سوره ممتحنه

The government regulates the relations between nations and foreign policies, but it is not possible without communication with the people. Political training means that the members of the society are raised in such a way that firstly they strive to achieve and establish a government based on Islam, and secondly, after the achievement of such a government, they are the best political members of that society to achieve the ideals and legitimate goals of the government and are able to analyze the domestic and foreign political issues and deny tyrannical rule. This research has been done with a descriptive analytical method to investigate the Quranic words related to political training with an emphasis on foreign relations in verses 1 to 9 of Surah al-Momtahenah, considering the most important Shi’a and Sunni exegeses and the teachings of political jurisprudence. The results and findings of the research show that the verses of the Qur'an as well as the Prophet's manner in treaties, letters, etc., in the context of establishing relations with other and non-Muslim societies, indicate that Islam is a religion of communication, but it has set limits for these communications. The principles derived from the opening verses of Surah al-Momtahenah in the field of foreign relations are: the principle of model selection in relationships, avoiding friendship and trusting the enemies of God, not trusting the enemy with intelligent and careful planning, not preferring personal interests over the interests of the Islamic society, the companionship of spirituality and politics in foreign relations and the principle of attraction in foreign relations. The methods of implementing these principles are often cognitive methods, providing insight and strengthening rationalism, which are used along with behavioral methods such as learning lessons, tolerance and model selection.

The purpose of the present study is to review the pathology of friendship with Kuffār (disbelievers) in the Islamic Society and finding resolutions for that based on Sūrah Mumtahinah using thematic analysis. The basic, organizing, general, and final themes in Sūrah Mumtahinah were extracted from the Qur’anic verses and vocabularies in order to discover the themes using thematic analysis. It was determined that the dominant general themes in this Sūrah discourage friendship with disbelievers and encourage obedience to the divine rules in terms of relationship between Muslims and Kuffār. Accordingly, the final theme that is self-esteem and distrust to the enemy was introduced. Moreover, in this regard and with respect to Birā’at jūyī (loathing), the Islamic society faces various moral damages such as the domination of sentiments and extremism in political-social domains so for releasing the Islamic society from such challenges, God Almighty has stated some guidelines like the model of Majesty Ibrāhīm (s) and justice to resolve this problem.

One of the oldest Quranic scholars' disagreement in arranging the verses of Quranic chapters is to be detained and individual reasoning (Ijtihad). By qur’anic narrative and intellectual reasons have been proved that all of Quranic verses have been arranged as detained. Although some believes to individual reasoning the arrangement of the qur’anic verses have known a few verses as the Companions' individual reasoning, some Quranic verses have mentioned by virtue of this individual reasoning. Also, surah Mumtahanah has been the most prominent  instances in their viewpoint because descent order of these verses is in contrary with detained its verses arrangement. A descriptive-analytic method has been applied to extract cohesion in order to prove coherence the verses of surah Mumtahanah. The level of coherence of surah Mumtahanah will be discussed based on Halliday and Hassan's theory which it emphasizes on the relation between sentences in the text, and also, a logical relationship among words and phrases. Meanwhile it is proved that the arrangement of the verses of surah Mumtahanah is not individual reasoning by virtue of studying cohesion in addition to the unity of its subject, i. e. Islamic laws as Tavalla, Tabarra, and to avoid friendship between believers and disbelievers. Surah Mumtahanah places after surah Ahzab in terms of its history. It is descended in the late of 6th year before Mecca triumph in 8th year(A.H.). therefore, there is not any difference in arrangement of descending its verses.