistical population of the research is 3500 people aged between 18 and 55 years old in the suburbs of the coastal city of Neka. In order to collect research data, a researcher-made questionnaire of police disciplinary measures and a researcher-made questionnaire of crime prevention and reduction have been used. The face validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by respected professors, experts and experts, and its reliability was found to be 0.84 and 0.78 using Cronbach's alpha formula. To analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, statistical correlation coefficient, multiple regression and Friedman test were used using SPSS software. The findings of the research show that there is a positive and significant effect of police disciplinary measures on preventing and reducing the occurrence of crimes. Also, the dimensions of police disciplinary actions including (the quality of police actions, the quality of police facilities and equipment and how to use them, the way of judicial treatment of criminals) have a positive and significant effect on the prevention and reduction of crimes. According to Friedman's test, the highest average was assigned to the quality of police facilities and equipment and how to use them, then how to deal with criminals and finally the quality of police actions. The results show that the timely actions of the police can prevent or reduce crime.

This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the interaction between police services and social work profession and investigating the role of social workers in improving the quality and effectiveness of security services. This interaction is especially important considering the increasing complexity of social and security issues in contemporary societies. In this research, by using the descriptive-analytical method and collecting data through library sources and scientific documents, interdisciplinary capacities to respond to security and social needs have been investigated.The results of the study show that the integration of social work skills in police processes, especially in the areas of crime prevention, crisis management, and victim support, can improve the effectiveness of police interventions and reduce secondary injuries in vulnerable groups. Focusing on empowering people and providing psychological and social support, social workers play a key role in completing police performance and strengthening relations between police and society. Therefore, the current research emphasizes the importance of the participation of policymakers and law enforcement in adopting integrated approaches; Approaches to use the skills of social workers effectively in improving the quality of security services and reducing social harm..

Globally, there is emerging evidence that narcotics policing is moving away from traditional enforcement interventions toward a greater focus on harm reduction. Signs of this change include alternatives to criminalization in the form of diversion programs wanted by the police. This article examines the extent to which the new orientations in the narcotics police are reflected in the change of the police culture. The key change is to help the police from criminalizing people who use drugs. Another goal is to advance theoretical discussions about factors affecting cultural change in the police organization. According to the extensive qualitative study of the challenges, innovations and reforms in the anti-narcotics police, these findings show the transformative effect of some experiences on the values that police officers have and how to understand and recognize the harmful effects of drugs. Their role and effect is in deviating some statistical crimes in the anti-narcotics law, including drug use. These findings also show how the change of ideas and approaches in the field of police has strengthened and facilitated the changes in the culture and performance of the police. The estimation of this study is that cultural change can give critical reflection to police training through experiential learning and practical approach.

Ensuring public security is always associated with the emergence of mutual violent assaults between police and citizens, during which police officers often face citizens’ behavioral-activist violence. The present research aims to phenomenologically analyze police officers’ experiences of citizens’ activist violence, emphasizing the geography of the city of Sanandaj in Kurdistan Province. 

The present study was conducted based on a qualitative approach using interpretive phenomenology. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 police officers who had lived experiences of violence in the city of Sanandaj. Purposeful sampling was used to select the samples, and then data collection continued based on the criterion of theoretical saturation, ultimately leading to a thematic analysis of the information. 

The findings indicate police officers’ narratives of experienced violence (verbal-psychological and at times physical) as a normalization of rebellion in their lifeworld. Most violence in operational units occurs as a result of verbal-physical encounters between police and citizens. Regarding the factors and contexts of violent assaults, 8 main categories emerged: coercive-aggressive responses to protests and gatherings, enforcement of laws and notification-execution of judicial verdicts, structural violence, and distrust in the police officers and authority of the law, lack of structural support, security atmosphere of the province, media modeling, police officers’ weak communication skills. Concerning the consequences of violence, 6 categories were identified and obtained: continuity of rebellion and escalation of social violence, weakening police authority and its social prestige, breaking the taboo of law violations and increasing crime rate, feelings of helplessness, and weakening of the employees and their families’ psychological spirit, erosion of social capital, and reduction of work efficiency.

The results indicate that the adverse economic-living conditions of the people on one hand, the weaknesses in the communication skills of some officers, the poor performance of the judiciary in handling relevant cases, inadequate organizational training in institutionalizing self-control, failure to publicize police actions, and the unfamiliarity of many officers with local culture, the dominance of a security viewpoint among officers, and delayed response to sensitive situations at the provincial level have had an increasing impact on the behaviors and violent assaults of citizens.

The extradition of criminals is considered as a part of criminal justice in legal systems, and its purpose is to execute justice for criminals who have escaped from the crime scene. The importance of this is that by using this method of diplomacy in international relations, the opportunity arises for governments, institutions, and people whose rights have been violated to get their rights in a fair way. At the same time, those who have committed crimes should be held accountable for their actions. Based on this, in this article, we intend to investigate police diplomacy in the process of extradition of criminals in international relations, and while evaluating the role of police diplomacy in the extradition of criminals, we will evaluate the influencing factors in this process and identify the existing challenges.

According to the nature and topic of the research, the analytical-descriptive study method has been used to compile this work, and an attempt has been made to analyze the topic in the framework of qualitative methodology.

The extradition of criminals is considered as a method to establish legal order in international relations and prevent chaos caused by crime and the escape of criminals. This issue has caused legal mechanisms to be foreseen in international relations to execute justice on criminals and restore order to different societies, in which the police institution is at the center. Despite accepting the need to extradite criminals to answer for their crimes, we witness the existence of differences and different interpretations regarding the issue and function of the issue of extraditing criminals, which has made police diplomacy ineffective in this field.

Nowadays, NGOs, work alongside courts and agencies such as the police to support victims of crime within the framework of associations and organizations. In this context, measures and actions have been devised by the people or with the participation of the government, in an organized manner to prevent crime and combat it. It should be noted that there are regulations on establishing and operating NGOs that are somewhat stricter than the French legal system in the Iranian legal system. Therefore, the objective of the new Iranian Criminal Procedure Code, inspired by the French Criminal Procedure Code, is a step forward in preventing the presence of NGOs in the criminal process. As a result, NGOs’ active presence and participation in Iran and France has led the legislature to dedicate several articles of its ordinary laws to these institutions.

The research method of this article is analytical-descriptive and comparative. The method of data collection is also using scientific and library resources that are studied. In this regard, an attempt is made to reach a well-organized and coherent set by formulating the material appropriately and logically and by examining the existing laws. By examining this material, the obscure aspects of the discussion are clarified as much as possible, and the subject is analyzed while paying attention to deductive cases.

According to the findings of the present article, it can be argued that the presence of NGOs prevents and reduces the process of criminal cases of children in the courts. Also, in Iranian and French law, the police are tasked with taking the necessary measures to create a sense of security among the victims against threats or retaliatory actions by the accused to prevent child victimization.

A comparison of the two legal systems of Iran and France regarding the legal status of NGOs shows that both countries have established regulations for these bodies. Therefore, it seems essential to hold the necessary training courses for NGOs to form a participatory criminal policy. In addition, a comparative study and the use of approaches from other countries’ systems may identify the strengths and weaknesses of a legal institution and may greatly assist the legislator in amending and completing existing regulations

According to Article 8 of the Naja Law, the police in the role of a judicial officer is responsible for disciplinary prevention and as one of the components of the criminal justice system in crime prevention, it has the possibility of criminal and non-criminal intervention. The purpose of this research is to compile the tactical guide of the General Police Command based on upstream documents, the opinion of experts and cyber-police experts to the extent of the researcher's scientific and practical ability, in the field of social prevention of victimization in cyberspace.

In terms of purpose, this research is developmental-applicative and in terms of nature, descriptive-analytical and with a qualitative approach (theme analysis). The statistical population has been made by studying Faraja's upstream documents and semi-structured interviews with 11 cyber-police experts active in the field of cyberspace with a purposeful sampling method up to the theoretical saturation stage. And it has been validated.

The findings of this research in the form of 3 dimensions, including mission and mission (13 categories), principles and values (14 categories) and vision (7 categories) as a guideline of the General Police Command in social prevention of victimization. It is determined in cyberspace.

Cyberspace in general and cyber victimization in particular is one of the relatively new areas of Faraja's mission, which requires a long-term view and formulation of a strategic plan for acting in this field. This article has provided Faraja's mission, principles, values and perspective in the social prevention of victimization in cyber space in the form of scientific and practical guidelines and orientation derived from strategic documents and opinions of law enforcement-cyber experts.

 The challenges present at various stages of crime scene investigation are among the most significant reasons for not achieving desirable results. Managers and experts in the field of crime scene investigation within the Criminal Investigation Department need to be aware of the existing challenges and the role each plays in the crime scene investigation process. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the challenges facing the police in crime scene investigation and to provide appropriate solutions.

 This research is applied in terms of its objective and is developed with a qualitative (Delphi) approach. The data collection tools include document studies and in-depth interviews with the statistical population. The statistical population consists of the staff of the Tehran Criminal Investigation Department, with the Delphi panel comprising 44 crime scene investigation experts who have sufficient knowledge and experience in this field. They were selected using the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation was achieved, and interviews were conducted with them in three stages. High agreement among respondents to the questions indicates the reliability of the research.

 The challenges of crime scene investigation are categorized into two dimensions: 1. “Technical Dimension” and 2. “Managerial Dimension.” The most important challenges include the lack of specialized and professional software, the crowding and congestion of unauthorized individuals, contamination and destruction of evidence, lack of strong coordination among different actors, absence of a cohesive and centralized management center, shortage of specialized equipment in forensic laboratories, weakness in public education, and weakness in the protection of the crime scene and evidence by first responders.

 Accurate initial assessment, sufficient training of investigating officers, use of advanced tools and equipment, comprehensive collection of evidence, and thorough protection of the crime scene play a significant role in reducing and addressing the challenges of crime scene investigation.

the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the methods of police infiltration in gangs and drug trafficking networks in cyberspace

The current research method was mixed or combined (qualitative + quantitative). The participants in the qualitative part of the present realization, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method and observing the principle of theoretical saturation, were 15 experts and specialists of the virtual space in Faraja. There were 33 people in the provinces. The method of data collection in the qualitative part was semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative part, using a valid and reliable questionnaire made by the researcher, including 25 items. In order to analyze qualitative data, thematic analysis method was used in MAXQDA software, and for quantitative data analysis, mean, standard deviation, Kolmogorov Smirnov and non-parametric Friedman test were used in Spss software. 

6 organizing themes and 25 basic themes were identified as ways of infiltrating gangs and drug trafficking networks in cyberspace from the perspective of the participants. The average figures on a distance scale for police intrusion into gangs and drug trafficking networks in cyberspace, in order of priority of intrusion through creating remote access to the subject, infiltration through hacking the subject's virtual accounts, infiltration through social engineering, Infiltration was through virtual tracking of the subject, infiltration through system identification and tracking, and infiltration through cyber forensics.

The results showed that all the identified methods that can be used to infiltrate the police in gangs and drug trafficking networks in the virtual space, have the ability to be implemented and have a practical role in the missions, in this direction, creating the organizational structure of the fight. With narcotics in virtual space, the recruitment and training of expert and experienced human resources and the training of users and the improvement of their scientific level regarding the identified methods were proposed as the most important suggestions of the present research.

Nowadays, the extensive and complex nature of crime necessitates the adoption of more effective measures beyond the development of judicial institutions, enactment of restrictive laws, imposition of stricter penalties, and law enforcement measures. Thus, attention should be directed towards effective variables in crime prevention such as acquiring documented, credible, and valid information as well as accurate analysis for reducing crime rates. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, with access to analytical and specialized functions, enables the virtual simulation of criminal incidents, marking a significant step in data analysis, pattern design, time and location prediction, and identification of critical points. Currently, GIS is extensively utilized in crime prevention, enabling the collection of spatial data from various sources and its utilization by law enforcement authorities. This system facilitates the analysis of crime patterns and the identification of high-risk areas, as well as contributes to the planning and execution of crime prevention strategies and security resource management. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine the utilization of GIS in police and law enforcement matters.

The spread of drug crimes and the change in consumption patterns and the type of crimes committed by the accused have faced many problems in the fight and prevention of this issue, and there is a need to provide a comprehensive and flexible evaluation model for the finger of the system of fighting and dealing with drugs. Narcotics (police force, police station and police stations), took over the management of related crimes and, looking to the future, took steps towards continuous improvement. What is important is that the police force can be considered one of the most important and influential institutions in the fight against narcotics, and this force is at the forefront of the fight against narcotics, and strengthening this force in the face of dealing with and fighting narcotics is one of the main priorities of the headquarters; Therefore, it can be said that the duties of the police in the fight against drugs include a wide range of actions. In the area of enforcement methods of the police in the fight against drugs, a variety of actions are also carried out. He stated the obtained result he summarized the main success of the police force's anti-narcotics departments in giving priority to the preventive aspect of addiction. Improving the level of internal training of police force anti-narcotics employees will also lead to better performance in negative and positive measures to combat drug trafficking.

A high level of societal capital may lead to the improvement of Faraja employees’ job satisfaction quality of professional life and high productivity. Ethical values are the basis of the culture of any organization, the high level of which causes higher commitment, enhancing the quality of services and gaining client satisfaction. One of the substantial strategies of the police force to develop order and security in the country is to promote professional ethics in the organization. The present research attempts to explain the concept of institutionalizing professional ethics among the police forces by using societal capital.

In terms of purpose, the present research is of applied type, and in terms of data collection method, it is of descriptive and survey type. The statistical population includes the employees of Mazandaran police command headquarters. The statistical sample size is 223 people based on Cochran’s sampling method and was estimated and selected through simple randomness. The data collection tool is the standard professional ethics questionnaire of Gregory et al. (1990) and the standard societal capital questionnaire of Nahapit and Ghoshal (1998). The reliability of the questions was evaluated and confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha formula at 0.88 and 0.76, respectively. The resulting data using SPSS in two descriptive and inferential methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, correlation coefficient, multiple regression, and Friedman test) have been analyzed. 

The research findings indicate that professional ethics have a positive and significant impact on societal capital. Also, the results showed that the components of professional ethics including (attachment and interest in work, perseverance and seriousness in work, healthy and human relations at work, collective spirit, and participation in work) have a positive and significant impact on societal capital. According to Friedman's test, the highest mean of dedication is collective spirit and participation in work, followed by healthy and human relations at work, perseverance and seriousness at work, and finally, attachment and interest in work, respectively the highest.  

The results show that increasing the amount of societal capital allows employees to act with the principles and standards of professional ethics in the organization

The present research aims to investigate the role of the police in urban governance based on ethics (the example of Tabriz metropolis). To maintain its stability and stable security, every political system needs a decent governance in various dimensions, to accelerate the individual and social development of its society. 

The method used in this research is applied in terms of purpose and of the quantitative and survey research type. The statistical population of the research consists of two classes of police managers, deputies, municipalities, universities, and welfare organization. The research sample was based on stratified random sampling and the sample size was estimated to be 162 people using Morgan’s method. The tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire.

According to the characteristic coefficient model, the index of stability and security with a score of 3.00 has the highest elasticity and flexibility with the governance issue. Following that is the responsiveness index, with a score of 1.021, and has stood at the second rank of elasticity and governance’s attraction power. The ethical index with a score of 0.422 is ranked third in explaining governance, which has a positive impact. The efficiency and effectiveness index is ranked fourth with a score of 0.224

The results indicate that among the variables associated with ethics, the highest correlation was observed with variables of positivity (forgiveness), gratitude, supervision over subordinates, and maximum absorption, respectively. Therefore, the most effective way to handle urban desirable governance is training human resources with the characteristics of being popular, religious, and moral, not being aristocratic and wasteful, not being cruel, and not being oppressed. Therefore, the police need to put ethics and religious and Islamic education on their agenda.

Nowadays, exercising citizenship rights has become a popular discourse in all countries, including Iran; but, due to its direct connection with the interests of the government, this fundamental concept has often had a conflicting relationship with the executive processes of providing social security; and causes challenges for the sovereignty institutions, especially the police, as the main guardian of societal security. The present research is aimed at finding solutions and guidelines for balancing “citizenship rights” and “societal security” in police criminal policy. 

Having a strategic nature, and using semi-structured interviews the present research has managed to analyze the obtained data. The elite society includes faculty members of the law department of Amin University of Law Sciences, managers and senior experts of the “Faraja” society active in law and security, and those who were fully acquainted with the research topic. In this field, the researchers used the snowball method and after conducting semi-structured interviews with 30 experts, they achieved theoretical saturation, then the data analysis was done using the qualitative content analysis method.

In the present research, the researchers addressed conflicting examples, and police challenges to resolve these conflicts, and suggested solutions to create a balance between “citizenship rights” and “societal security”.

To establish a balance between the two above-mentioned concepts, the police need to use strategies such as “playing a role in the country’s policies”, “trust building”, “public education and information”, “specialized training of officers and empowering employees”, “fair intelligence” and “dignity institutionalization” in the development of its executive criminal policy.

Police forces are recruited from among people with certain characteristics, and police always seek to further equip officers with suitable characteristics to maintain security. Various issues such as acting in compliance with the law, providing security, and treating people fairly; altogether create trust, which is a capital for maintaining unity in social systems and fostering democratic values. Creating a positive and influential image for this organization is important; because the police need the citizens to accompany it; and establishing order and security without the collaboration of the society members could be difficult. Awareness of the mentality of the individuals in society plays a significant role in police performance, and given the importance of the two concepts of the citizens’ mental model and public trust in the police, the present research has investigated the mutual impacts of these two on each other.

The research is of applied type in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the research includes people living in Tehran. Using Cochran’s formula for an unlimited population, 384 people were selected as a sample. The research tool included a questionnaire of citizens’ mental patterns and public trust in the police, whose validity and reliability have been confirmed.

The results show that the components of citizens’ mental patterns have a significant impact on public trust in the police, and the component of the security model has the greatest impact on public trust in police, and given the degree of effectiveness in public trust in police, the components are respectively the functional model, ethics and professionalism.

The studied sample has a positive view of the police and the image of the police is neither neutral nor negative. To gain more public trust, the police need to pay attention to the components of citizens’ mental patterns.

Increasing the police social capital is one of the most important human resources of “Faraja”, and via institutionalizing it in the educational process and during police on the-job-training, it is possible to take steps to realize the development goals of the country. Therefore, in this meta-analytical research, the researcher focused on the factors that enhance the police social capital.

The intended method of this research is the meta-analysis of all scientific research and promotional and scientific-specialized quarterly articles published in Iran from 1380 to 1400, which dealt with the topic of police social capital. From among the total of 46 available articles, 27 articles were meta-analyzed and analyzed using target-oriented sampling. The research tool was the meta-analysis checklist, and the second edition of the comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2) was used to analyze the data of the selected studies. Also, the descriptive statistics methods used in this research included frequency and frequency percentage; and SPSS24 was used for that purpose. 

The results of the meta-analysis indicated that in the examined studies, 20 indicators were identified as factors effective in increasing social capital. The four main categories included process factors (30%), structural factors (26%), management factors (19%) and relational factors (25%). Also, the results indicated that among the variables affecting the police social capital, the variable of cultural context (0.63); flexible internal organizational structure (0.56); Social trust (0.46), and mobilization of resources and facilities (0.44), respectively had the largest effect size. These were the first three variables that increase the police social capital, and via utilizing them, steps could be taken towards the development and progress of the country and reach one of the most important development goals of the country, i.e. security.

Paying attention to process factors, structural factors, management factors, and relational factors, the police could enhance its social capital. Improving the police social capital has an important role in reducing social insecurity feeling, which can be effective in realizing the goals of Iran’s development vision.

Crime prevention includes all activities that help stop or reduce crime as a social phenomenon. These activities are carried out by all actors who are likely to play a preventive role. Effective prevention requires the cooperation of actors in the judicial system with other sectors to address the root causes of disputes and prevent crime (by observing Sharia، legal، and human rights standards). With this premise، it can be said that the role of the police in preventive crime policy as an executive arm is undeniable، and based on proven scientific research، success in this process is conditional on the inclusive participation of the people. In this review، with a descriptive، analytical approach and the use of documentary and library methods، we seek to answer this question: Is the principle of preventive criminal policy based on people-centeredness effective when implemented by law enforcement officers، including the police? According to the scientific studies conducted in this regard، it can be said: preventive criminal policy without people's participation in every stage، even the implementation stage، is doomed to practical failure. It is possible to escape from this inevitable failure by strengthening the local police and non-governmental organizations.

Using the capacity of cultural capital is one of the important strategies in order to achieve organizational goals. The most important goal of forming a police command is to establish order and security and provide individual and public comfort in the country, which lies in the concept of public security. Therefore, it is necessary to scientifically study the role of the cultural capital of the police in order to achieve its main goal, which is to provide the public security of the society.

This research was done with descriptive survey method. Its statistical population is the border residents of Ilam province over 18 years of age, 375 of whom were surveyed by simple random sampling. The information was obtained through a researcher-made questionnaire and the hypotheses were checked with a simple linear regression test.

The general security of the border residents is influenced by the cultural capital of the police with coefficient of 0.348. The physical, individual and organizational dimensions of cultural capital with the coefficients of 0.304, 0.284 and 0.244 have an impact on public security, respectively. The physical, individual and organizational dimensions have the greatest impact respectively.

Considering the impact of the cultural capital of the police on ensuring the public security of the border residents, the police organization should formulate and implement specific policies and programs to develop and increase the cultural capital of the police, focus its priorities on all aspects of the cultural capital and use this capacity to increase public security and use it to improve its performance in carrying out the main mission.

Crime detection is one of the missions of the police and the judiciary, playing a significant role in ensuring order and security in society, with time management being one of its components. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the challenges faced by the intelligence police in managing the crime detection process, with a focus on the interaction between police officers and judicial authorities.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method, conducted exploratively and analytically using library documents, articles, and other research, and employing theories of time management.

The findings of the present research indicate that the intelligence police, in the dimensions of physical document collection, preliminary investigations, prevention of repeat offenses in serial crimes, and the judiciary as a legal institution, face time management challenges in the crime detection process.

Although time management in crime detection in Iran is currently at an acceptable level, the efforts of detectives and their technical and experiential capabilities have significantly accelerated the crime detection process in Iran compared to other countries. However, by enhancing the interaction between the police and the judiciary in the crime detection process and addressing some of the existing technical and human-related issues, the intelligence police can achieve a much higher level of time management in crime detection.

Organized crimes, with a variety of manifestations, complexity in the ways of committing and spreading, economic and cultural aspects to countries and societies and impose serious challenges at the levels has created national and international Based on its inherent and legal duty, the Iranian police is in charge of detecting crimes, including organized crimes, using a codified model. This research was done in order to identify the dimensions and components of the pattern of detection of organized crimes in the Iranian police.

The current research is qualitative in terms of its purpose, application and implementation method, based on content analysis strategy and data collection method in the field with in-depth and semi-structured interview tools. In this research, 15 experts in different areas of criminal investigation at the Iranian police level were interviewed by purposive sampling based on the principle of theoretical saturation.

The research findings include seven dimensions; Human resources, objectives, structural, technology, coordination, interactions and environment and 18 components for the pattern of detection of organized crimes in Iran police.

The results of the research show that there is no codified pattern in the detection of organized crimes at the level of the Iranian police, therefore, the implementation of the pattern identified by the trustees and relevant officials will contribute to the success of the police in dealing with organized crimes and consequently It leads to the improvement of security in different dimensions, at the national and transnational levels.