جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مشهد" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Detailed abstractIn the Islamic civilization of past centuries, mosques played a central role in urban structures and social order. In Mashhad, one of the important Islamic cities, mosques around the shrine of Imam Reza (PBUH) served extensive social functions beyond their religious roles, influencing the economic, political, and cultural dimensions of society. However, with urban modernization, mosques have become institutions with limited religious functions, and their presence has diminished. This article analyzes the changing role of mosques in the secular social order since the 1990s, examining Western social theories, particularly the views of Talcott Parsons. Parsons presents a systemic theory of society, which includes economic, political, legal, and cultural subsystems, and analyzes social changes as an evolutionary process from primitive and undeveloped societies to modern and developed ones. He believes that as society’s transition from traditional religious systems to modern ones—characterized by increased specialization and relative independence of subsystems from a comprehensive religious order—greater freedom and development are achieved. In contrast, mosques in Islamic cities have historically played a central role in social, economic, and political activities. The significant vitality of these mosques has accompanied the evolution and development of Islamic cities, leading to an increase in their number. They have influenced governance and social affairs and played a key role in urban organization. Therefore, the traditional structure of Islamic cities, including Mashhad, stands in contrast to developmental theories such as those proposed by Parsons, leading to social conflicts, especially in the area surrounding the shrine of Imam Reza. Using a historical approach and a moderated version of Michel Foucault's genealogy, we analyze the findings regarding the evolution of the status and role of mosques in the area around the Razavi shrine. This research method includes identifying issues, analyzing Records, determining the zero point (the formation of Mashhad during the Timurid period), discovering discourses, analyzing points of rupture and genealogy, examining power and resistance, and critiquing the current situation. We investigate urban and mosque developments during different historical periods of Mashhad, including the Timurid, Safavid, Qajar, Pahlavi, and Islamic Republic eras, as well as the roles of various powers in shaping the city's structure. According to our findings, Mashhad initially formed around the holy shrine of Imam Reza during the Timurid era, developing with the establishment of four neighborhoods and the construction of buildings such as the Parizad School and the Grand Mosque. This period emphasized religious interactions and the formation of social institutions around the holy shrine. During the Safavid era, Mashhad became a scientific and religious hub, playing a significant role in pilgrimage and education through the construction of religious schools and infrastructure development. The city's neighborhoods expanded with the creation of Safavid Street (Upper and Lower Street) into six neighborhoods, with further development of the shrine's courtyards occurring during this period. With the two pilgrimage visits of Fath-Ali Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah, Mashhad's urban structure became more complete during the Qajar era, marked by an increased population and the development of welfare facilities, as well as growth in neighborhoods such as Noghan and Lower Street. However, modernization during the Pahlavi era, particularly with the "Hazrati Roundabout" project, physically separated the holy shrine from the urban fabric, leading to the demolition of many mosques, schools, and bazaars. This trend continued with the "Tash" modernization project in the 1990s, resulting in significant changes to Mashhad's urban structure. Prior to the Pahlavi era, mosques and religious institutions in Mashhad played a central role in social order and religious rituals, but with modernization, this role gradually diminished, reducing mosques to their minimal function of limited religious (worship) practices. During the second Pahlavi period, further modernization included more demolitions, the creation of green spaces around the shrine, the conversion of cemeteries into pathways, and the establishment of the Reza Bazaar, which led to reduced traditional cultural and religious connections. The new neighborhood, Arg, emerged during this period with a modern structure distinct from previous neighborhoods, where mosques were not the focal point of urban and neighborhood development. After the Islamic Revolution, it was expected that Mashhad's transformations would align more closely with Islamic principles. However, development programs since the 1990s continued to alter the city's structure, further diminishing the status of mosques and religious institutions in the new urban context. The Tash modernization project since 2008 has led to further destruction of the historical context and diminished the significance of mosques and husseiniyah. Currently, mosques and religious places occupy only a small percentage of the land around the shrine, threatening a significant portion of the historical and cultural identity of this area. In conclusion, Iran's social and urban transformations since the Qajar period, particularly in religious cities like Mashhad, have led to significant changes. The historical transformations of Mashhad demonstrate that the city's structure was initially centered around the Razavi shrine, maintaining its Islamic identity. However, since the Pahlavi era, with the separation of social and sacred matters and the expansion of secular institutions, a rupture in socio-cultural identity has occurred. Changes such as the creation of the Hazrati Roundabout and the establishment of new neighborhoods have weakened the connection between the shrine and mosques with other urban and social institutions. This article suggests that future research should examine the transformations of Mashhad's neighborhoods and the impact of modern urban planning on its Islamic identity. Practical recommendations for revitalizing the role of mosques in Mashhad include focusing on their social functions, defining cultural and economic activities within them, expanding mosque construction in new neighborhoods, increasing mosque opening hours, and redefining their active role in urban activities.

The objective of this study was to understand the narrative of marginalized women in the Al-Timur region of Mashhad about the problems they experience in daily life. Researchers' approach in conducting the study was text analysis method and semi-structured interview was utilized for data collection. To achieve the objectives of the study, 25 purposefully selected married women living in the area were interviewed and the text of the interviews was analyzed thematically. Through women's narratives of their lived experiences, problems in the public and private spheres were extracted as the main themes. Women's perceptions of their problems were also questioned and based on the findings, women had a fateful approach to problems. Regarding the causes of issues, the interviewed women women interviewed pointed to cultural, economic and structural variables, and finally, the types of women's reactions to their problems were questioned and it was found that Women engage in a variety of active and passive reactions.

As the most important type of building, the house has always had a special place in the eyes of architects and experts, and it has been discussed from different perspectives. From a long time ago, in the design of traditional houses in Iran, attention to the issue of climate and social and economic developments have been considered important factors in architecture. Residential architecture in the contemporary era has inevitably changed its shape under the influence of several factors, including the change of traditional to modern construction methods, and has moved from traditional introversion to modernist extroversion. In the historical neighborhoods of Mashhad, there are valuable houses that have been destroyed due to lifestyle changes, central tissue development plans, multiple owners, and migration of residents. Since the purpose of this article is to revive the lost patterns of residential architecture, the architecture of the houses of Mashhad during the Qajar period were investigated and evaluated and analyzed. Returning to the native housing patterns of Mashhad, examining the application of Iranian values ​​in the spatial arrangement, and reviving and re-creating this forgotten tradition, is the ultimate goal of the present project. The first step in achieving this goal is documenting the houses and collecting the necessary information in the form of photos, maps, and using written and oral sources. The research method in this study is a combination of interpretive-historical methods and case study, which was based on field observation, library studies and oral interviews to collect and analyze information about the houses of Mashhad. The current research focuses on the architecture of the historical houses of the Qajar period in Mashhad city, to recognize and typology of these houses and seeks to answer the main question, how was the spatial system of the traditional houses of Mashhad in the Qajar period formed? The findings of the research indicate that the houses of Mashhad are built with the architectural characteristics of cold and semi-arid climate, mainly introverted, and they can be classified based on the characteristics of the architectural space and the way the space is arranged around the yard. Many features of Mashhad's houses have somehow been coordinated with cultural, religious, economic and climatic variables. However, physical and spatial changes were made in the residential architecture of Mashhad during the Qajar period.

The artistic labor market is characterized by unique features such as job insecurity, low wages, and income instability. One of the most distinctive aspects, compared to conventional economic theories of the labor market, is the multiple job-holding among artists. Despite a growing body of literature in cultural economics that discusses this phenomenon, the determinants of multiple job-holding in the artistic and creative labor markets remain largely underexplored. It is of significance to note that the methodology of economics focuses on establishing a well-restricted framework of determinants, rather than listing all possible factors. This approach enables policymakers to effectively monitor and, if necessary, adjust a limited set of variables to achieve broader economic and social goals related to a particular phenomenon. This paper aims to identify the determinants of multiple job-holding among artists by analyzing the underlying infrastructures of the market for arts and cultural goods and services. The research question of this study is:Which market infrastructures significantly explain the variations in multiple job-holding among calligraphers?
Although the importance of examining this issue extends beyond the artistic and creative labor markets, fundamental changes in labor markets over recent decades have led to an increase in non-standard and precarious forms of work, such as temporary employment, multiple job-holding, project-based work, and involuntary self-employment. Therefore, understanding artists' experiences and their strategies for coping with precarious work is crucial for analyzing the broader labor market.

The present inquiry identifies the determinants of multiple job-holding among artists by examining the infrastructures of the art goods and services market through a literature review and interviews with experts. The data were collected via a researcher-designed questionnaire from 33 calligraphy artists residing in Mashhad. To establish a well-restricted framework of these determinants, one- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, controlling for the effect of the artist’s presence in a prosperous market. This approach clarifies which explanatory variable(s) serve as key determinants in explaining changes in the dependent variable. A notable advantage of this method is its ability to handle variables that are multi-ordered rather than simply binary. Additionally, ANOVA allows for both univariate analysis—testing the explanatory power of changes in a single independent variable—and bivariate analysis, which tests the impact of changes in two independent variables, both individually and in interaction with each other. Overall, the use of ANOVA, particularly in a two-way or, if necessary, multi-way design, enables the researcher to reduce the problem’s dimensions from numerous, potentially correlated, or causally related factors to a limited set of determining factors.

After accounting for the impact of an artist’s presence in a prosperous market, the vast majority of these infrastructures have independently demonstrated a significant ability to explain differences in the levels of multiple job-holding among calligraphers. Subsequently, with the aim of reducing the complexity of the issue and achieving a well-defined theoretical framework, a two-way ANOVA method was employed, leading to the identification of nine infrastructures as key determinants of multiple job-holding among artists from the 28 reviewed: copyright, access to credit, business startup costs, psychological income, declining demand for calligraphy, the share of government commissions, differences between primary and secondary market characteristics, market thinness, and the role of exhibitions, festivals, and expos.
The findings indicate significant two-way interactions between many of these determinants and the demand-side infrastructures of the market, as well as between financial development and the development of art market infrastructures. There is also a notable interaction between the psychic income derived from artistic activities—often cited as the primary reason artists accept non-artistic jobs—and the market structure, as well as between the declining use of calligraphy and the underdeveloped business environment in explaining artists' multiple job-holding. Additionally, the share of government demand emerges as the most significant factor in explaining artists' multiple job-holding. The marked disparity between the level of institutional development in the mass market versus the deep-pocket market, the extreme thinness of the calligraphy market—even compared to other art markets—and the lack of frequent specialized expos further intensify the incentives for artists to take on multiple jobs.

Empirical evidence highlights several determinants of multiple job-holding among artists: the demand-driven nature of these determinants, the weak real-financial mutual linkages (both on the supply side and the demand side of financial services), the connection between market structure infrastructures and psychic income, the exacerbation of negative effects due to the declining use of calligraphy in an underdeveloped business environment, the allocation of government demand without a pre-announced rule, the underdeveloped institutional environment of the mass market, market thinness, and the lack of participation in specialized expos. To address the issue of multiple job-holding among artists, the development of demand-side infrastructures should be prioritized in any agenda for art market development. Additionally, enhancing financial instruments and institutions for development finance in the arts, improving the business environment, reducing barriers to market entry, refining regulations and procedures of the Iran Calligraphers Association to reduce labor market frictions for members, ensuring a fairer distribution of government demand among artists (particularly benefiting young artists in the mass market), and holding specialized expos periodically can all contribute to improving the labor market situation for artists.

Learning a second language opens a window to new cultures and ideas and has long attracted scholars’ attention in education and second language learning disciplines. Despite the importance of learning a second language, research on the history and evolution of its teaching and learning has largely been limited to European countries. The history of teaching the French language in Iran, particularly in the city of Mashhad, has been overlooked by researchers in the fields of language education and history. The teaching of French in Iran dates back to the Qajar era, yet studies have not addressed its status in Mashhad. Examining the historical evolution of language learning offers insight into past strategies and approaches, as language education has been carried out using various methods and techniques. This study, with a focus on the teaching and instruction of French in Mashhad, employs historical research methods and utilizes various sources, including written documents and press, to answer the following questions:What factors have influenced the teaching and spread of French in Mashhad?
Since when and how had French been taught in Mashhad?
Who played a role in making French the dominant foreign language in this city?
Who were the most prominent French language teachers in Mashhad, and what was their contribution to this process?

This research is conducted using qualitative documentary and historical methods. The study delves into the topics through an in-depth examination of primary and secondary sources. The primary sources of this research include reports from Mashhad newspapers such as Bahar, Nowbahar, Tazehbahar, Shahamat, Azadi, Aftab Shargh, Fekr Azad, Habl al-Matin Khorasan, and Hirmand. Additionally, unpublished documents from the Astan Quds Razavi archive center were utilized.
 

The spread of the French language in Mashhad began during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, when local rulers employed French teachers to educate their children. Notably, Messieurs Ducroix and Cesari were hired for this purpose. Although the impact of this teaching approach was limited to a small number of individuals, it nonetheless paved the way for a broader familiarity with the French language. By the late Qajar period, French was being taught in schools. From the mid-Qajar era, French played an active role in Iran’s cultural landscape, and French gained significant importance in the country’s educational system. The establishment of the Dar ul-Funun, the sending of students to France, the Iranian elite’s interest in French, and government policies all contributed to French maintaining its status in Iran until the end of the first Pahlavi period. The presence of French and Belgian advisors was a key factor in the spread of the language. Belgian involvement, particularly by Monsieur Lelo, played a crucial role in the expansion of French in Mashhad.
As a key language in commercial, administrative, and financial fields, French saw a significant increase in public and private education in Mashhad. One of the earliest initiatives was the French language classes for adults conducted by Michel Petros. Alongside foreign teachers, some Iranians also began offering private instruction. Sheikh Ali Akbar Khorasani established the Free Public Education class, and Alireza Amoozgar organized adult classes for foreign languages. During the Pahlavi era, even women had access to adult education classes, with Talat al-Molouk Daftari’s class being one example. These classes emphasized speaking, writing, and translation skills. Following the arrival of Russian immigrants in Mashhad after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, individuals like Mrs. Antipov and E. Ovnovitch began offering private French language classes. This trend was continued by some educated Iranians, with institutions like Golshan, led by Nasrollah Yaghoubzadeh, and the Khorasan Guide Advertising Institute, managed by Mohammadreza Khorasani, teaching French. Later, schools such as the Novin School, Houshang Shafahi School, and Ziaei School also offered French language instruction. Proficiency in French significantly improved job prospects and employment in the private sector.
With the establishment of modern schools from the late Qajar period, French was incorporated into the curriculum of schools in Mashhad. Teachers such as Monsieur Abdolreza, Monsieur Mohammad Khan, and Jean Natal taught at Rahimiyeh School. From October 1929, the Ministry of Education also hired French teachers. Messieurs Leo and Maraval were employed to teach French at Danesh School and the Astaneh School. Some graduates from France also signed contracts with the Department of Education. From late 1934, the Armenian teacher Gorgian taught French in various high schools across the city. French was the only foreign language taught at Shahreza School, with prominent teachers like Mirza Seyed Ali Khan Nasr, Mirza Hassan Khan Kiani, Seyed Mehdi Khan Nasr, Mirza Ali Akbar Khan Mazini, Abdolali Khan Saberi Shirvani, Mirza Ali Khan Soltani, and Nazarbeikian.
French language education for girls in Mashhad also began during the Pahlavi period, with European and Iranian teachers hired to teach French. Among the first female teachers in Mashhad were Iran Khanum and Touran Khanum Saghafi, daughters of Moghbel al-Saltaneh, who graduated from France. In addition to teaching in girls’ schools, Russian immigrants also taught French in private classes. Prominent female teachers in Mashhad included Aliyeh Sharmini and Juliette Gorgian. By the end of the first Pahlavi period, students were able to deliver speeches and perform plays in French. French was also taught in religious schools like Fazeliyeh Jafari and Navvab. Due to the students’ lack of proficiency, the Department of Education even organized supplementary classes. French language exams were among the subjects with the highest failure rates, reflecting the challenges of teaching a foreign language in religious schools.
 

The teaching of the French language in Mashhad can be divided into three main phases. In the first phase, during the Qajar period, French had not yet become widespread, and private classes were primarily geared towards commercial and touristic purposes for the aristocracy and merchants. Foreign employees played a significant role in the spread of the French language, and by the late Qajar period, private classes were offered by Russian immigrants and press offices to adults. In the second phase, with the establishment of modern schools from the late Qajar period, the teaching of French gained more momentum. With the implementation of a unified educational system in Iran from 1929 onward, French was taught as a foreign language in Mashhad, and teachers of French, Armenian, and Iranian descent were employed.
In the third phase, French became deeply integrated into the educational system of Mashhad, securing a significant place in both girls' and boys’ schools, whether public or religious. Aliyeh Sharmini and Madame Gorgian were among the most prominent French teachers at Shahreza Girls’ High School. French language education also began in religious schools such as Fazeliyeh Jafari and Navvab from 1934. This focus on French language learning sparked an interest in translation, with most translations being done from French. However, after September 1941, with the extensive activities of the Iran-Britain Council and the Iran-America Cultural Relations Association in establishing English language classes in Mashhad, and the shift in the country’s educational language from French to English, the dominant language in Mashhad’s schools also changed to English.

The issue of bread and its shortage is one of the main factors of unrest during the Naseri and Mozaffari eras. Mashhad is one of the cities where bread riots occurred twice (in 1942 and 1945). This study focuses on a poetic manuscript about the bread crisis in Mashhad called "The Uprising of the People and the Honor of Modesty" (1942). Initially, the history of the bread crisis during the Qajar period is examined, followed by an analysis of the content of the manuscript, critique, and necessary explanations based on other sources. This research includes three main questions: the manuscript characteristics of the work in question, the most influential factors on bread riots during the Qajar period, and the informational value of the introduced manuscript. The research method involves library research, and the manuscript is reviewed for its manuscript characteristics and manuscript studies. The research findings indicate that this manuscript is the only poetic manuscript about bread riots in Iran. Some of the information it contains about the bread crisis in Mashhad is not found in other sources of this period and includes new information about the formation and spread of protests, the instigators, and the outcomes, making it possible to better analyze the different aspects of this event.

In the early 20th century, Iran entered a period of development in all areas, especially in the economy. The rapid establishment of factories led to significant changes in urban spaces and had many consequences. One of the industries that received attention and was a symbol of progress for the Pahlavi government (1921-1941) was the sugar industry, which broke free from Russia's monopoly through relentless efforts. Among them, the Abkooh Sugar Factory, as the largest industrial unit, was established in Mashhad and had a significant impact on its surrounding geography. The aim of this research is not to examine the economic history of the Abkooh Sugar Factory. This article, using documentary and library sources and historical research methods, seeks to highlight the role of this factory in the development in the first 20 years of its establishment in the city of Mashhad, and to assess the primary and secondary outcomes of founding this industrial unit. In the first step, the Abkooh Sugar Factory, by producing maximum sugar and its by-products, heavily restricted sugar imports into the country, ensured production growth and independence, facilitated road construction, and created urban security. On the other hand, in the long run, it exacerbated the issue of water scarcity in the Khorasan region, ultimately leading the mentioned industrial unit to further pollute the environment.

Violence against women is a significant global public health issue that affects women throughout their lives and increases the risk of various adverse health outcomes. This research examines the experiences of 20 married women living in the informal settlement of Al-Timor, Mashhad. It explores various types of domestic violence, the context and consequences of spousal violence, and the victims' reactions and coping mechanisms. Four general types of violence were identified: physical, emotional and psychological, sexual, and economic violence. Regarding the factors contributing to violence at home, the women studied cited gender norms, emotional breakdowns, addiction, mental health issues, and economic pressures. According to the interviewees, the consequences of violence include ongoing conflict and tension between spouses and the negative impact of the husband's behavior on children, including emotional and psychological harm.Regarding how women cope with violence, the findings indicate that those affected often adopt passive responses such as endurance, relying on religious beliefs and trust, and concealing or ignoring the violence. Active responses, such as seeking reciprocity, engaging in dialogue with their spouse, and attempting to address the situation, are rare.

Abbas Ali Pasban Razavi is among the cultural and book publishing figures in the city of Mashhad. By establishing the "Bastan Bookstore," which remains under the same name to this day, he has provided significant services to the cultural community in this city and Iran through book sales and publications. In this article, the author, while taking a partial look at the bookstores in Mashhad during the Qajar period and the beginning of the first Pahlavi era, examines Pasban's activities, including the establishment of Pasban Bookstore, the Book Publishing Institute, and the publication of "Bastan."

The results of implementing regeneration policies in the field of organizing deteriorated fabrics have necessitated the need to assess its sustainability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the sustainability of regeneration of urban deteriorated fabrics and assess it in Abkooh neighborhood. First, through library studies and application of content analysis method, the initial theoretical model of the research was developed, then Delphi technique was used to validate it. Thus, 32 indicators for assessing the sustainability of urban regeneration in five components, including economic, physical, activity-service, socio-cultural and environmental were obtained. In the next step, sustainability assessment indicators were analyzed and evaluated by survey method in the study area. The present study population consisted of all residents of Abkooh neighborhood, which 355 people were selected by simple random sampling as the research sample. The results show that in the process of regenerating the deteriorated fabric of Abkooh neighborhood, all components of sustainability are in their unstable conditions, which the socio-cultural, economic, physical, activity-service and environmental components have the highest to lowest instability, respectively. Also, the indicators of achieving stability in the process of regenerating the deteriorated fabric of Abkooh were evaluated and prioritized, including the indicators of "maintaining the balance of the housing market" in the economic component, "permeability" in the physical component, "land use compatibility" in the activity-service component, "participation" in the socio-cultural component and "access to green space" in the environmental component have the highest priority.

Tourism is one of the global issues that well expresses the combination of economic, social and cultural affairs. This study aimed to investigate the driving factors of the mixed marketing on the desire for shopping among pilgrims and tourists who stay in 3- and 5-star hotels in Mashhad. Different measures of central tendency were used to describe descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for inferential statistics. The number of religious tourists in Mashhad have been reported to be 31,188,664 people, so out of the population, 9,792,252 resided in 3-star hotels and 776,552 resided in 5-star hotels. The sample size was determined 380 participants according to Cochran’s formula. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. In analysis of structural equations, the proposed model for investigating the relationship between marketing stimuli and pilgrims buying behavior presents fit indices. The results showed that mixed marketing factors have an effect on individual factors (occupation, economic status and personality). To change consumers’ buying behavior, as the first priority, psychological factors such as attitude, motivation and purpose of purchase should be taken into consideration and as the second priority, socio-cultural factors such as education, family, and social roles should be considered. The third priority was to simultaneously pay attention to individual factors such as job factors, economic status and personality, and mixed marketing driving factors such as product, price, promotion and distribution in Mashhad. This way, it could impact positively the quality of travel, the image of city as tourist-friendy city, and increase the number and quality of travels.

Scavengering is one of the hobbies of citizens and officials. In order to solve this problem, it seems necessary to know the roots and causes that have created this problem and contributed to its expansion and survival. For this purpose, this study, in a descriptive and analytical way, sought to identify and prioritize effective factors in the formation and development of garbage collection in Mashhad city. The required data was collected in the first stage through interviews with 20 experts. The limit of this number was determined based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. Data coding was done with the qualitative content analysis method and with the help of Atlas ti software. The results led to the identification of 12 main categories. In the next step, in order to prioritize these factors, the triangular fuzzy method was used. The findings showed that the factors affecting littering are: Access to garbage, legal vacuum, high benefits, poverty, unemployment, addiction, illegal immigration, inconsistency of devices, municipal income intervention, power mafia, social acceptance and lifestyle. Based on this, if these conditions are resolved in a suitable way, a significant part of these problems will be resolved.Key words: Scavengering, Illegal immigration, lifestyle, social acceptance, Mashhad.  Identification and Prioritization of Influential Factors in Scavengering With Using Mixed Method (Case Study Mashhad)Rostam Saberifar[1]Associate Professor, Payam –e– Noor University, Tehran, IranExtended Abstract 

Scavengering is one of the hobbies of citizens and officials. In order to solve this problem, it seems necessary to know the roots and causes that have created this problem and contributed to its expansion and survival. The present study was also carried out in this direction. This study has pursued two main goals. First, the factors affecting the formation and expansion of the phenomenon of scavengering were identified. In the next step, these factors have been prioritized. In fact, the main effort was to find a suitable answer to the question, what are the factors influencing the formation of the phenomenon of scavengering? And which factors have the highest effects and their control can speed up the management of this problem.

This study was based on the practical purpose and in terms of the type of method, it was in the field of survey-type descriptive studies. The approach of the present study was mixed. Qualitative data was obtained from a sample of 20 people and for a small part of 50 participants. The target sample was selected by snowball method. The collected data were analyzed by combining qualitative and quantitative methods with the help of Atlas ti software. Based on this, the present study was carried out on two levels, including the identification of the factors and areas of occurrence and expansion of the phenomenon of scavengering and the prioritization of the identified factors. The main factors were identified using semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the data obtained from the interview was coded using the qualitative content analysis method. The participants in this survey in the qualitative part were university professors and researchers who had studies or experiences in the field of garbage and garbage collection. The validity of the relative content of the questionnaire of this study was estimated to be 71% by using the expert opinions of ten people informed about the research. Also, the correlation of the answers based on the test-post-test method was obtained at the rate of 79%, which brought the reliability of the questionnaire.

The findings showed that the most effective factor in garbage collection is access to existing garbage. The next effective factor, whose role and position in the occurrence of scavengering and its spread was confirmed in this study, was legal loopholes in the control and management of scavengering. The variable of high benefits has taken the third place among the factors affecting scavengering in Mashhad. Among the prioritized factors in this survey, poverty has been assigned the fourth place. In this study, unemployment was determined to be another factor affecting scavengering in Mashhad. Addiction, as a serious problem of today's society, was also influential in the category of scavengering. Because a significant part of the garbage collectors have entered this area only to supply the drugs they need. Maybe this is the reason why in this study, the addiction factor has been assigned the sixth place. Indiscriminate immigration is one of the most important factors that has caused many of the current urban disturbances. In this study, it was found that this factor ranks seventh. Finally, the 8th and 12th positions in the continuation and development of garbage collection are respectively assigned to these factors. Inconsistency of institutions, municipal income intervention, power mafia, social acceptance and lifestyle. In general, in the current situation, the gap between income and quality of life among citizens has widened. This factor has created two completely different worlds among the residents of the same city. When the poor see the created income gap, they feel so disgusted. As a result, this group is willing to do anything to free themselves from the created conditions. In this situation, they either commit violent crimes or at least collect and sell abandoned valuables. In this way, they try to provide the minimum of life for themselves and their families. In fact, the consumption of the benefits proposed by Veblen, Dusenberry and Maslow for the rich has produced a lot of waste and discarded consumable goods. Poverty, unemployment and the inability to provide the basic necessities of life for the poor group have forced them to gather these tools and materials for daily consumption or sale through scavenging. These conditions have also caused that scavengering is not limited, but its dimensions and scope are increasing every day.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize factors affecting the formation and expansion of scavengering. Based on this, the current study was carried out at two levels including the factors affecting the formation and prioritization of these factors. The findings showed that the most effective factor in this process is access to existing waste. In fact, if there is no garbage available, there is no point in picking garbage. In other words, the organizations in charge of waste management and control cannot collect waste properly and dispose of it in a timely manner. For this reason, needy or profit-seeking people can easily access these materials and collect them and sell them. Therefore, as long as garbage is available and can be easily collected, garbage collection will continue. Based on this, the results of the current research, in line with other researches conducted in this field, showed that scavengering is a multidimensional phenomenon. For this reason, this problem cannot be solved by emphasizing one of these dimensions. In fact, scavengering is a problem that has challenged all effective organizations in urban management, and its solution depends on the presence of all these organizations.

By increasing role of cities as the core of communication in global governance, efficient urban diplomacy as a tool for the development of economic, cultural, scientific, religious, health relations in order to secure urban and national interests has become more significant. Among the cities of Iran, Mashhad, with its cultural-religious background and distinct geographical location, has multiple functions and opportunities in urban diplomacy, which makes it necessary to have targeted urban policy making in this region. Therefore, in this study, the focus group method has been used to identify and prioritize desirable goals and policies in the Mashhad urban diplomacy based on its main problems. The findings indicate that the goals and policies aimed at solving internal problems (problems related to the lack of knowledge and wisdom, the disorder of political economy and conservative centralist governance) have more priority in the formation of successful and progressive urban diplomacy in Mashhad compared to the policies aimed at solving externally problems that imposed by international sanctions. Also among the policies related to internal problems, the policies aimed at self-awareness regarding the capacities and opportunities of Mashhad (such as “Creating appropriate communication contexts and platforms for the mutual recognition of cultural, scientific and economic actors regarding common capacities and opportunities”, “Improving the level of awareness and recognition of citizens to the historical background of Mashhad and its diverse cultural and economic capacities and resources”, “presenting a coherent narrative of the city" and etc.) are of higher importance in urban diplomacy.

The expansion of the Internet and its undeniable impact on society, as the main new communication medium, has a fundamental role in social interactions. The purpose of this research is the dependence of students on the Internet caused by communication with their peers. This research was done with an emphasis on the theory of dependence on the Internet and the approach of peer socialization. 396 people have been selected as the sample size in the secondary schools of the 2nd and 3rd education districts of Mashhad, based on the Cochran formula. Random multi-stage cluster sampling and standardized questionnaire were used. The total alpha level was equal to 0.863 and the convergence validity level was equal to 0.650. The results showed that the average status of the research variables was moderate and some Its dimensions are moderate to low. The main hypothesis of communication with peers with the level of dependence on the Internet is 0.484. A significant relationship with moderate intensity is obtained between the sub-hypotheses with the dependent variable and a significant relationship with low intensity. According to the regression beta, the relationship type and quality components have a significant relationship with the dependent variable at an error level of less than 0.05, and the independent variable and its dimensions have explained about 39.3% of the changes in the dependent variable. As a result, communication with peers, with an emphasis on the type of relationships and its quality, can lead to the strengthening of dependence on the Internet, therefore

Quality of urban life is considered a major area in urban studies in different countries and attention to its multiple social, environmental and economic dimensions has been enhanced due to its role as a key component in urban management and planning and, in general, determining the extent of city livability.Quality of urban life is an effort to provide appropriate and accessible urban services to all in the context of sustainable development. Informal suburban settlements are areas whose pace of physical development and socio-economic prosperity is not in line with other urban areas and the quality of life in them is at a low level for various reasons. These settlements generally lack the adequate basic infrastructure of urban life and the residents of these areas do not have a satisfactory quality of life compared to the formal districts of the city. The objective of this study was to compare the perceived quality of urban life in families living in informal settlements with residents of formal areas of Mashhad. To accomplish this, the theory introduced by "Lee" on four dimensions of economic, social, environmental and physical components of quality of life as the basis of sustainable urban development was used., a sample of 630 heads of households in the twelve districts of Mashhad were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The results show that the overall average of the quality of life index is 2.90 in the range of one to four, but there are differences between the two groups. The residents of formal settlements compared to the residents of informal settlements have a more positive assessment of the quality of their urban life in the three dimensions studied condition (Mean 3 versus 2.74 respectively) they. Comparison of general indicators of social dimension (social solidarity, sense of place attachment, informal participation in the neighborhood affairs, sense of family well-being and sense of security in the neighborhood) indicates the same assessment of both groups of respondents. It is only the informal participation in which residents of informal areas have a more positive assessment of their quality of life. The results indicate that there is relationship between the degree of development of urban areas and people perceived quality of urban life.

Due to the legal or illegal recruitment of Afghan immigrant children in the country's educational system, there is still a dropout rate in these children. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the challenges of the Afghan immigrant children who have dropped out of school in Mashhad, in the form of a qualitative research. A narrative research method has been used to obtain the narrative of the lives of school dropouts. The statistical population of the study included Afghan immigrant children who had dropped out of school and lived in Mashhad. Data was collected through interviews with 20 children until reaching theoretical data saturation. Then, the narratives of each of the children were extracted and their narratives and processes were identified based on common patterns. To identify the challenges of the Afghan immigrant children out of school, the research findings showed that 1- Traditional and religious culture, whether in the acceptance of the religious role by the child or compulsorily by the family, causes the child to miss school; 2- The child's anxiety caused by the experience of war is the second factor that affects the process of her dropping out of school; 3- Labeling a child a delinquent by school officials makes a child proud, who considers delinquency a sign of masculinity. This is due to the subculture in which he grew up and caused him to drop out of school; 4. Due to the departure of the father from the cycle of head of the household due to addiction and disability, the children are studying or due to coercion or sacrifice, leave school and enter the labor market; 5. Among the child's relatives, the existence of unsuccessful educational patterns in Iran and successful non-educational patterns of immigrants migrating to European countries cause the child's family to consider his education useless. The child's educational motivation is lost, her desire to migrate is strengthened, and eventually the child leaves school; 6- A child who studied in Afghanistan and immigrated to Iran in the middle of the school year due to insecurity in Afghanistan is not accepted in the entrance exam of Iranian schools and degrades to lower levels of education because of the lack of educational compatibility between Iran and Afghanistan. In this way, the child's motivation to study is lost and causes him to stop studying.

Today, the evolution of methods of warfare and the development of weapons add to the need of increasing defense methods, including attention to the requirements of passive defense in order to increase the defense power of combat units. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of comparative study of combat garrisons stationed in the northeastern regional of ground force from the perspective of passive defense. Considering the location of some units of this base in the border provinces, having major forces and military resources and the special importance of these units, observing the requirements of passive defense, will have a significant impact on increasing their defense power. Therefore, in this descriptive-analytical study, the importance of 10 passive defense indices selected by library studies was compared by 20 military experts in the Likert spectrum and then evaluated by Macbeth technique, due to protective consideration, they have been analyzed by coding. The results of this technique emphasize the importance of scatter and camouflage indices more than other indices. The application of these criteria, considering their coefficient of importance in the Prometheus method, showed that the 37 M Brigade is in a very good position in terms of observing passive defense indicators. 15 Sh and 27 Q brigades are also acceptable. But the brigades of 25 ch, 17 T, 38 T and 23 G are facing a crisis in terms of passive defense.

As the most prominent theorist of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Ali Shariati lived a life which involves many untold aspects to date. His life embraced a considerably vast pubic arena, as he intended. Shariati had an exile-like separation from Mashhad Faculty of Letters and Humanities; subsequently, he settled in Hosseinieh Ershad. These events have been important, yet vague incidents in his life according to his friends and rivals. Using the Grounded Theory and data collected from oral interviews and SAVAK documents, the present study attempts to consider the resulting sensitive keywords as ‘signs’. Next, these signs are used to achieve ‘categories’ and finally, offer a set of ‘classes’ regarding the life of Shariati during such an important stage of his life. This period of his life should be understood under four major classes which include: a) the paperwork regarding the end of Shariati’s presence in the faculty; b) the beginning of his connection to Hosseinieh Ershad; c) lecturing in Hosseinieh Ershad; and d) his retirement from the faculty and the closing of Hosseinieh Ershad.

Adopting a comparative-historical approach, this study examines the impact of Waqf institution on development in Mashhad and the factors that weaken or strengthen this impact in the three historical periods of Timurid, Safavid and Pahlavi. In the theoretical framework, while referring to the theories of functionalism and structuralism, by using the new institutionalist in economic sociology approach, a three-level causal model is presented to examine the factors that weaken or strengthen the impact of waqf institution on development. This model was tested by using narrative analysis, Mills Methods of agreement and dispute at two levels within the case and between the cases. The results indicate that strengthening or weakening the impact of waqf institution on development in Mashhad in the studied periods depend on the institutional environment of waqf, the performance of endowment trustees and endowment trustee organizations in maintaining and developing endowments and intentions and motivations of waqifs. In the Timurid and Safavid periods, due to the existence of an institutional environment supporting waqf, the effective performance of waqf trustees and organizations and strengthening the spiritual motivations of waqifs and further influencing their intentions, the impact of waqf institution on development of Mashhad has also been strengthened, whereas, in the Pahlavi period, due to the lack of an institutional environment supporting the endowment, malfunction of endowment trustees and endowment trustee organizations and weakening the spiritual motivations of the waqifs and reducing the effectiveness of their intentions, this effect has been weakened.