social networks

The modern world has changed almost everything. If in the past people went to temples and worshiped gods and had religion, today they go to “media” instead of temples and worship celebrities and famous people instead of gods. Influencers are no longer exclusively actors or singers and include a wide range of influential groups in new media. These famous people are intelligent and opinionated people who are called influencers in cyberspace and have a great influence on their audience and have the ability to direct and guide their decisions This research focuses on one of the pillars of an ideal society, namely the institution of media or, more specifically, social networks. The responsibility of influencers, who are the societal models and thought leaders, is examined from the perspective of professional ethics towards vulnerable groups within society, such as children, women, and minorities. The study aims to analyze and discuss the role of influencers in relation to these vulnerable groups and their ethical obligations towards them. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach in terms of methodology, with an applied objective. The research utilized a thematic analysis method and, after conducting semi-structured interviews with 14 experts who were purposefully selected based on their knowledge and expertise in the discussed topic, MAXQDA2020 software was used for the final analysis. The conducted research indicates that the ethical responsibility of social media influencers towards vulnerable groups is associated with 27 sub-themes and 3 main themes. Every human being, regardless of age, gender, race, skin color, physical or mental ability, language, religion, political ideology, or national and social origin, possesses an inherent and inviolable dignity. Each individual, as well as governments, must respect and safeguard this dignity. Humans should always be the subjects and recipients of rights and should never be reduced to mere means. They should never be instrumentalized for the purposes of commercial or industrial activities in the realms of economy, politics, media, research institutions, or industrial establishments. Therefore, social media influencers, in order to maintain their credibility, must consider the rights of their stakeholders, with children, women, and minorities being among the most important, in their activities.

Although many studies have confirmed the impact of social networks on the sense of social security, what has been neglected is the transformation of the role and status of certain components of social security and the reasons behind these changes. This study aims to investigate the effects of social networks on the elements and components of social security and to trace the root causes and dynamics of these transformations.

This interpretive qualitative study employs a phenomenological approach. The statistical population consists of individuals born in the 1970s, selected due to their frequent interaction with and tangible influence from virtual social networks in daily life. Given the dispersed and anonymous nature of the population, purposive snowball sampling was used. Participants were required to meet two criteria: a minimum of two hours of daily engagement with virtual networks and at least a bachelor’s degree. Theoretical saturation determined the sample size, achieved after 27 in-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants detailed their lived experiences with social networks during these interviews. Validity and reliability were assessed using the Lincoln and Guba evaluation framework. Data analysis followed the seven-step model developed by Klaizi and Dickelman, rooted in Husserlian phenomenology.

Phenomenological analysis of the interviews revealed three overarching themes: Macro-Theme 1: Social Order and Cohesion: A serious consequence of social networks is the fading of face-to-face interactions and the resulting reduced interdependence among individuals. Disconnected relationships in virtual spaces hold little significance for users, as most interactions are non-purposeful. Since social cohesion requires mutual value recognition and obligation, the prevalence of artificial identities and lack of social controls in virtual spaces hinder its achievement. Consequently, social order and cohesion face challenges due to the erosion of these foundational elements. Macro-Theme 2: Social Health and Security: Social health, critical for mitigating societal harms and maintaining security, is compromised by individuals’ inability to integrate into social frameworks. Fear and insecurity degrade quality of life, divert energy toward self-protection, and reduce participation in beneficial social activities. This exacerbates distrust within society, further destabilizing social security. Macro-Theme 3: Life Satisfaction and Social Welfare: Life satisfaction, though a demographic indicator, reflects objective socioeconomic conditions. Social welfare assumes the measurability and comparability of individual well-being, balancing personal and collective welfare. Employment and income are pivotal, as survival precedes planning for happiness. Social networks, however, highlight disparities in welfare access, indirectly shaping perceptions of security and satisfaction.

The impact of virtual social networks on social security components is highly significant. Despite their advantages in facilitating communication, education, and information dissemination, their implementation in the studied context often results in negative outcomes due to inadequate prerequisites. Notably, social networks have advanced socio-political development by promoting transparency in governance and exposing governmental policies to public scrutiny. They have also compelled governments to address corruption reactively, reducing opportunities for secrecy. Media’s role in clarifying power dynamics and social phenomena empowers citizens and fosters democratic governance. A critical positive outcome is the enhancement of educational and informational justice. However, power structures exploit networks’ persuasive capabilities to manipulate user emotions, a consequence of inadequate regulatory policies rather than inherent network flaws.

In this study, the effect of media consumption behaviors, social communication, interaction, trust, common intention and mandatory use of social networks during social dissatisfactions has been investigated. The purpose of this research is to investigate the media consumption behavior of social network users during the formation of social dissatisfaction.

In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of type it is descriptive and survey, in which the required data was collected by quantitative method. Also, the statistical population of the present study included young and active users of the Instagram social network in the age group of 18-28 years old, which was used in a statistical sample of 286 individuals using a standard questionnaire tool, the reliability of which was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and validity by exploratory factor analysis method. In this way, the number of active users on the scientific and social pages of the Instagram social network in the country was selected with the purposeful sampling method and then the data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially; modeling was carried out using structural equations of partial least squares in PLS-smart software.

The findings of the research showed that categories such as social communication, interaction, trust and shared intention among social network users during social dissatisfaction are relevant and influential on users' media consumption behaviors. Also, the use of social networks during the formation of social dissatisfaction has a positive and direct relationship with the media consumption habits and behaviors of users, so that when social dissatisfaction occurs, the amount of consumption and use of social networks also increases.

The results of the research showed that mandatory use of social networks during social dissatisfaction plays an important role in strengthening the media consumption habits and behaviors of users. Therefore, it can be said that the thing that has the greatest effect on strengthening the media consumption habits of social network users during the formation of social dissatisfaction is self-made restrictions and requirements that strengthen the desire to consume media, as well as social connections. It was also considered as an influencing factor on media consumption behaviors and habitual actions of using media, because communication and mutual action strengthened media consumption behaviors among users.

This paper aims to provide a detailed overview of the most recent methods and strategies used for detecting fake news, especially in the context of rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning. With the widespread reach of fake news across social media and other digital platforms, this review focuses on identifying and evaluating effective approaches that can help tackle this growing problem. Given the importance of detecting fake news, this paper reviews and compares various approaches utilized in this field. To this end, by studying articles published in online libraries and document repositories such as IEEE, Scopus, Elsevier, and others, we first explore different methods for detecting fake news. Then, we compare the various approaches of human-based detection with those of automated detection. The review shows that while conventional techniques like feature extraction and rule-based systems offer a good starting point, they often fall short when dealing with the complexity of modern disinformation. Deep learning models trained on large datasets have demonstrated promising results in detecting fake news, yet they still struggle with the subtlety of human-generated content and real-time applications. This highlights the need for more comprehensive solutions that can address these challenges. The findings suggest that an integrated approach—one that combines language analysis, machine learning, and network-based methods—is essential for building effective fake news detection systems. As the field progresses, future research should focus on improving hybrid models, refining data quality, and incorporating user-centric insights to combat the spread of disinformation better. Combining large language models (LLMs) with context-aware systems offers a promising path for achieving higher precision in detecting both machine-generated and human-created fake news.

Dependence on the Internet and social networks can affect students' daily lives and have future consequences. The present study aimed to compare the lifestyles of female students who are dependent on and not dependent on social networks. The statistical sample consists of 100 female students who are connected to social networks and 100 female students who are not connected to social networks in District 5 of Tabriz Education. Students were screened using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Both groups were assessed using the Health Promoting Lifestyle Questionnaire (HPLPII). The results were analyzed using Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). In comparing the two groups of subjects, the results showed that the lifestyle of students who are dependent on social networks is different from that of students who are not dependent. The results indicate that non-dependent students have a healthier lifestyle compared to dependent students. In examining lifestyle factors, the results of the study showed that there are differences in the factors of spiritual growth, responsibility for health, physical activity, interpersonal relationships, stress management, and nutrition between dependent and non-dependent students, and it can be said that the average of these factors is higher in the non-dependent group. The results of this study highlight the importance of the role of social networks in the lifestyle and health of female students.Keywords: Lifestyle, Dependency, Social Networks

Families, as crucial social institutions, play a vital role in providing emotional and physical support to their members and teaching life skills. The rapid evolution of communication technologies and media has significantly influenced this institution, leading to major changes within it. This research aims to categorize issues and offer suggestions for addressing gaps in research or media policy-making. The research question is: How have studies in the field of family and the media been classified, and what topics have been discussed under each classification? The theoretical framework of this article is based on Dependency Theory, Manuel Castells' Theory, and Cultivation Theory, with data analysis conducted using meta-analysis and thematic analysis methods. In this study, after reviewing 93 extracted articles on the subject of media and family, and analyzing descriptive statistics and themes in areas such as social networks, television, and cinema, the strengths and weaknesses of the research were identified. The results indicate that the effects of modernity and media on the family institution in Iran have been profound and multifaceted. These value changes include the removal of traditions, weakening of kinship relations, empowerment of women, increased importance of individualism, and changes in lifestyles. These transformations represent a period of cultural and social transition, emphasizing the need to focus on the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle, the identity of men and women, strengthening family cohesion and relationships, media literacy, and attention to the role and position of children and adolescents within the family.

The family is the smallest and most important social institution, forming the foundation of society, and its stability depends on it. The expansion of modern information and communication technologies and virtual spaces has turned family members into social media users. Vitality is a key factor in the effectiveness and stability of families; its absence can lead to various psychological and social issues that affect the family and, consequently, the entire society. Like any social phenomenon, vitality begins within the family as the first human community. However, social networks, as one of the most popular communication and entertainment tools, can influence the happiness and vitality of family users. This research aims to present a model for family users in social networks to enhance vitality. The researcher utilized the grounded theory method with a classical approach, extracting strategies to increase vitality in social networks through interviews with experts. Findings indicate that strategies for enhancing vitality based on social media usage include: family networking strategies, internalization-based strategies, effective interaction, economic and occupational strategies, modeling, educational strategies, utilizing lifestyle symbols, sharing experiences, message amplification, the effectiveness of attention in relationships, empathy in family relations, the semantics of vitality, spiritual strategies, the role of ethics in vitality, and awareness of deviations in virtual spaces.Keywords: family, family user, social networks, social vitality, strategy

The aim of the current research is to determine the impact of social networks in creating dramatic collective behaviors in urban public spaces. The research approach in this quantitative study, the research method in terms of objective, fundamental-applied and the method of data collection, is a descriptive survey type. The statistical population of the current study includes all people over 15 years old living in Kerman. Based on random cluster sampling method, 384 people were selected and examined. In order to collect data in the field part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used with a reliability coefficient of 0.79. He is a resident of Kerman. Also, to test the hypotheses of the research, sample t-test, Pearson correlation, and regression were used. The results obtained from the hypothesis test show It showed that the average of all items is higher than 3 (theoretical average). Also, the correlation values ​​between the research components with the amount of use of social networks are at a medium and high level.So that in today's world, no society can claim that it will be safe from the effects of this crisis. Today's religious and national identities, each in a different way, are facing some kind of crisis and inappropriate collective behavior.The highest correlation value between the amount of use of social networks and dramatic collective behaviors is in the dimension of social phobia (R=0.518). Therefore, despite the fact that the media causes the development and strengthening of cohesion in many cases, but in the individual aspect,

Due to their surprising capabilities and features, social networks have provided the grounds for the ease of committing crimes, the transborderization of crimes, the reduction of the age of criminals, the extent of damage, and the abundance of victims, in addition to creating anonymity. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting the purchase and sale of weapons and ammunition in the virtual social networks.Research

In terms of implementation method, the present study first used the Delphi method and then used the survey method to confirm it. The statistical population of this study consists of 80 cyberspace experts in the field of law enforcement, who have the necessary knowledge in the field of virtual social networks and related crimes. The research collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was designed based on the theoretical foundations of the research and also conducting the Delphi method among some research samples after confirming its validity and reliability. It was subjected to statistical analysis.

Based on the research findings, the factors affecting arms and ammunition smuggling on social networks fall into six main factors: management factors, regulatory factors, political factors, cultural factors, economic factors, and legal factors with 43 indicators. Among them, based on the number of factors in each field, they are, respectively, management factors (9 indicators), cultural factors (8 indicators), political factors (5 indicators), economic factors (6 questions), regulatory factors (8 questions), and legal factors (6 questions).

According to the research findings, to prevent the crime of arms smuggling on social networks, two levels can be taken to remove obstacles: First, with strategic and long-term measures through planning, policy-making, and decision-making at the national level, the aforementioned factors can be eliminated at their root to reduce this crime. Second, directly through positive or negative measures, quick-return measures can be organized independently and centrally to prevent the spread of the crime of smuggling and buying and selling weapons and ammunition on social networks.

The objective of the current study is to investigate the communication processes inherent in mobile-based social networks during crises, with the aim of developing a robust model for crisis news coverage. This research critically examines existing external frameworks for crisis management and seeks to establish a foundation for the development of a localized model that enhances strategies for crisis-related information dissemination. By addressing the central research question—How can an effective crisis management model for news coverage be defined in an era dominated by the proliferation of mobile-based social networks? —this study aims to contribute significantly to the literature on crisis communication and management.

This research employs a purposeful-judgmental sampling method to select a diverse cohort of participants, including journalists, political activists, users of mobile-based social networks, current political officials, state broadcasting managers, and communication sciences and information technology professors in Isfahan. A total of 15 individuals were selected for in-depth qualitative analysis. Furthermore, to refine the research model, an additional sample of 70 staff members from state broadcasting in managerial and supervisory positions was included as a statistical sample. The study utilized the Delphi technique to gather insights from experts in social networks and crisis management. Additionally, content analysis was conducted on the opinions and information provided by participants to identify key factors influencing crisis communication. This multi-faceted methodological approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding crisis news coverage in the context of mobile-based social networks.

The research identified several existing challenges in crisis news coverage, revealing 11 distinct factors that can exacerbate social crises. These factors underscore the complexities involved in information dissemination within mobile-based social networks and highlight the significant impact of user engagement on effective crisis management. By clarifying these challenges, the study emphasizes the need for tailored strategies that address the unique dynamics of mobile communication in crisis situations.

The findings of this study highlight the critical importance of timely and accurate information dissemination during crises. By elucidating the communication dynamics within mobile-based social networks, media outlets can significantly enhance their credibility and effectiveness in crisis situations. The proposed model seeks to refine crisis communication strategies, ultimately contributing to more effective management of social crises and mitigating the proliferation of misinformation. This research emphasizes the necessity for media organizations to adapt to the evolving landscape of digital communication, thereby fostering a more informed public and strengthening resilience in the face of crises

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 The purpose of this research is to analyze the structure and content of Korean pop groups (K-POP) pages on Instagram.

This research is applied research in terms of its purpose, and quantitative content analysis method was used. In quantitative content analysis, the structure and content of the Instagram platform was examined using coding guidelines. The statistical population of the present study includes the pages of Korean pop groups on the Instagram platform, the number of which is more than 1000 active and inactive pages. In this society, random sampling is simple. Therefore, the number of samples obtained in this research is 50 Instagram pages, which were selected by simple random sampling method and studied using quantitative content analysis and data coding in order to achieve analyzable results, and then using the software Data analysis was done by SPSS. After the investigations, the data obtained in 120 codes and the mentioned codes were finally categorized into 6 categories and 31 subcategories related to the categories.

The result of coding and quantitative content analysis of the content category of Instagram pages showed that 6% of the content category of Instagram pages is under the subcategory of homosexuality, 10% of the content category is the subcategory of verbal and behavioral violence, 4% of the content category is the subcategory of Satanism, 30% of the content category is the subcategory of Satanism. the subcategory of fun and luxury and finally 50% of the content of the pages is the subcategory of attention to fashion, ornaments and clothing.

The results of the surveys showed that 35% of the category "principles and rules presented on the K-pop group's pages" belongs to the subcategory of exaggeration and exaggeration, 0.5% to the subcategory of health and beauty, 22% to the subcategory of feelings and emotions, 13% to the subcategory Mental contagion, 9% belonged to the subcategory of human values, 7% to the subcategory of providing logical reasons, and finally 10% to the subcategory of other principles. The result is that the presence and following of young users from K-pop groups' Instagram pages is based on different psychological and social contexts, which makes them look for different motives and goals from following these pages. They use these networks based on their motivations and interests and are active, and the pages of K-pop groups will have destructive effects on their lifestyle

The problem of the current research is about social networks as one of the types of social media that has significant interactive possibilities for internet users and is useful for its audience in some processes, but on the other hand, it has extensive harm to the society; The purpose of this research is to study the role of social networks in increasing or reducing delinquency in order to prevent and the role of media literacy education in order to reduce the harm of social networks on users. In terms of the purpose, the current research is a qualitative research structured in the form of in-depth interviews, and according to the topic, this research has two different statistical communities; The first part was experts in media and social communication and the second part was experts in the field of law and criminology. 22 of them were interviewed until theoretical saturation was reached and the results were collected using Max Kyuda software. The results show that social networks, on the one hand (depending on how events and news are reflected), have the ability to intensify the feeling of insecurity, promote delinquency and encourage people prone to committing crimes, and on the other hand, by playing the role of informing and promoting healthy life patterns. They can be effective in reducing the occurrence of crime and increasing the feeling of security. The conclusion of this research was that it was confirmed that social networks do not inherently cause crime, but it is

The current research was conducted with the aim of "providing a model to empower social network users in the field of cultural security". For this purpose, a qualitative method based on foundational data theory including open, axial and selective coding was used, using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin. In this regard, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted using theoretical sampling with professors in communication sciences, sociology, management, law and information technology. In this context, 39 interviews were conducted and data collection continued until information saturation. The main phenomenon of this research was empowering users. The causal conditions of this research included: communication behavior of users, characteristics of messengers, individual and personality characteristics, cultural security in virtual structure, etc., and background conditions included: cultural information, cultural adherence, strengthening of cultural symbols, cultural infrastructure of users and ... was identified from the perspective of the participants. Also, the intervening conditions of the research included: use of native language, consequences of banning users, cultural threats, cultural damages, etc. In the following, the existing strategies include: promotion of intellectual culture, persuasion of emerging ideas, awareness of soft war, self-centered education, etc. were identified. Also, its consequences include: the effectiveness of user empowerment, the effectiveness of content production, the future research of technology, cultural luxuries, etc. were expressed in the form of a paradigmatic model of the underlying theory.

The objective of this study was to ascertain insights into the experiences and perceptions of student teachers with regard to the use of social networks in learning content. The research method employed for this study was qualitative and phenomenological in nature, with the participant pool consisting of all student teachers pursuing the primary education specialty at Farhangian University of Birjand during the academic year 2021-2022. To gather insights for this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 15 student teachers (7 males and 8 females) through purposive sampling. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The collected data were then analyzed using the content analysis method. To ensure reliability, the agreement between coders method was used, while expert review was applied to validate the study findings. The study revealed that the content of student-teacher learning in social media encompasses a range of material, including university-related topics such as discipline-based, skill-based and English language content, as well as school-related content covering teaching methods, classroom management and fundamental courses. Additionally, general information such as news, medical information, and technological advancements fall within the scope of this learning content. Another significant finding from the study indicated that student teachers do not have a positive perception of the content shared on social networks, with concerns about its reliability and validity. This includes aspects such as disproportionately unbalanced content and the presence of incomplete information. In light of these findings, the study suggests that Farhangian University consider providing credible, organized, and appropriate content for each field of study on social media platforms. This will aid in the development of student-teacher professions and foster a positive attitude towards the content offered on these platforms.

The widespread dissemination of false information and disinformation on social media platforms has significantly contributed to social unrest, polarization, and erosion of trust in traditional institutions. This phenomenon, deeply rooted in cultural, social, and psychological factors, is a complex interplay of various elements. The need for social validation, peer group influence, cognitive biases, and flawed information processing mechanisms all contribute to the spread and acceptance of false information.Research indicates that the psychological concept of confirmation bias plays a pivotal role in the dissemination of misinformation. Individuals are more likely to seek out and believe information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs, regardless of its accuracy. Moreover, the echo chambers created by social media algorithms can reinforce these biases, limiting exposure to diverse perspectives.Knowing the cultural and communication contexts and designing strategies to deal with it seems to be a matter. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the fields of research on the spread of real crimes among Iranian teenagers. Using the qualitative method and three-stage analysis (game, personality, selective) of semi-structured interviews, six main axes (family, friends, platforms, cultural values, opinion leaders, government) were identified.The findings indicate that multiple and complex factors in this field combine to create the spread and acceptance of false information. These existing researches in the cultural and communication fields come to the conclusion that neglecting these, as well as the occurrence of incorrect actions and omissions, can lead to the aggravation of the crisis in future events and the deepening of social gaps. In other words, in such a situation, values ​​such as "woman, life, freedom" are more important as a symbol of resistance against this situation.

The concept of “political participation” includes a group of new strategies, concepts, ideas, and organizations that meet social needs. On the other hand, social networks play a very effective role in promoting or reducing its indicators because the extent of the impact of social networks on rural spaces presents a different and diverse picture. The present study tried to examine the aspect of political participation of residents in the rural areas under study. The research was applied in terms of the objective and in terms of the possibility of controlling variables, it was quasi-experimental, as due to the post-event nature of the research, it is not possible to control the variables completely. In this research, by studying the theoretical literature and past research, the variables and dimensions of the research were determined in three general dimensions: electoral attitude, being influenced by users, and electoral behavior the interpretation of which was considered in the generality of political participation in the rural areas of Malekan County. The results indicate that the most important criterion of electoral attitude and the least important criterion of electoral behavior play a role in explaining and predicting the dependent variable (political participation). The research highlights the importance of social networks in increasing their effects and improving political participation criteria in the rural areas studied

Considering the role and importance of social health in improving the condition of societies, the current research was conducted with the aim of synthesis studies related to the social health. 

This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative according to the synthesis research approach. The research population was all the articles and theses related to the research field (social health) from 2010 to 2022 years in reliable domestic and foreign databases with number of 94 cases, which according to the inclusion criteria number of 20 cases were selected as a sample with using the purposeful sampling method. To collect the data was used note-taking method which their reliability with using Cohen's kappa coefficient method was calculated 0.746, and for their analysis was used the coding method. 

The findings of this study showed that the social health had 59 sub categories in 22 main categories. The main categories were including social support, religiosity, social capital, social class, social security, social trust, communication skills, quality of life, social networks, lifestyle, leisure time, social actualization, social cohesion, social acceptance, social participation, socio-economic base, openness, sense of anomie, demographic variables, life satisfaction, social commitment and social responsibility. 

According to the identified main and sub categories in this research, specialists and planners can take an effective step towards improving people's social health.

This article aims to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of social networks, with a focus on Instagram, regarding values in the Iranian Islamic family, and to determine strategies for Iranian Islamic families to utilize these networks to prevent the weakening of family foundations. 

This article is based on a descriptive-analytical method and is of an applied type, conducted according to SWOT analysis. 

In this part of the research, efforts have been made to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Iranian Islamic family values in social networks, especially Instagram, using the SWOT matrix analysis method. The most important findings of this research are as follows: Strengths include: creating opportunities to introduce and expand the authentic culture of the Iranian Islamic family among users, referring to moral values in the Iranian family, and disseminating creativity, ideas, and innovations. Additionally, families become acquainted with new information on psychology and family science, and how to deal with children. Membership in Instagram networks and channels related to the family system, strong presence and participation of family members in social and political issues, and helping to shape the socialization of family members. Weaknesses include: destruction of family social relationships, unethical relationships, promotion of corruption, failure to take advantage of educational opportunities, and weakness in identifying social network opportunities. Opportunities include: expansion of virtual education, development of scientific communications, and e-commerce. The experience of globalization and familiarity with new technologies provides an opportunity for proper understanding of the dimensions of social media. Threats include: promoting non-Iranian culture and gradually changing the Iranian Islamic lifestyle, promoting consumerism and fashion trends among family members, promoting abnormal social and civil relationships, electronic addiction, reducing educational motivation, and identity crisis. 

Based on the identification of the four elements of SWOT analysis, strategies have been designed for optimal use of these emerging media to preserve family values in terms of infrastructure, content, support by the government, and education and research. With precise planning, we can witness the optimal use of family members of these media with minimal challenges and harms in the future.

The present research was conducted to study girls' understanding and perception of being in virtual space with a qualitative approach (case study). The sampling method is purposeful non-probability. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 15 single female students who use virtual space, internet and social networks, and the process of interviewing continued until reaching data saturation. In total, five major categories namely: the amount of girls’ use of cyberspace, the existing themes in cyberspace, the consequences of cyberspace for girls, media literacy of girls, and the general view of girls towards the expansion of cyberspace in society, and 9 subcategories namely: desire for management of use, topics less followed by girls, girls’ favorite virtual topics, advantages of cyberspace, communication disadvantages of cyberspace, negative and individual effects of cyberspace for girls, non-expression of violence in cyberspace, multidimensional view of cyberspace and the necessity of improving media literacy of society members have been extracted