sense of security

Social trust is one of the social phenomena that plays a vital role in social relationships. This study aims to explore social trust (personal, generalized, and institutional) among citizens of Birjand. The theoretical framework of the study draws on both Putnam's social capital theory and Buzan and Weaver's security theory. The main question is “What effect does the sense of security have on the social trust of the citizens of Birjand?” The research method is a survey, and the statistical population consists of all citizens aged 15 to 65 living in Birjand. A sample size of n= 384 people was selected using a mixed sampling method. The findings suggest that 50.6% of Birjandi citizens have low social trust as opposed to the general public and political, economic, educational, religious, and public institutions. Overall, the level of social trust is below average, and a comparison of social trust indicators shows that the personal trust of the research sample is higher than generalized and institutional trust. The findings reveal that the sense of security and its three dimensions are positively correlated with social trust in the citizens of Birjand. The results suggest that there is a direct and significant relationship between the variables of gender, education level and marital status, and a negative and inverse relationship between age and social trust. On the other hand, no significant relationship was found between monthly income and social trust. Based on multiple regression analysis, the determination coefficient of independent variables and institutional trust suggests that these variables can explain and predict about 37% of variations in study variables. Further, the determination coefficient of independent variables and generalized trust also show that about 46% of variations can be explained and predicted by the variables included in the model. Additionally, the path analysis shows that the first variable with the highest impact on social trust is “the sense of political security".

The precedence of collective interests over individual interests, along with the establishment of interactions, relationships, and a regulatory framework overseeing cooperation and conflicts within society, is an essential requirement for achieving public order, security, and justice. These objectives are primarily realized through collective phenomena such as official norms, which are enforced through executive guarantees and obligations. Social norms govern individual behaviors, interpersonal interactions, and intergroup relations across all levels of society, thereby determining the rights and duties of individuals in carrying out various tasks and establishing the equitable distribution of responsibilities and privileges. When the elements of social order and the actors within society fail to adhere to legal directives, the stability of the social system and the harmony between its components are compromised, leading to disorder and disarray. In such cases, a disconnect between individuals and the societal norms and values that underpin social order occurs, resulting in deviant behaviors and lawlessness (Kalantari et al., 2005). The consequence of neglecting societal order and norms is the trivialization of crime, its subsequent spread, and the negative impact on both welfare and social development. Addressing norm-avoidance, law-avoidance, and crime seriously can reflect a high level of social cohesion, reduce the need for social surveillance, and consequently lower the crime rate within society. Khorramshahr, a city in Khuzestan province, has been directly affected by an imposed war lasting for eight years. Situated along the border with Iraq, it shares complex economic and social relations, as well as ethnic and linguistic diversity. The city has undergone significant transformations due to the forces of modernity, which have triggered profound changes in various societal sectors. The manifestation and repercussions of these shifts are closely linked to the rise of social harm, lawlessness, and a diminished sense of security (Bakharaei, 2021; Bayat, 2019). In light of these complex dynamics, this study explores the current state of abnormality in Khorramshahr, focusing on lawlessness and its contributing factors. Key questions addressed in the research include: what is the current state of abnormality, with an emphasis on lawlessness, in Khorramshahr, and what underlying factors contribute to it? How does the feeling of security influence abnormal behavior within the population of Khorramshahr? Lastly, what strategies can be implemented to address these issues and improve the situation, leading to a more secure and orderly society?

 This study explores the lived experiences of Afghan female students attending universities in Tehran and Qom, Iran, with a focus on their social, cultural, and academic encounters. Utilizing a phenomenological approach and narrative methods, including observations and interviews, the research investigates the experiences of 30 Afghan female graduate students selected through theoretical sampling. Analysis of the narratives derived from these interviews, documented using text analysis methods, suggests that the students' experiences are characterized by more attractions than repulsions. The study highlights the central theme of "sense of security" that emerged from participants' narratives, underscoring its importance for identity expression, opportunities for change, and their presence within the Iranian higher education system.

One of the social problems of today's world, which severely affects the social security of societies, is the problem of narcotics and its increasing influence in the society. This research aims to determine the impact of drug-related crimes on the sense of security of the people of Tehran.

The current applied research has a survey nature that was carried out with a quantitative approach in 1402. The statistical population of the research includes all citizens over 18 years of age in Tehran and the sample size according to the Cochran formula is 392 people. Random sampling was done in the 17th district of Tehran. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire with 3 dimensions and 18 items, whose face and content validity was approved by experts and its reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.953. Data analysis was done using SPSS software and single-sample t-test and Friedman's rank test.

The significance level of the test of all the research hypotheses is equal to 0.00 and less than the error level of 0.05, and all the research hypotheses were accepted.

Drug crimes have an impact on the sense of security of the citizens of Tehran, and the components: drug production, drug buying and selling, opening a place, drug use, production of drug use devices and drug storage, respectively, have the greatest impact on the citizens' sense of security. They appropriated the city of Tehran.

Since the inception of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) in 2007, numerous residential complexes have been erected nationwide. Housing initiatives, beyond their fundamental role of shelter provision, are essential in addressing the social welfare of inhabitants, encompassing dimensions such as security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. A decade following the initial housing allocations, an examination of the social ramifications of the IMHP is warranted. Diverse studies on the IMHP conducted across various Iranian cities indicate a prevalent dearth of satisfaction among residents residing in IMHP complexes. Notably, these complexes vary in ownership structure – state-owned versus self-owned – and geographical location – within or outside urban boundaries. Consequently, this study aims to compare the perceptions of security, satisfaction, and social integration among residents in state-owned and self-owned housing, both within and beyond urban limits. The investigation focused on 13 IMHP complexes in the municipalities of Babol and Babolsar, employing quantitative methodologies. Through the application of a stratified sampling approach, 346 questionnaires were administered within these complexes. Non-parametric statistical analyses, including the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test, were utilized to assess variable discrepancies across distinct complexes and explore the relationships between these variables. Noteworthy findings reveal that residents in IMHP complexes situated within urban boundaries exhibit heightened levels of security, satisfaction, and belonging compared to their counterparts in complexes located outside urban perimeters, with this disparity exhibiting statistical significance. Conversely, no significant variation was observed between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes in terms of the aforementioned dimensions.  

The implementation of Iran's Mehr Housing Policy (IMHP) since 2007 has led to the development of diverse residential complexes across the country. These complexes are found in a variety of settings, ranging from metropolitan areas to small towns and villages, touristic and non-touristic cities, as well as within and outside urban boundaries. Furthermore, these complexes exhibit variations in their ownership structure, with some being constructed by the public sector and others by the private sector. Consequently, a notable heterogeneity exists among these residential developments.
In addition to the provision of shelter, housing endeavors must also address the social welfare needs of residents, including aspects such as security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate and compare the perceptions of security, satisfaction, and social integration among residents residing in IMHP residential complexes. These variables are inherently subjective in nature and are contingent upon the unique characteristics and dynamics of each complex. With a decade having passed since the initial allocations of housing units, it is an opportune time to scrutinize these subjective dimensions among residents.
Central to this inquiry is the exploration of significant differences that may exist among various IMHP complexes concerning the sense of security, satisfaction, and belonging experienced by their residents. The aim is to assess the extent of variability across these essential social indicators and delve into the nuances that shape the residential experiences within different IMHP complexes.
Research Question(s)
- Do significant differences exist between IMHP complexes in Babol and Babolsar regarding the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging experienced by residents?
- Do significant differences exist between IMHP complexes located within and outside the city boundaries in terms of the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging perceived by residents?
- Do significant differences exist between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes in terms of the sense of security, satisfaction, and social belonging reported by residents?

The concept of security encompasses various dimensions, including economic security, food security, political security, health security, environmental security, individual security, and social security (United Nations Development Program, 1994: 24). This study specifically focuses on individual and social security, representing a sense of security experienced by individuals. The sense of security is a subjective notion that encompasses feelings of safety and freedom from fear (Bollens, 2008).
Satisfaction can be defined through both subjective and objective indicators. Subjective indicators may include the quality of neighborhood relationships (Choudhury, 2005; Amerigo & Aragones, 1997; Galster & Hesser, 1981), while objective indicators may comprise the quality of the residential environment (Fleury-Bahi et al., 2008; Liu, 1999). However, satisfaction is fundamentally subjective as it can be influenced by an individual's ideals or life purposes (Galster, 1987, p.539). Consequently, within the same housing setting, individuals may exhibit varying levels of satisfaction.
The "sense of belonging" is molded by a complex interplay of factors that foster an individual's attachment to their neighborhood and its inhabitants. This bond between an individual, their residential environment, and the community deepens and evolves over time (Norberg-Schulz, 1997; Altman & Low, 1992; Rapoport, 1990; Hummon, 1992; Shamai, 1991; Tuan, 2001; Relph).
Several studies have been conducted on Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) in various Iranian cities, indicating a general trend of low satisfaction among residents of IMHP complexes (Nouri Imani et al., 2019; Mahmoudi & Vahid, 2019; Mohammadzadeh, 2016).

This research employed quantitative methods to investigate 13 Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes located in the municipalities of Babol and Babolsar. Through the implementation of a stratified sampling methodology, a total of 346 questionnaires were distributed within these complexes. Non-Parametric tests, specifically the Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman’s correlation test, were employed to compare variables across different complexes and to explore the relationships between these variables.

The data depicted in the graph presented below elucidate the status of the three variables under investigation across the 13 Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes. To address the research inquiries, these three variables were amalgamated to form a composite variable termed the subjective index score.
- The results obtained from the Mann-Whitney test reveal that the subjective index score of the IMHP complexes in Babol surpasses that of Babolsar, with this disparity exhibiting statistical significance.
- Findings from the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that the subjective index score of IMHP complexes situated within the municipal boundaries is markedly higher than those located outside, with this contrast also demonstrating statistical significance.
- In accordance with the Mann-Whitney test analysis, no noteworthy distinction is evident in the subjective index scores between state-owned and self-owned IMHP complexes.
Figure 1. sense of security, satisfaction and belonging in the IMHP complexes

The outcomes of the study underscore the significance of the geographical placement of Informal Markets for Housing and Protection (IMHP) complexes in shaping the subjective index score, encompassing feelings of security, satisfaction, and belonging among residents. It appears that residing in residential complexes situated in non-touristic cities within their perimeters is associated with heightened levels of security, satisfaction, and a sense of belonging. Conversely, the type of ownership, whether state-owned or self-owned, does not seem to yield a substantial distinction in the aforementioned subjective measures within IMHP complexes.

The sense of security is one basic aspects of the concept of security, the adverse traffic behavior of motorcycle riders can be effective in reducing the sense of security of citizens in various ways. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of traffic behavior of motorcycle riders on citizens' sense of security.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method, living in the 12th district of Tehran municipality, and the sampling method in this research was a multi-stage cluster sampling method appropriate to the size of the statistical population and the data collection tool, a researcher-made and standard questionnaire whose validity was Through face validity and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.789. For data analysis, path analysis method was used using SmartPLS software and regression using SPSS25 statistical software.

The findings of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between the traffic behavior of motorcyclists and the sense of security, so that84.9% of the changes in the variable of sense of security can be explained through the traffic behavior of motorcyclists. The results of multiple regression showed that the highest explanatory coefficient was the variable of intentional violations by motorcycle riders (0.814) and the least explanatory was the variable of citizens' age (0.019).

Descriptive and inferential statistics showed a significant relationship between the traffic behavior of motorcycle riders and the sense of security of citizens.

Security is always one of the important indicators of the growth and development of an urban area. This index can be injected to citizens from different aspects and improve its level. This issue is very important in big cities; Meanwhile, women's sense of security is emphasized from different aspects in the development of cities. The widespread presence of women in society and their participation in urban social activities makes it necessary to create elements and urban spaces suitable for the presence of this group in public spaces and planning to improve women's security. The purpose of this research is to evaluate women's sense of security in District 7 of Tehran, which has been investigated and analyzed. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on field data collection. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by elites and reliability with Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.789. Data analysis was done with statistical tests in spss software. The result of the research shows that in Haft region of Tehran, the social security of women is in an average and good condition; According to the findings, indicators such as mental and psychological problems, indicators of the poverty situation in the neighborhoods, women's social trust in each other, peace and comfort in public spaces, life safety, financial security situation, job security situation, economic base situation, security Fakhri (not having to worry), the efficiency of the security and police forces, the crime situation in the city and women's respect for each other are in an acceptable state.

Women's social health is a crucial factor in shaping the foundations and opportunities for the growth and development of any society. Indeed, the progress and excellence of a society depend on various aspects of its health, particularly in the physical, mental, and social dimensions. The purpose of this research is to elucidate the sociological determinants influencing the social health of women in Borujerd city. The quantitative research method, utilizing the survey technique and a questionnaire tool, was employed to collect data. A statistical sample of 385 individuals was selected from the studied population.
The research findings indicate a significant relationship between the feelings of cultural security, social security, political security, economic security, intellectual security, and identity security with the social health of women. The results of multivariate regression further reveal that the sense of security influences women's social health by 0.56; in other words, 56% of the variable representing women's social health can be explained as a dependent variable through the independent variables of the research.
Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the sense of security, as a crucial sociological structure, exerts a determining effect on the social health of women. The feeling of security serves as the essence and primary foundation of social health, and the realization of social health is contingent upon establishing a sense of security across social, cultural, intellectual, identity, economic, and political dimensions.

Security is always one of the important indicators of growth and development of an urban area. This index can be injected to citizens from different aspects and improve its level. This issue is very important in some cities, including new cities around metropolises; Because new cities themselves can create new challenges. Citizens' sense of security is emphasized from different aspects in the development of cities. In this research, the purpose of evaluating the sense of security of citizens from a social and physical point of view in Sadra city has been investigated. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on field data collection. The tool of data collection was a questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by elites and reliability with Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.779. Data analysis was done with statistical tests in spss software. The results of the test showed that the social and physical indicators of citizens' sense of security in Sadra city are significant at a level of less than 0.05 and are in good condition. According to the results, the best situation in the field of social indicators is related to the index of mental and psychological problems of the city's citizens with an average of 283.4 and in the field of physical indicators of feeling of security, it is related to the index of accessibility and urban connections with an average of 4.250. Also, the result of Pearson's correlation indicates that there is a correlation between the social and physical indicators of citizens' sense of security at a level less than 0.01 and with a correlation equal to 0.630. Therefore, each of the social and physical indicators can be effective in improving citizens' sense of social security.

In a university setting that includes the elite of society, sense of social security is considered one of the most fundamental principles of development. because, if they do not sense of security on university setting, the human capital of the country would be unable to fulfill its primary mission. So, in this context, this paper attempts to estimate the sense amount of social security and impact of social capital, economic capital, cultural capital and Religious investigated on sense of social security. the research was conducted through a survey. The statistical population of this study is undergraduate students of Tabriz University that number is a 13,000 people. Of these, 384 were selected randomly based on stratified sampling(Multi-stage). Of these, 384 were selected randomly based on stratified sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. reliability and validity of the questionnaire variables are indicating high and acceptable reliability and validity. findings show that rate of social security sense has a above to moderate levels. also,the findings showed that the amount of social security in terms of gender and ethnicity of students are the same and the difference was not significant. overall, the results from the structural equation model show that variables of social capital, religious and economic capital explained to 12 percent of the variable variance of sense of social security among students.

Security has always been considered as the basis for the development of societies. The question is, what effect did the mass media have on the sense of security in Sistan and Baluchistan province? In response to this question, mass media have been investigated using descriptive-analytical method and information has been collected in a library form. In this regard, the role of mass media in the form of cinema and television and domestic and foreign news media has been investigated. Based on the findings of the research, the performance of the media in Sistan and Baluchistan province, both domestically and internationally, with symbolizing and creating negative images and presenting an image that does not match reality, including the symbol of drug trafficking, terrorism, poverty and deprivation in cinematographic works and highlighting The news with security issues in the news media and the representation of this province with ethnic and religious prejudices, separatism and extremism have acted as a factor reducing the sense of security and caused an unrealistic image of this province to be formed in public opinion.

Security is considered one of the necessities of human life, so that since the beginning of history, the most time and money have been spent in different societies to establish security. The current research has been carried out with an emphasis on identifying unsafe points and providing local solutions in order to improve the sense of security among women living in the 19th district of Tehran Municipality.

In this study, qualitative research method and mixed content analysis strategy was used. The target community was women in the 19 districts of Tehran and the samples were selected by targeted sampling. In the data collection phase, the semi-structural and non-participatory observation tools were used and theoretical saturation was obtained after the 27th</sup> interview. The analysis of the qualitative data was done using the MAXDA 2020 software with the directive coding method.

The findings show that the most important causes of insecurity among women are the lack of visibility of place, light and lighting, and visual pollution, emphasizing the presence of homeless and addicts in public spaces, especially "neighborhood gardens". The next case, which is of great importance in creating insecurity in the region, was mentioned under the index of insecure and defenseless urban spaces, the two elements of "Kholazir" and "Kooreha". Due to its fully masculine activities and staff and brick kilns because of its activities and tutorials, they have played an important role in creating a sense of insecurity in the region.

To minimize the sense of insecurity in the region and its negative consequences, projects need to be planned to "create and strengthen local social oversight" with a community-based approach and, on the other hand, brick kilns and the market of kholazir should be organized. Social oversight can be established and strengthened both by official organizations, including law enforcement, and by local community through neighborhood-based social facilitation and promotion plans.

Purpose and context:

 Security and tourism are parameters of an equation that have a direct association with each other. As one of the important factors of tourism development is the presence of security, the expansion of tourism in a region and the commuting of tourists to a destination will result in security. This research is conducted to investigate the sense of security effect on tourism development in northern Savadkuh city dams and rivers.

 The article has a descriptive-analytical method and the research type is practical. Also, the library and field methods were used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is all the tourists in northern Savadkuh city dams and river areas in 1401, which consists of 220 tourists who are selected by simple random technique. The research data was collected using a structured questionnaire and the content validity of the research items is confirmed through the Lawshe coefficient. The reliability of the items was determined to be higher than 0.7 through internal consistency reliability. Also, the data analysis is done through structural equation modeling.

The findings demonstrate that tourists' sense of security had a positive consequence on tourism development. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination reveals that security indicators of interaction and connection with the host community, and transportation security indicators have the greatest effect on tourism development.

The obtained results exhibit that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of social security and tourism development at a significance level of 0.01. In other words, the more the social security of tourists’ growths, the greater their desire to travel to these sites is.

 Today, with the concept of community-oriented police and social security, the efficiency of the police organization is due to the communication and interaction with the society. Therefore, experts in the fields of social sciences and security believe that the police organization needs social capital. The components of security and feeling of public security can be created in the shadow of the social capital of the police. Social capital is the result of the dimensions of the police community and as a result of the close relations between the police and civil institutions, and it is the basis for establishing security at the community level, and in a higher way, it strengthens the level of the feeling of public security. In a society where security can put social interactions on a natural path, the lack of a "feeling of security" caused by various propositions can disrupt the normal course of people's lives in society. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the community-oriented position of the police in strengthening social capital and improving the level of public safety.

 This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In this research, to collect information from the library method, by using resource extraction and to collect expert answers, the subject has been explained.

 The findings of the research show that the presence of people in the public space requires them to feel safe. On the one hand, the police is a legalistic organization that has the legitimate power of physical coercion legally, and on the other hand, it is a civil force that should not be a distance between it and the people. On the one hand, the police relies on authority to establish order and security, and on the other hand, relying on the participation of citizens, they must strengthen security. Based on the measures and policies of the police force, today the police is moving in the direction of establishing a close relationship with the people of the society, therefore the police have a close interaction with the people of the society and while educating and informing them, they help them in crime prevention and conflict resolution. Differences help

The quality of the physical components that make up urban spaces and their relationship with the feeling of security, provides vitality in urban spaces. This article aims to identify the physical components in the quality of feeling safe in Moallem and Pasdaran streets of Birjand city. Physical indicators of optimal urban space that affect the sense of security of citizens, according to the model of sustainable space, including performance (access and space connections, access to public transport, land use mixing, road network quality, sidewalk safety for groups Specific, nightlife and quality of building structure), experimental_ cognitive_ aesthetics (readability, quality, and quantity of urban furniture, appropriate space lighting, environmental pollution, scale and confinement of space, visual permeability, quality of space painting, the hierarchy of open spaces, observance The hierarchy between public and private spaces is the visual order in the facade of buildings and property) and the environment (vegetation, the sound of people asking for help). the extracted indicators were evaluated through a questionnaire. 120 questionnaires were provided to space users and the results were analyzed using SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. The findings showed that the intensity of the impact of public transportation access indicators, nightlife, land use mixing, adequate space lighting, environmental pollution and space accesses and connections in Moallem Street and quality network indicators of passages, building structure quality, permeability Visual, legibility and environmental pollution in Pasdaran alleys are more important for space users in terms of security. One of the effective measures to increase the sense of security and dynamism of Pasdaran Street is to use the potential of Vahdat Park and Quds Square to establish round-the-clock activities in their area.

A sense of belonging to a single collective mass in various dimensions forms a kind of harmony and solidarity in order to implement order and the absence of danger, and to create a safe society,and the creation of a secure society, and leads social life to comfort and tranquility. The present study deals with the role of dimensions of social identity with a sense of security;and Giddens' theory has been used to explain the relationship between variables.A quantitative survey-based approach (descriptive and correlation), using a researcher-made questionnaire, selecting 374 teachers from seven education districts as a sample based on Cochran's formula and random multi-stage sampling done. In this regard, The total alpha value is 0.879 and the convergence validity is 0.601. The results showed that among the dimensions of the independent variable, family identity was more important than other dimensions and among the dependent variable, the Sense of life security was more important than other dimensions.;and among the criterion variables, the sense of life security was the most important compared to other dimensions,Finally, the mean of social identity and sense of security variables is slightly higher than average. In a general view, the results of the hypotheses have shown that there is a significant relationship between the research hypotheses; and the dimensions of historical-national identity, family and social identity variable had a significant relationship with the intensity of average with the intensity of security at the level of 0.05, respectively. According to the beta model of regression, the components of the variables of national-historical, religious, urban-neighborhood, family identity at the level of error less than 0.01 had a significant relationship with the dependent variable; and the independent variable and its dimensions have explained about 39.3% of the changes of the dependent variable. Finally, social identity and its dimensions in three layers, similarity, belonging to a social group, commitment and responsibility can strengthen the sense of security and its dimensions through operational planning can lead to increased commitment, harmony, solidarity and social order.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social support and students' sense of security in secondary schools in Shahrekord. The research was applied in terms of purpose, in terms of method of collecting survey information (field) and in terms of method and research design was descriptive-correlational. All second year high school students in Shahrekord were the statistical population of the study and the sample size of 369 people was determined using Cochran's formula and simple random method. To collect information, two questionnaires including the social support questionnaire of Khodapanahi et al. (2009) in 4 components of emotional support, support seeking, instrumental support and information support, and the rare feeling of security and Ghasemi questionnaire (2014) in four dimensions of family security, personal security, Social security and academic security were used. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using SPSS software. Findings showed that in the general hypothesis of the research, there is a positive relationship between social support and feeling of security with a correlation value of 0.48. In the sub-hypotheses, the relationship between social support and the dimensions of sense of security, including family security with a correlation coefficient of 0.48, social security with a correlation coefficient of 0.42, personal security with a correlation coefficient of 0.46 and academic security with a correlation coefficient of 0.48, a direct and positive relationship is observed. Were admitted. Regression findings showed that social support in 4 components is able to explain 26.1% of changes in students' sense of security. The results show that social support and especially the component of emotional support can be effective in increasing the sense of security.

The crime of "rebellion against law enforcement officers" due to the status of victims who are law enforcers, will have adverse consequences and effects on the sense of security. Therefore, the importance and necessity of serious and meticulous attention, caused in this article to study the role of social and psychological factors in rebellion against police officers and its effect on citizens' sense of security (Case study of Fars province). In order to identify and analyze the causes of insecurity in the occurrence of the crime of rebellion against law enforcement officers.

The present study is a quantitative method based on the purpose of the applied type and descriptive-survey in which the statistical population is victims, offenders, experts, university professors and experts, which is a sample of 135 victims and offenders, and .. During 1998 and 1999, by probabilistic sampling method and according to the sampling framework of the list of individuals, it was systematically randomly selected and used the researcher-made questionnaire technique to collect data and the validity of its content collection tool and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha method. High (0.7) is measured. Pearson correlation test, multiple regression, and smearing data were used to analyze the data using SPSS18 software.

This study indicates the relationship between the components of tolerance threshold level (0.129), police determination (0.491), social interactions (0.229), legislative and judicial policies (0.335) with a sense of security. Also, the independent variables could explain about 31% of the variance of the dependent variable.

Social security is one of the basic indicators of human well-being and the growth of society and its individuals depends on meeting this basic need. Providing this platform is very important both in the objective dimension (protection against danger) and in its mental dimension (the feeling of safety, which is the same feeling of security in society). Social security is affected by several factors. In the present study, among the various variables that affect social security, the effect of moral values ​​and social trust on the sense of security among Abhari citizens has been investigated. The statistical population of this study is all citizens aged 18 and over in Abhar in 1398. The 360-sample sample of this study was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research method was survey and data collection were by questionnaire. Findings showed that the variables of moral values ​​and social trust affect the feeling of security. Among the dimensions of feeling of security, the feeling of economic security of citizens is low. The relationship between age and sense of security was also confirmed. The feeling of security is explained by 0.28 by the variable of moral values ​​and 0.07 by the variable of social trust. The results showed that the feeling of security is related to moral values ​​and social trust, so the attention of officials to increase trust and internalize moral values ​​can be a positive step in the process of promoting a sense of security in citizens.