terrorism

 The media in general and in recent years the virtual space has been significantly exploited by Salafi Jihadi-Takfiri movements. These extremist groups, due to their high pragmatism regarding the surrounding realities, have always used the most up-to-date media and artistic methods to spread their message globally. The present study, with a comparative look at the role of media and cyberspace in disseminating the discourse of the three generations of Salafi Jihadi-Takfiri groups, seeks to answer the main question of how the three generations of Salafi Jihadi-Takfiri groups use the media and cyberspace to disseminate their discourse. Have you used them to make selfie subjects? The findings of the research show that the use of the media in the first and second generation is much less than the third generation, and ISIS, as the third generation of Salafi Jihadi-Takfiri group, has been more successful in using the media and virtual space than its counterparts. . The effectiveness of these media for this group has been as a "weapon" in "asymmetrical battles" and in line with propaganda to spread the basics of the Salafi Jihadi Takfiri discourse, invitation to the war fronts and recruiting members to carry out suicide operations

Terrorist acts and methods are considered clear violation of Principles and objectives of the United Nations. They are a serious threat to international Peace and Security. Nowadays terrorism is an international issue and terrorist actions are convergent with the global process. Therefore, confrontation with terrorism is one of the most important challenges of criminal Justice in the internal and international arena. One of the concerns in Iran has been security challenges by the terroristic groups in the past years, especially Pejak measures in the west of country.Expansion of Pejak terroristic acts affected by various internal and regional factors and they has challenged national security. It seems that along with the geographical element, factors such as economic, Socio-cultural and political issues have played a role in its expansion. The ultimate goal of the Right to Development is the permanent individuals’ welfare based their free and meaningful Participation in the development process and fair distribution of the interests. Pejak has limited the Internal Development right actions such as Extortion, Terror, Treat, etc. Iran has been trying to push back Pejak with military attacks for many years and there is to file complaint against Pejak and theirsupporters.

Applied research. It was done with descriptive-analytical method and data collection method is a library which was obtained through studying books, articles, reports, international documents and observing documents.

Pejak, proceeded terroristic measures in the west of Iran for many years. One of its traces was destruction of the international Right to Development mentioned in the international documents. Because of insecurity and threats by Pejak, investors didn't invest in these areas. Destruction of infrastructure and allocating part of budget to arms and fighting and also Destruction of the right for decision for land are among the violation the Development Right, committed by Pejak. In addition to military actions against Pejak, this group should be responsive for terroristic measures and destruction of Development Right in the internal and foreign legal forums.

Certainly ISIS in Syria carried out terrorist operations that can be classified at the same time as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. But the problem here is whether the actions of ISIS can be, as a failed insurgent group, attributed to the Syrian government. The study showed that the criminal and non-governmental acts of ISIS are not attributed to the Syrian government, and thus Damascus is not internationally responsible for them. Exceptionally, however, if the Syrian government fails or falls short in suppressing and prosecuting ISIS or granting amnesty to its members, their behavior can be attributed to the Syrian government and, the economic, administrative, and judicial violations that ISIS carried out on the lands under its control in Syria can be attributed to the Syrian government if the conditions of Article 9 of the draft articles on international responsibility are met. The basic issue is that, given the overthrow of the so-called ISIS rule and the non-existence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, who is the authority that would be responsible for the acts contrary to international law committed by that self-appointed government during its span? Therefore, the issue at hand is the international responsibility of the ISIS government, which no longer exists, but the criminal responsibility of ISIS members is another category and is not the subject of this research. While many papers have been written on criminal liability, but the issue of international responsibility due to the illegal actions of ISIS has not received special attention.

Punishing and prosecuting the offenders of terrorist crimes is the right and duty of every country to ensure the peace and stability in society, and to guarantee the right of the state to punish anyone who violates the system and the public stability. However on the one hand, this right is restricted by the principles of fair trial in order to adopt fair procedures towards the accused of terrorist crimes and meantime, guaranteeing the dignity of these accused, protect them from fraudulent lawsuits and retaliatory complaints; on the other hand, to guaranteeing the rule of law, the criminal procedure and human rights. Despite the importance of upholding the principles of fair trial for the terror accused and the guarantees emphasized by the International Covenants on the need to observe the principles of a fair trial for them and the emergence of a new trend in the observance of these principles, in recent periods, in the domestic legislative system of many countries, there is lack or insufficiency of fair trial for the defendants of terrorist crimes. This problem has led to unimaginable violations. From this perspective, the present study emphasizes descriptive, analytical and comparative methods to explain the theoretical and legal foundations of the issue based on the need for fair trial of those accused of terrorist crimes, various manifestations of fair trial and ways to guarantee them, lest the innocent be convicted and the real criminal escape punishment. The findings of the study confirm the right of the government to try those accused but in line with the principles of fair trial and the need to legislate and observe the mentioned principles in the laws. This right, which is based on theoretical and legal principles at both domestic and international levels, considers it necessary to observe the principles of fair trial and considers the provision of legal, criminal and disciplinary measures if necessary in case of violating these principles and ensures the possibility of referring to the Judiciary for Innocent defendants.

Video games have become a popular form of entertainment among different groups of people around the world so that the game industry has become a high competitor of Hollywood movies. War as the old sign of hostile relationship among people has become the main theme of many video games in order to attract more audiences. Research on how Iranians and Muslims are represented in video games has become important because the games have become a hegemonic tool for manufacturing consent about American military actions in Islamic countries. Most Iranian research studies about representation of minorities in video games have used research methods such as discourse analysis, narratology and semiotics. These methods cannot explain how new media technological features in comparison with non-interactive media represent minorities. Our research method contributes to Iranian research studies about representation of minorities in video games. In this research, we have analyzed structural characteristics of popular video games such as “Battlefield 3”, “Splinter Cell: Black List”, and “Call of Duty: Modern Warfare” to explain how game features are used for representation of Muslims and Iranians as terrorists. We have also analyzed political video games such as “America’s Army”, “Kuma/war” and “America’s Army 2: Special Forces” that are manufactured by American military organizations for recruiting American young people in military organizations. We found that antagonists’ appearance, names and cloths are used to represent Iranians and Muslims as terrorists. Political oppsitions between Iranian and Islamic countries with U.S.A are represented as protagenists’ missions

Maritime terrorism is one of the serious and complex threats that challenge global security. This type of terrorism carries out violent attacks with the aim of creating terror and disrupting maritime transport، international trade and coastal security. The need to deal with these threats at the international level is of great importance due to its wideranging effects. Coordinated and effective international actions، including the adoption of international laws and conventions، information exchange and multilateral cooperation، are necessary to prevent the spread and continuation of this type of terrorism. Therefore، the current research entitled "Combating maritime terrorism from the perspective of international law" has comprehensively investigated issues related to this issue with a descriptive-library approach. In this research، various issues such as the criminalization of maritime terrorism in international conventions، the nature of the crime of maritime terrorism and the jurisdiction of governments to combat it، the actions of international organizations in dealing with maritime terrorism and the international obligations of governments to prevent and suppress maritime terrorism are analyzed and investigated. has taken. The results of the research show that effectively dealing with maritime terrorism requires strengthening international laws، increasing coordination and cooperation between governments and international organizations، and effective implementation of international commitments. By providing scientific and practical solutions، this research can help to improve international efforts in the field of dealing with maritime terrorism.

The relationship between terrorist groups and organized criminal groups, which is known as the crime-terror nexus, has become an increasing concern for national and international peace and security. With the lack of financial resources, terrorist groups have prioritized participation in criminal activities as the best and easiest method of financing, and in addition, they benefit from cooperation with organized criminal groups.The nature, scope and forms of interactions between terrorist groups and drug trafficking groups are very complex and remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature, motives and content of the Nexus between these two criminal groups.

This research is a descriptive-analytical method using library and Internet resources, and is written by taking notes from analysts and studying related legal documents.There is no theoretical consensus regarding the form and nature of the nexus between terrorist groups and transnational organized criminal groups. The nexus between two groups is not the same all over the world and varies based on time and place and under the influence of environmental factors. What is certain is that this nexus is beneficial for both groups. In such an atmosphere, these groups benefit from each other based on mutual needs, and such a relationship proves a dangerous and destabilizing relationship. Although the international legal mechanisms to combat terrorism and transnational organized crime are independent of each other, dealing with the nexus between terrorism and transnational organized crime requires the simultaneous use and combination of international legal mechanisms against terrorism and organized crime in all Its types

In the era of globalization and advanced technology, terrorism is no longer limited by national or regional borders. By enlisting the help of cross-border allies and with connections to communications and financial networks, terrorists are usually able to organize and execute their terrorist activities anywhere. However, the insurgents succeeded and adapted to the global trend, the efforts and counter-terrorists remained national and national, and this enabled them to cooperate through the existing loopholes in the international system that was set up for prosecution and punishment.

The research methodology in this analytical research is descriptive, and by collecting information from books, articles and scientific sites, the role of police in pre-empting and combating terrorism has been explained.

we conclude that the police, as a force for maintaining peace and security, are based on a community-based policing approach, and by studying the history of terrorist activities, the use of public and specialized counter-terrorism strategies, the use of the capabilities of their specialized police, including: Police Interpol, Cyber Police, Information Police, Border Police, Special Units and Political Consultative Organizations, each of which have the expertise necessary to prevent and combat terrorism, and the future of terrorism and anti-terrorism methods will play an effective role in countering terrorism.

Jihad is a significant, fundamental basis of conviction in the Islamic World,whose implementation is based on fatwas and opinions,cited by the religious authorities to legitimize the action. Thus, views of the religious scholars had direct influence on social and historical developments,as issuing of a fatwa is tantamount to either a license or a roadmap to do a certain job.Today,Jihad has different dimensions to the extent that some may take it as assassination and terrorism, not the implementation of Godchr('39')s command. Some may also consider it as an obligatory order that must be implemented at the discretion of the scholars.This study simply seeks to clarify the borderlines and concepts of Jihad based on precise realization of the issue, divine verses of the Holy Quran and the Prophetchr('39')s manners,i.e.Prophetic Biography.It goes without saying that the opinion of Shiite and Sunni scholars are different on Jihad. Therefore, I have made a comparative study of the opinions of Shiite and Sunni scholars. Among the Sunnis,the author has referred to Muhammad Saeed Ramadan al-Buti and Yusuf al-Qaradawi,and among the Shiites,Allama Sheikh MuhammadMahdi Shams al-Din and the great Mufassir or commentator of the Qurchr('39')an,Allama SeyyedMohammadHussein Tabatabai were taken as the reference. The comparative study concluded that Shiite scholars had set limits to Jihad restricting it to a self-defense.However,SunniUlema had taken it as a necessity in any circumstances.Therefore,according to Shiite scholars, elementary Jihad is allowed only in the presence of the Infallible Imam,and among the Sunnis,the denial of the boundary between elementary and defensive jihad is raised.

Terrorism can be considered as a relatively complex phenomenon whose manifestations are constantly changing and this phenomenon has been closely related to the power system and power-oriented structures throughout history. Also, the advancement of technology has been able to transform the methods of crime detection, especially important crimes such as terrorist crimes. The European Union has made important achievements in this field, and on this basis, this research, we will discuss what effect does the advancement of technology have on the detection of crimes?

Regarding the criminalization of terrorism in the documents of the European Union, it should be said that the European Union tried to standardize the fight against terrorism in the field of criminal law by virtue of the European Union Treaty. The European Union's strategies in detecting terrorist crimes include legislative strategies in dealing with crimes, Europol's actions in detecting terrorist crimes, and Frontex actions. The legislative strategies in dealing with crimes include the adoption of the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (1977), the adoption of a common position policy in the fight against terrorism (2001) and the council's decision-making framework in the statistics of terrorist crimes. Also, Europol's actions in detecting terrorist crimes include the establishment of a laboratory with modern technology, the formulation of Europol's crime detection strategy (2020) and the actions of the European Union Border Management Organization (Frontex). Using modern technology, these institutions have been able to work efficiently in detecting crimes, especially terrorist crimes.

The extradition of terrorist criminals is one of the basic measures and strategies to deal with and pursue terrorist crimes. This research aims to explain and measure the approaches of police diplomacy as the most important strategy in the extradition of terrorist criminals in the light of legal and international standards has taken. 

A descriptive-analytical research method was conducted with a qualitative and documentary approach, in the documentary part, information was collected by using research sources, and in the qualitative part, through targeted interviews with 9 security police experts. The public and university professors regarding the approaches of police diplomacy in the extradition of terrorist criminals, their expert opinions have been obtained through the Delphi technique. 

The results of the research and the results of the Delphi interview indicate that, according to the experts, the basic approaches of law enforcement diplomacy are based on "exchange of training, knowledge and police experiences", "discourse creation and police negotiations", "intelligence-security, criminal cooperation and exchange of capacity-building capabilities" law enforcement of INTERPOL member countries" and "promotion of multilateral international cooperation in the field of dealing with organized and transnational crimes, especially the extradition of terrorist criminals". International system, facing the international environment and transnational, regional and international actors and activists, in addition to using the capacities of international law and international conventions on terrorist crimes, strategic and police mechanisms under the title of police diplomacy to extradite criminals to the country and police and judicial search. It has benefited and by applying this diplomacy with the authority of the international police, constructive effects and favorable achievements have been brought to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

the eastern border areas of Iran, due to the presence of factors such as poverty and deprivation of border residents on both sides of the border, geographical and geopolitical location of the borders, security instability and political tensions in Afghanistan, etc., in addition to insecurity and potential threats, cause violent movements. It has become a terrorist group. The purpose of the current research is the pathology of dealing with terrorist groups in the borders of Sabeb province.

the current research is practical in terms of its purpose; And in terms of nature, it is descriptive-survey. The statistical population includes all the commanders of border regiments and border posts of the Sub-Border Command, which was selected using the non-proportional multi-stage cluster sampling method in the number of 30 people. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire; For the validity of the questionnaire, face validity was used and Cronbach's alpha formula was used for its reliability, and the results show a good correlation (a>70%).

The findings indicate that the "guidance and command" variable ranks first with an average of (4.79); the "Equipment and facilities" variable with an average of (4.66) second place; the "Education" variable with an average of (3.77) ranks third; And the variable of "supervision and inspection" with an average of (2.17) ranks fourth in the direction of effectively dealing with terrorist groups.

education factors; Equipment and facilities; guidance and command; and the monitoring considered in the vulnerability of the marine and border units of Sistan and Baluchistan province are effective in dealing with terrorist groups. Therefore, commanders and managers should be extremely careful in upgrading the level of these components in border units.

To achieve their goals, terrorists need financial support and must somehow secure their financial resources. Since the beginning of the conflict in Syria in 2011, the Western and Arab countries supported the Syrian rebels, and the peak of this support was the recognition of the Syrian opposition coalition by 130 countries. With the emergence of ISIS, a new chapter began, and it was likely that the Western and Arab countries would not support them due to their terrorist activities, although the international coalition against ISIS was formed, but the evidence showed that some groups, governments, and countries supported this takfiri trend.

This article has been done in a descriptive-analytical way.

From the point of view of international documents, terrorism financing means providing all kinds of financial and technical resources, as well as any permanent and temporary facilities for terrorists, which are clear examples of governments supporting terrorism. Nevertheless, one of the criteria for explaining the criminal nature of terrorism from the perspective of international law is to identify the level of responsibility of states and individuals in financing.

extremism is a complex phenomenon that threatens public order and security at both national and international levels. Despite the adoption of tough measures such as resorting to military operations, criminalization, prosecution and punishment of criminals, this phenomenon is expanding as one of the most challenging threats. One of the most important means of spreading extremism is spreading extremist views in various ways, including through educational mechanisms.

In a descriptive-analytical way, this research deals with the issue of governments' commitments regarding education monitoring as a tool to curb the promotion of extremism in children.

In order to prevent extremism, it is necessary to provide measures to dry the roots of extremist thoughts and attract people to extremist ideologies and condemn these thoughts and actions. In this approach, education plays a significant role. For this reason, its prevention requires the adoption of comprehensive policies, consisting of hard and soft measures, of which prevention measures based on education are the most important. Education has a broader role and position than a human right in the framework of human rights obligations of governments. Therefore, considering the ability of education to influence extremism, it is necessary to redefine this institution based on the totality of governments' obligations beyond the obligation to respect the right to education.

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Although committing terrorist crimes is not a new topic. But the threats posed by this ominous phenomenon to various societies today have created a strong determination in national and international criminal policy to a purposeful fight against this transnational organized crime. Because, as a result of the spread of new technologies and the process of globalization of crime, significant changes have taken place in the nature and extent of this type of crime in the world. At present, the threats posed by terrorist acts do not fit into the framework of a given land and have become a global problem. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the developments of Iran's criminal law policy against organized crime of terrorism with the approach of globalization of crime.

The present study is theoretical in nature, purposeful, applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical research in terms of writing style. Data collection has been done through library study by referring to academic and electronic scientific resources.

that Iran's criminal law policy does not have effective and coherent mechanisms to combat the phenomenon of terrorism and the legislature has acted poorly in criminalizing and allocating independent legal material to this crime. However, in the judiciary, moharebeh and corruption on earth are considered as examples of terrorist operations. However, this lack of coordination in criminal and judicial criminal policy is not very pleasing to the Iranian judicial justice system. Of course, following the emphasis of the UN Security Council on the criminalization of terrorism (1373), the legislature in 1394 with the passage of the Anti-Terrorism Financing Law, criminalized terrorist acts and such crimes. However, this type of criminalization is not enough, and criminalization of terrorism is necessary in Iranian legislative policy as an independent crime.