smuggling

Unemployment is one of the most important issues in Kurdistan province, including the border city of Baneh. The people of this region are forced to work undercover for their livelihood needs. Due to the border location, people are more involved in coulbari work (official and smuggling). Kolberi phenomenon Kolberi phenomenon is a social, historical and context matter. And it has influenced the whole life of the people of this region. Colbert phenomenon has become one of the basic challenges in the economic and social field in this region. In order to get out of this problem, it is necessary to know the contexts and foundations of the formation of the Colbert phenomenon. The present study deals with people's understanding and interpretation of the foundations and contexts of the emergence of the phenomenon of kolberi in Baneh city. Qualitative research approach was analyzed with grounded theory strategy. The data were collected through semi-structured and in-depth interviews and the data were analyzed using the grounded theory method. The statistical population of the research is Kolbaran of Baneh. With the help of targeted sampling, 26 key informants were interviewed to achieve theoretical saturation. The themes of the following research in the form of 27 basic concepts and 6 major categories (economic determinism of the environment, economic bottlenecks, family reproduction of roles, projection (inevitable strategy), geographic risk-taking, rentier policies) and the core category of "geographic determinism of poverty" coding and have been analyzed. Based on the results of this research, the Kolbari phenomenon as a historical and underlying issue is the result of the dominance of neoliberal thought and the unbalanced development of the country by the government in the border areas.

Among the most important and remarkable technological developments that have played an important role in the evolution of commercial exchanges at the national and international level is the emergence of digital currencies or cryptocurrency. The high capability of these cryptocurrencies in hiding the path of commercial exchanges and using peer-to-peer technology and removing the regulatory factor has caused a great desire to use these cryptocurrencies in criminal activities. On the other hand, this platform is a very suitable medium for the growth and development of criminal activities. The main issue is whether the entry of cryptocurrencies into Iran has had an effect on the increase in the volume of foreign exchange and goods smuggling and to what extent has this effect been? If the answer to this question is positive, the hypothesis of criminals using cryptocurrencies to facilitate their transactions is confirmed. To answer the question of this research, the ARDL method has been used, with the help of which data extracted from reliable statistical institutions have been analyzed. The results of the research show that the entry of digital currencies in Iran's economy has caused an increase in smuggling. The results show that the impact of using cryptocurrencies in smuggling is very high and can by long term be predicted up to 46%. Naturally, regulatory bodies should carry out the necessary supervision through possible channels, including service provider exchanges.

Context and It will not be possible to fight arms smuggling in the social and legal fields unless such a thing is reprehensible in the beliefs of the people. In addition, if the laws and regulations are based on religious and jurisprudential foundations, they have more control and strength in the society. In this regard, this present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the religious foundations of the denial of trafficking.  The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of researchers' approach, and the method of conducting it is qualitative content analysis. The content analysis has been approved by experts. The current research determined that arms smuggling is due to the reasons of 1- the existential threat of the Islamic system; 2- Damage to people's lives and honors; 3- Helping the Enemy security dominance; 4- Contributing to other crimes; 5- Generating illegal and haram income and 6- Undermining justice is prohibited from the point of view of religious sources. The religious foundations of the denial of trafficking in Islam based on the analysis of the content of six related jurisprudential rules are: 1- The sanctity of any action that endangers the principle of Islam and the Islamic state; 2- It is forbidden to harm people's lives, property, and honors; 3- It is forbidden any action that leads to the security domination of the enemies; 4- it is forbidden to any help to the foreign and domestic enemy; 5- it is forbidden to income obtained by false means; 6- Negation of any action that prevents any right from reaching its owner.

One of the most important social and security challenges of the world and the Islamic Republic of Iran is the issue of drug addiction and trafficking, which has caused many problems for the people of the world. Meanwhile, foreign nationals have played a significant role in drug smuggling inside and outside the country. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of foreign nationals in drug smuggling and transit in one of the northwestern provinces of the country.

This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and using the research method of directed thematic analysis to obtain the views of the participants about the research topic. The participants of the present research were 12 experts and specialists in dealing with drug trafficking and transit in the studied province; who were selected by the purposeful sampling method and were present in the interview process until reaching theoretical saturation. The semi-structured interview data collection tool and data analysis was MAXQDA software.

It showed that foreign nationals have played an effective role in the smuggling and transit of drugs to Turkey and other European countries, and these role-plays are in the form of elites of foreign nationals on transit and smuggling routes, elites of official and unofficial roads, and elites of markets. Commercial, elites on the organization and structure of gangs, cultural and recreational commonalities, linguistic and religious commonalities, monetary support and non-monetary support were identified.

Considering the statistics and identification of the role of foreign nationals in drug trafficking and transit in the studied province, educational and awareness measures for police officers and drivers of transit vehicles, as well as information and security measures as solutions to prevent trafficking and transit Drugs were suggested.

Today, new technologies in the control and monitoring of borders have opened new horizons for the countries of the world regarding the preservation and protection of their borders, and turning to new technologies in their monitoring and control can provide the means of neutralizing threats. The present study investigates the role of new technologies in preventing smuggling in the borders of Kurdistan province.

Research method and statistical population: In terms of purpose, this research is applied in a quantitative type with a descriptive-survey research method using a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale after verifying its validity and reliability to examine the items among 70 employees of the border control command. Kurdistan province distribution and obtained data were analyzed in the form of SPSS software with Friedman and Chi-square test estimates.

Based on the research findings, night vision cameras, drones and thermal cameras have the highest function in terms of controlling and monitoring borders and preventing smuggling in the border strip of Kurdistan province, and radars and GIS technology can also be effective in this field and lower positions. They are compared to the previously mentioned technologies.

New control and monitoring technologies can play a decisive role in preventing the smuggling of goods in border areas. These technologies with high accuracy and efficiency can minimize human error and damage and play an effective role in preventing, identifying and dealing with smuggling from the entry and exit points of the borders of Kurdistan province.

 The use of firearms is one of the social issues that threaten public security from various aspects. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to identify the consequences of the use of illegal firearms in the public security of the Gilangreb border region with a crime prevention approach.

 The research method used in this qualitative research is thematic analysis. Interviews were used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is the number of 18 experts in the field of security and law enforcement, who were selected through the purposeful sampling method, and the data analysis was based on the coding process.

 Through qualitative analysis, 79 basic themes and 10 organizing themes were obtained, and by examining the mentioned codes, five categories of overarching themes including political, social, cultural, economic and policing security consequences were identified.

 The results of the research indicate that the use of illegal weapons causes security and law enforcement consequences, including political and security instability, a decrease in social cohesion, violence and an increase in violent crimes, ethnic differences, the spread of terrorism, and finally, a decrease in the sense of security in the border region of Gilangarb. Therefore, using new technologies and carrying out targeted patrols is an effective measure of crime prevention.

Illegal wildlife hunting, trading, and smuggling have devastating effects on both species' lives and society's economy. This phenomenon has several socio-economic causes and consequences. The effective management of wildlife trafficking requires identification and inclusion of all stakeholders (Kolahi, 2021: 26) involved in the supply and demand sides of wildlife trafficking in hard and soft management and planning frameworks (Kasterine & Lichtenstein, 2018: 23-24). Some studies show that focusing solely on restrictions and prohibitions on the supply side without considering the social actions of actors on the demand side can have unintended consequences. Trade bans, for example, can increase consumer demand and make poaching a more profitable activity by driving up the price of trafficked wildlife (Cronin et al., 2015; Leader-Williams, 2014: 112). The absence of strong supervision and continuous monitoring can strengthen black markets and perpetually increase the economic profit of wildlife trafficking for black market dealers (Challender et al., 2019: 2). Additionally, environmental sociologists aim to design and implement supply-side interventions that recognize the drivers of trafficking and reduce consumer demand (Wright et al., 2016: 5). It is argued that many wild species are currently caught by poachers through various methods, including direct hunting with guns, trapping in nets, and poisoning with chemical poisons, thus entering the cycle of trafficking due to unfavorable social conditions (Olea et al., 2022: 2-3; De Lange et al., 2021: 889). However, the various drivers involved in the wildlife trafficking process are still not well understood (Thomas-Walters et al., 2021: 489; Margulies et al., 2019: 216) and have been neglected by researchers, planners, and policymakers (Phelps et al., 2016: 483). Despite wildlife trafficking being a pervasive phenomenon in contemporary Iran, few studies have been conducted on its social, moral, and cultural aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies on the drivers and consequences of wildlife trafficking. The current research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of wildlife trafficking in Iran as a social action from the perspective of environmental sociology. In this regard, a qualitative approach was used to study the two main groups of stakeholders in the Khalij-e-Fars Bird Market of Tehran: the sellers of smuggled wildlife and its buyers. A paradigm model of wildlife trafficking in Khalij-e-Fars Bird Market is presented based on the results of the study.

The present study took a qualitative approach based on "Grounded Theory" with the aim of theory-making based on interpretative-constructive foundations. This method was used to build a data-oriented theory for criticizing, expanding, and testing formal theories. This study used the same methodology as applied by Zare Shahabadi & Mohammadi (2021) and Ghaderzadeh et al. (2013), who previously explored the phenomenon of trafficking from a sociological perspective.The research tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview. The interviewees were stakeholders, who were active in the field of illegal wildlife trade in Khalij-e-Fars Bird Market in Tehran. They were selected through purposive sampling by using the snowball model. In the sample selection, we aimed to achieve "maximum variety" and "theoretical saturation." In this regard, 12 sellers and 11 buyers, who had extensive knowledge and experience in this field, were selected.After 20 interviews, no new information was presented, indicating "theoretical saturation." However, for more certainty, three more interviews were conducted. After each interview, the full text was carefully listened to and transcribed, capturing all the words. Data analysis was done through constant comparison and simultaneous data collection. The interviews’ texts were read multiple times to gain a general understanding of the data. At this stage, the primary (open and selective) codes were identified and grouped into categories. Finally, summarization was continued as much as possible and all the axial codes were used in the paradigm model. To ensure reliability of the research findings, all research processes, such as the research model, study group, data collection process, and analysis, were explained in detail. Additionally, the data obtained from the interviews were individually coded by two individuals: a main researcher and an invited colleague. The percentage of agreement between the coders was calculated using the following formula:  Reliability = consensus / (consensus + difference) × 100 The data obtained by the two researchers underwent content analysis and were compared using separate codes. As a result, a reliability of 85% was obtained by using the mentioned formula.

The results of this research showed that causal conditions in phenomenology of “wildlife trafficking” were "entertainment and enjoyment", "tradition", "pride and wealth", "experiment and scientific research", "mediation for smuggling" and "drug use", intervening conditions of "superstitious beliefs", "propaganda", and "imitation of others". The background conditions were "social and moral legitimization", "non-practical implementation of environmental laws and regulations", "poverty and unemployment", "individual and collective indifference and distortion", and "ignorance of the consequences of wildlife trafficking". The coping strategies included "education and culture", "intensification of legal supervision", "providing alternative employment opportunities to sellers", and "providing the necessary mechanisms for legal trade with permitted purposes". The consequences of coping with wildlife trafficking were "biodiversity protection", "restoring the human dignity of violators", and "respecting animal rights". Finally, the research findings were presented in a paradigm model.In line with the results obtained by Zhang et al. (2020), a wide range of drives, including recreational, food, and medicinal and cultural motives for wildlife trafficking, were identified as the causal, contextual, and intervening conditions in the current research. The present study showed that one of the main drives of wildlife trafficking was consumption of meat or body parts of wildlife as traditional medicines with therapeutic motivation. In line with this finding, other researches showed that in other countries, bear bile (Feng et al., 2009), pangolin meat (Newman et al., 2014), rattlesnake venom (Alves et al., 2013), and rhino horn (Watts, 2011) were bought and sold as medicine with the motive of relieving physical pain. Of course, despite the general perception, so far many of these medicinal and health agents are facing serious ambiguity of effectiveness from the viewpoint of modern medicine.In addition, the consumption of wildlife meat was one of the other findings of the present study. Due to the cultural differences in diets of nations, trafficking with the motive of buying and selling pangolin meat (Mason et al., 2012; McEvoy et al., 2019) and bat meat (Anti et al., 2015; Suwannarong & Schuler, 2016) were reported in similar studies, while the interviewees of the present study were looking for buying and selling the meat of wild birds, such as goose or wild duck.The findings of this study showed that preservation of wildlife or their body parts has become a means of showing wealth and pride among wealthy groups of people due to such reasons as high price, rarity, and special facilities it requires. In line with this finding, similar studies showed that the drives of some buyers of illegal wildlife products, such as rhino horn (Truong et al., 2016), tiger bone (Moyle, 2009) and elephant skin (McEvoy et al., 2019), or people, who served special dishes like shark fin soup to theirguests (Brierley, 2007), were boasting, showing wealth, or trying to show their belonging to special and prosperous classes of the society.In line with the results of the study of Day et al. (2014), the present research showed that some actors of wildlife trafficking tended to trade exotic wild animals, especially reptiles and rare ornamental amphibians. They did this with the motivation of entertainment and pleasure, boasting, and displaying wealth. Although tiger bone wine in the research of Feng et al. (2009) and rhinoceros horn opium in the study of Trang et al. (2016) were shown to be sold illegally with the motive of intoxication, no similar drives were found in the current research.Compared to previous studies, contribution of the present research in the production of knowledge should be considered as a qualitative explanation of the concept of wildlife trafficking in the Iranian context so as to bring the main stakeholders’ experiences of this illegal trade to the official knowledge. The findings of the present study could contribute to ensuring social health, environmental protection, and sustainability of economy based on biological resource-carrying capacity for future studies.

Summary of the article on money laundering laws in Iran and RussiaThe present article examines the laws against money laundering in Russia. The present study deals with the issue that money laundering leads to damage and instability in the economic and political systems of a country in a world that is always on the path of globalization. moves and banking systems have spread all over the world. In this article, the anti-money laundering laws and its actions in Russia are discussed. The current research method is a descriptive research. The study area of the research includes books, theses and articles. Magazines and researches are related to the topic. The results of the research have shown that the factors and laws in this country are very severe and these laws have led to the reduction of this crime.I hope that this article will be useful for those researchers who are interested in research in this field of study

The mechanisms of preventive and countermeasures at the borders should be designed in such a way as to prevent the occurrence of border crimes and increase the border security factor. Considering the essential and important role of this type of crime in the border areas of the country, the participation of border residents in this matter is very vital. The current research was also conducted with the aim of designing a model for the participation of border residents of Ardabil province in the prevention of border crimes with an emphasis on drug trafficking with two qualitative and quantitative approaches.

This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of type, and mixed in terms of the nature of the data, which was carried out using the field method. The statistical community, in the first stage, 30 people from Ardabil governorate managers and employees of the border regiment, active in the field of border crimes with more than 20 years of experience, who were selected by the purposeful method (theoretical sampling), with the chain referral method (snowball method) and in the department The number of employees of Ardabil governorate is 280 people, of which 162 people were selected according to Morgan's table and based on stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was semi-structured interview in the qualitative phase and the redesigned questionnaire resulting from the first phase was used in the quantitative phase.

The obtained data sets were organized in the form of 110 open codes, 62 concepts, 15 categories and 6 classes after a continuous process of open, central and selective coding.

Based on the results of the research, supporting the distribution network of domestic goods suppliers with a coefficient of 0.855 and increasing commercial profit by the government with a coefficient of 0.672 were identified as the most and least influential factors.

This article explores one of the most important social issues that is "Smuggling of goods”.In terms of methodology, it has a survey nature and is a descriptive and analytical study. The sample population consists of all residents 16 years and over in seven provinces, including Kurdistan West Azarbaijan, Hormozgan and Khorasan (as frontier provinces), Tehran and Isfahan (provinces with highest consumption rate) and Semnan province (province with lowest consumption rate). The sample size was 7230 people. The main findings of this study indicate that the majority of the population (69 percent) believe that there are considerable Smuggling goods in the country, has various disadvantages and devastating effects. This is while, a large part of society has stressed that a variety of foreign goods - including televisions, mobile phones, home appliances and rare drugs that are entered the country through illicit means, due to low price are easily sold on the market, and this is more observed in the provinces with highest consumption rate compared to provinces with lowest consumption rate and frontier provinces. The majority of respondents of the survey (over two-thirds) have stressed that the smuggling of goods is a phenomenon in which different groups and organizations are involved, and convergence, synergy and linkage between flows and organized bands and some figures and influential forces in machines officially facilitate the smuggling process. The respondents also acknowledged that the fight against smuggling requires firm determination of the authorities, and especially the presence and participation of people with the authorities so that by relying on social capital we can fight cleverly against this phenomenon that has various functions and negative consequences.

Prevention of smuggling of goods as a challenge to economic security in Iran through method structural: law reform, strengthening the private sector, exchange rate management, tariff reform, and non-structural: the establishment of monitoring and transparency systems has been pursued. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of the establishment of a cross-border trade system on import smuggling and economic security in the years 1392-1395

The research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method is descriptive-analytical, by collecting documents in the form of data panel: By comparing the official export statistics of 2 trading countries with the customs import statistics of Iran, the unit value gap for imported goods with similar weight criteria was calculated usin Eveiws software and Watson camera statistics.

The cross-border trade system reduced clearance time, improved information exchange and increased customs revenue, but increased the unit value gap of imported goods. The discrepancy between the official statistics of Iran's trading partners and Iran's customs imports indicates the high volume of import smuggling.

The establishment of the system improved the exchange of information and speeded up customs affairs, but had no effect on preventing smuggling of goods. Trafficking is carried out by falsely claiming and forging documents to a high degree. This has led to policy deviations, reduced transparency, production, increased exchange rates, inflation and weakened economic security.

Smuggling of weapons and ammunition as one of the organized crimes and an important problem of this century has harmful effects.Therefore, the present study aims to identify and explain the important factors influencing the formation of arms and ammunition smuggling from the western borders to the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population includes 72 law enforcement and border intelligence staff in Ilam, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces In order to select and collect data, the researcher made a questionnaire whose reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its validity by content method and to analyze the data from SPSS 20 software for heuristic factor analysis and from software LISREL was used for confirmatory factor analysis.

The findings show that all the factors considered in this study have a positive effect on the smuggling of weapons and ammunition to the Islamic Republic of Iran.In five variables, respectively, the problems of the agencies dealing with the factor of 88.0%, social and cultural issues 87.0, the presence of trans-regional countries with the factor of 67.0%, the problems of neighboring countries with the factor of 63.0%, legal and judicial issues with the factor of 56.0%, examined and approved it placed.

Serious confrontation with arms and ammunition smuggling from the western borders of the country requires solving the problems of the confronting apparatus, social, cultural and legal issues as internal factors and also paying attention to influential external issues such as the problems of neighboring countries and the presence of extra-regional factors. As a facilitator of arms smuggling.

This study addresses the question "What causes moral issues in luggage transport and what are the consequences for transporter women and their families?”, with an interpretive approach and qualitative methodology, by data collection to theoretical data saturation by 50 half-structured interviews conducted among 30 transporter women and 20 experts who have been assigned through targeted and snowball sampling. The data are analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory. In open coding, 96 concepts and 917 conceptual implications, in axial coding, 26 categories, and in the selective coding, the core category of "immorality/ morality" were determined. Respondents have assessed baggage transport with positive consequences of adherence to moralities and maintaining a decent life, and negative consequences of immorality, prostitution, and wrong judgment about all transporter women. In the grounded model, Mental and family problems, lack of job opportunities, failure to address the poor, financial need, inevitability, providing living expenses and creating prosperity were considered as causal conditions. Travel and transportation costs, the difficulty of transportation, route and shopping, customs and railways violation of law, administrative and government corruption, contextual conditions, women withholding facts, moral insecurity, Prostitution boom in Qeshm, favorable context of the immoral issues were considered as interfering conditions in the moral consequences of luggage transport process.

This study addresses the question "What are the social ramifications of women's luggage transport from Qeshm to Tehran?”, with qualitative approach and grounded theory methodology, by theoretical data saturation by 50 half-structured interviews conducted among 30 transporter women and 20 experts who have been assigned through non-random, targeted and snowball sampling. The data are analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory. In open coding, 88 concepts, in axial coding, 21 categories, and in the selective coding, the core category of "empowering / pressuring" were determined. Respondents have assessed baggage transport with two contradictory functions; positive and negative social consequences for women and their families, residents of Qeshm, as well as for the community alongside the positive effect of reducing social harm. In the grounded model, Mental problems, family problems, maintaining a decent life, upgrading social status, causal conditions, Iranian commodity dislike, foreign commodity preference, social paralysis, contextual conditions, Qeshm positive features and transport attraction, were considered as interfering conditions in the luggage transport process. The validity of interpretations, reflectivity, and homology assessment alongside the nine stages of the grounded theory, in particular, theoretical sampling, information saturation, and attainment of adequacy, validity, and reliability, were confirmed in this study.

The border areas of Kurdistan in recent years have witnessed the emergence of a new phenomenon called porterage (kulbery), which is one of the false and dangerous jobs of the country. Baneh city is one of the poor border areas of Kurdistan province in which the porterage job can be seen. Job opportunities in this city are very limited. Although Iran suffers from unemployment, statistics show that in the Kurdish provinces of the country, the unemployment rate is high, and as a result, the economic and social indicators are not in a good condition.

The methodological model of this research was based on the methodology of the data-based theory. The approach of this study was qualitative and basic theory was used to analyze the data. The participants of this research were people who work porterage in Baneh city. Participants were selected by the purposive sampling method and using the snowball technique. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were also used to collect information.

The main themes (border political economy, survival risk, demolish of social exhaustion the occupation, self-alienation, legitimation, and family dissatisfaction) and a core category (high-risk political economy) to express the attitude of people who do this job in Baneh in relation to the concept of porterage were extracted from the data. The data were finally depicted in the form of a basic model. According to the information obtained from interviews conducted (formal and informal), the Kulbery was an inevitable reaction and strategy of these people to unsatisfactory conditions of the city in terms of geography, economy, and political dominance in the area. In fact, the unfavorable living conditions in the region is one of the causes of the occurrence and continuation of the kulbery. According to the paradigm of the study, it can be said that the phenomenon of cross-border trade in its current state is a social structure and as a historical and basic matter, the result of reactions and interactions of native people to the opportunities and limitations of geographical, economic, and political conditions. The final result of the study showed that the porterage participating in the study, by interpreting themselves, understood the effective areas in the emergence of the porterage, and expressed concern about it and its adverse consequences. They believed that the borders and algebraic conditions of the region caused the city to be underdeveloped. Rigi (2016) confirmed the results of the study. His research showed that borders, with their special conditions, lead to the phenomenon of underdevelopment, and underdevelopment leads to issues such as contraband and porterage. Kolberi also leads to social inequalities. The study of Amirpour et al. (2012) also confirmed the effect of unemployment and livelihood problems on the formation of porterage. Their results showed that the lack of investment by the government and the private sector was one of the effective causes of creating kulbery. New job opportunities are not provided for the unemployed due to the lack of investment in this city. Based on the findings of the study, kulbars perceived their work as a phenomenon that has its own consequences. They considered their work to be a phenomenon that meets their livelihood needs on the one hand and brings them many unpleasant consequences on the other hand, which has made this phenomenon a challenge. The unjust distribution of facilities has led to the spread of the phenomenon of excessive marginalization in the city of Baneh. In fact, by examining the background and basis of the formation of Kolberi and its consequences, the authors of the present study have achieved a kind of risky political economy. A high-risk political economy means that a part of the local issues arisen in the border town of Baneh is rooted in financial issues and in itself depending on the performance of the country's political system. In fact, many of the dangers that lurk in kulbars are rooted in economic issues, and economic issues depend on government policies in the region.

The rate of smuggling of goods in our country, despite the follow-up and attention of high-ranking executive officials for many years, although it has faced fluctuations and we have witnessed at sometimes a decrease. But it still damages the foundations of the country's economy and production, which is one of the most important problems in the country in the economic field today. Despite the various efforts and measures that have been taken in the field of combating smuggling of goods over the years, the desired and expected result of these confrontational policies has not been achieved. 

In this research, a qualitative approach is used and the method of analysis in this research is content analysis. Data entry is the upstream and downstream documents of organizations involved in smuggling, as well as interviews with relevant individuals.

The findings of the study show that various preventive judicial policies in the field of combating smuggling of goods seem to be in the field of combating smuggling of goods, the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran do not have a proper response in science and practice and most policies adopted in this field Divergence of organizations and forces involved and waste of financial and human resources.

The present study examines the effects of smuggling on lifestyle and livelihood of the border residents

This research is descriptive-analytic, and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes the frontier villages of Baneh, which are located at a maximum depth of 25 km. In sample selection, cluster sampling method was used at three levels of 5, 15 and 25 km distances that 380 households were selected as a statistical sample.

The results of the study indicate a significant difference in the penetration rate of smuggling at different frontier levels. According to the results, those people who had a livelihood dependent on smuggling of goods had higher economic capital, but their human and social capitals are at a lower level, also most border residents believed that smuggling of goods had a positive effect on their livelihoods and that their economic situation would be affected if the borders were closed.

In fact, the smuggling or Kolbari as an alternative livelihoods has promoted the level of household’s livelihood so that they are dependent on smuggling, especially the economic capital. Although it is implicitly pointed in this paper that influential people and those indirectly engaged in these affairs or those that have a degree of supervisory role are the ones who gain a large part of of the profits of various informal businesses, such as smuggling

Combating arms and ammunition trafficking is one of the important missions of the law enforcement force. Criminalistics is very important in this process. In regard to the complexity of the crime of arms and ammunition trafficking and the existence of certain problems in the process of investigating and detecting them, particularly in accessing to documents and documentations, the role of criminalistics science is very significant in throughout this process. This research is of applied type from type and objective standpoits and of descriptive-analytical type from nature standpoint and it deals with investigating criminalistics to detect arms and ammunition trafficking. To answer the research questions, all the existing documents and deeds related to the present subject have been collected using data collection forms and have been analyzed qualitatively. Many factors have been involved in various economic, socio-cultural, political-security and judicial measures in smuggling weapons and ammunition in the country, which in addition to having unfortunate consequences for the country requires the use of basic solutions to solve this problem at the national level. Criminalistics, as a modern science, uses technical tools to collect and discover evidence, record, investigate and regulate criminal investigations, therefore using it to identify, detect and prove weapons and ammunition trafficking isvery important as one of the missions of the police force using intelligence, operational and judicial measures.

In addition to its own security threats, the border province of West Azerbaijan is considered a gateway to Europe and one of the leading smuggling zones for methamphetamine and a precursor to its production in the country. The aim of the present study was to analyze the spatial scope of the influence of trafficking in psychotropic substances and their precursors in the border province of West Azerbaijan. The present study is descriptive-analytical and to understand the spatial patterns of methamphetamine trafficking and its precursors in West Azerbaijan province, basic statistical graphical models have been used in Arc map software environment. The statistical population of this study was all the discoveries of methamphetamine and its precursors in the geography of West Azerbaijan province during the years 1392 to 1398 and 2824 cases. However, spatial analysis of methamphetamine smuggling in the geography of the border province of West Azerbaijan mainly shows that most of the smuggling of these substances in the center and south of the province and in contrast to the smuggling of methamphetamine production precursors is mainly limited to several border towns in the south. The spatial pattern of methamphetamine trafficking in West Azerbaijan Province tends to focus on the border towns of Sardasht and Urmia, but the smuggling of methamphetamine production precursors is mainly distributed in the Sardasht-Mahabad transportation hubs. The results showed that the most important source of methamphetamine smuggled goods was the western borders of the border city of Sardasht, which is the source of 70% of cases of smuggled goods discovered in this province. A study of the destination of these drugs from West Azerbaijan Province to domestic provinces showed that the range of smuggling of these drugs reaches the central parts of Iran, such as Isfahan and Khuzestan provinces.

Smuggling is a deadly disease for the economy of any country and it makes the economic and commercial policies of the governments ineffective or less effective.A group of materials that are smuggled to the country are narcotic materials, especially cigarettewhich have targeted the younger generation who arethe potential forces for the future of country and it aims at making them addicted to other drugs too. Therefore, it is necessary that the responsible institutions have more control and at least in order to maintain health of the citizens seriouslyfight with smuggling. Thus, this study aimed to examine the preventive measures to combat the smuggling of narcotics materialswhich were enteredto Kerman province in 2016. The research method was descriptive-analytic and the statistical population included 110 experts who have been active in fighting against smuggling narcotics materialsand they had bachelor degree and3 years experiencein combating with smuggling. So, a sample size of 110 people was chosen through a survey. To collect the data,a 26-item questionnaire with 0.89 validity and 0.887 reliability was used. Data analysis was done by SPSS20, descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, one-sample T-test, Friedman and ANOVA. The results showed that preventive measures (social, situational and criminal) were effective in fighting against smuggling narcotic materials entering to Kerman province.Priority of preventive measures in fightingwith smuggling narcotic materialsentering to Kerman province are respectively social, criminal and situational preventive measures while this priority is not statistically significant.