semantics

In Imami and non-Imam narrative sources, there are narratives that indicate the lack of women's intellect. These hadiths, along with derogatory literature, have raised a serious challenge for Muslim thinkers, especially in recent decades. Although some answers have been given to these doubts, these answers have not been so satisfactory until today. In order to understand the hadith, it is necessary to first analyze the words carefully and analyze their semantic relations with other words in the narrations, so that a correct understanding of the word can be obtained in terms of cognates and semantic contrasts. With a semantic approach, this article examines the word 'Aql' in such narratives and tries to clarify the meaning of 'Aql' in these hadiths. The word 'Aql' does not mean wisdom and logical understanding, but the modern meaning of emotional intelligence, self-control and self-management against emotions. It includes anger and rage. Emotional intelligence, emotional intelligence or emotional intelligence includes knowing and controlling one's own and others' emotions.

A precise and profound understanding of Qur’anic vocabulary serves as a gateway to comprehending divine knowledge and Qur’anic guidance. In the Qur’an, God associates the lack of contemplation on its meanings with the hardness of souls, underscoring the critical importance of studying the semantics of Qur’anic vocabularies. As a jurist, philosopher, and Qur’anic exegete, Imam Khamenei employs a deep and systematic approach to uncovering the semantic layers of Qur’anic terminology. He has introduced new, precise, and profound interpretations for several commonly used Qur’anic vocabularies—meanings that are rarely found in the works of other translators and Qur’anic exegetes. Extracting, clarifying, and analyzing these interpretations contribute to a more accurate, comprehensive, and profound understanding of Qur’anic concepts. By examining various instances of Imam Khamenei’s Qur’anic vocabulary interpretations—through his speeches and exegetical discussions—this study presents a practical model for deeper engagement with Qur’anic vocabulary. Adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research reviews the works, speeches, and discussions of Imam Khamenei to extract the Qur’anic terms he has interpreted and to analyze his unique insights into their meanings. The findings of the study reveal that Imam Khamenei has provided new and profound meanings for several frequently occurring Qur’anic terms, including: Taqwa (piety), Ṣabr (patience), Muqāwamah (resistance), Intiẓār (awaiting), ‘Adl (justice), Bāṭil (falsehood), Tawḥīd (monotheism), Imān (faith), Ṭāghūt (tyrannical authority), Bara’a (disavowal), Wilāyah (guardianship), Mustaḍ’af (oppressed), Istikbār (arrogance), Tazkiyah (purification), Ashidda’ (firmness), Infāq (charitable spending), Ṣirāt al-Mustaqīm (the straight path), Kāfir (disbeliever), Mushrik (polytheist), and Ẓālim (oppressor). For instance, Taqwa is defined as "arming oneself against sin," Ṣabr as "steadfastness and perseverance," Tawḥīd as "exclusive servitude to God in all aspects of life," Ṭāghūt as "a tyrannical power that defies God," and Wilāyah as "the bond and connection among believers toward achieving a common goal."

One of the characteristics of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in the Holy Qur'an is the subjugation of "isr" and "aghalal": . The present study, in a descriptive-comparative manner, deals with the morphological-syntactic role of the words "Asr" and "Aghlal", semantics based on companionship relations, and then expresses the views of the commentators of the two sects.The findings of this study indicate that semantically, the word "asr" has a kind of weight and weight with it and the word "aghal" has four meanings: 1- esoteric-internal chains, 2- shackles and external chains 3- heavy tasks 4 - It is an allusion to power and restraint. In Shiite commentaries, the word "urgency" has two meanings, "heavy burdens" and "special sin" meaning ignorance of the Imam, but Sunni commentaries have considered it only to mean "heavy burdens of the Jewish people". This meaning is confirmed by the evidence inside and outside the text. Also, Shiite commentators explain the word "aghal" in five meanings: a) "hard duties" b) lack of understanding and understanding of blessings, heretical affairs and interpretation by opinion, c) assignments and various exams of the children of Israel and f) "chains of air and desires" Knowledge; However, all Sunni interpretations have made it mean that "the same hard tasks are chained", which in the opinion of the authors is not compatible with the principle of economics of word usage, non-repetition and the need to pay attention to semantic differences and instances of insistence.

Metaethics, as the rational foundation of ethics, is a sub-branch of philosophy and one of the genitive philosophies. This knowledge studies ethics with a perspective-rational view and with an external approach and discusses its conceptual and affirmative principles. Some of its most important issues are: semantics of moral concepts, epistemology of moral propositions, ontology of moral propositions and the like. Based on self-founded and secular rationality, the method in this science is completely philosophical and rational. But based on Islamic rationality, in addition to applying the logic of reason, it can also be presented to the verses of the Qur'an and analyze and explain the mentioned issues by referring to the revelation and its inference. This paper tries to examine and explain the metaethics issues by referring to divine verses, especially the moral rules of the Qur'an, using a combined (rational-narrative) method. The main finding of the article is that although the mentioned issues are not explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an, but considering the rationality of religion and the Qur'an on the one hand and the proposition of moral rules in it on the other hand, it is possible to understand the philosophical infrastructure of Islamic ethics inferred from the verses of the Holy Quran through inclusion and implied implication.

The expression "Aslehak Allah" is one of the most frequent interpretations in Fariqin sources. A large number The expression "aslahakallah" is one of the most frequent interpretations in fariqin sources. A large number of Foqaha and Rovat of Imamiyyah have addressed Imam with this phrase. The literal translation of this phrase has caused some people, like Majlisiain consider the Ravi use of this phrase as a proof of his lack of knowledge and understanding of the Imam. This is while in the upcoming research, relying on the contextual method (in semantics), we went to the applications of the meaning of "aslahakallah" and discovered that this phrase is a cultural term and is different from the meaning that is generally taken from it. This term has the central meaning of "Address from top to bottom" and shows a kind of politeness and shame from the speaker to the Imam / the audience. This application with this central meaning has been expressed to with different approaches, such as being necessary, re-questioning, expressing surprise, and criticizing.

The Qur'anic word of growth (rashad) is one of the words that are the source of disagreement among the commentators in the interpretation of the Holy Qur'an. The concept of growth and its derivatives are used in Islamic education as well as in psychology. For this word, commentators have proposed the meanings of guidance, faith, good, right, seeing the good, knowledge, reason, insight and persistence in religion. On the other hand, in the dictionaries, they have stated the opposite meanings of astray and aberration (ghay va ḍalᾱl), the guidance, steadfastness in the right path, and good. Clarifying the exact meaning of this article provides more accurate interpretations of the verses of the Holy Qur’an and leads to a better understanding of some issues raised in Islamic tradition and culture. Rashad is one of the roots that has a history in the ancestral languages of the Arabic language, and the way it is formed goes back to the root of thanᾱῑ in Afro-Asiatic and Semitic languages. In this article, first, the history of lexicography is examined and analyzed, then the interpretive differences are presented in a categorized form. In the following, by looking for dichotomous roots in the two roots rash and shad, three methods of word formation (pre-formation, post-formation and fusion) and its multiple meanings were investigated.

Nahj al-Balagha research is one of the important fields of hadith meaning research; Because Nahj al-Balagha has special literary, rhetorical, semantic, and epistemological characteristics, and considering its characteristics and its high status among the Islamic Ummah, a methodical look at Nahj al-Balagha is necessary. The following article tries to provide understanding and research in Nahj al-Balagha with a logical structure to those who are at the beginning of the research in Nahj al-Balagha. In the process of understanding and researching this book, attention has been paid to three major areas: "laying the foundation for benefiting from Nahj al-Balaghah", "the process of understanding the text of Nahjl-Balaghah and its semantic research" and "manuscript supply and its attribution to Nahjl-Balaghah" and each of them has several stages. They are categorized: the first field includes four stages from the validation and analysis of text issuance to the final text and the position of vocabulary - syntactic structure; The second field begins with the analysis of the semantic gem of the words and the understanding of the apparent meaning and continues until seeing the collection of words of the Amir al-Mu`minin (a) and even other infallibles (a) - which is interpreted as the "family of hadith" - and continues with expert findings on the topic under study. The third area is the presentation of research results and research materials, which itself requires macro rules.

The concept of "decide" is considered one of the most key words in the basic theology of the Qur'an and the belief system of Muslims, and it has always been one of the theological issues of challenge among people. Using the theory of semantic components in the descriptive method, the present essay seeks to explain the concept of generative judgment in a scientific and methodical way. As in the analytical method, it relies on the Quranic data and with an in-text look, it tries to get the meaning-making characteristics of this concept through the examination of the most important words accompanying and replacing the subject of qadha. The data indicate that in determining the meaning-making components of the concept of qadha, attention should be paid to the basic meaning, binding companions such as creation, command, promise, etc. , plays a significant role. Paying attention to these clues led to the determination of components such as repulsiveness, ease and speed of penetration, generality and continuity for the concept of qadha.It is worth mentioning that reflection on the mentioned evidence can give a scientific and precise meaning for the occurrence of each of the words related to qadha in its own context.ease and speed of penetration, generality and continuity for the concept of qadha.It is worth mentioning that reflection on the mentioned evidence can give a scientific and precise meaning for the occurrence of each of the words related to qadha in its own context.

The semantics of verbally similar verses is one of the most important axes of Quran research. There are verses in the Qur'an that have the same words and meanings, but are repeated two or more times with slight differences in the structure of the word. These differences are in takhir and taanith, submission and delay, omission and addition, singular and plural, intervals of verses and ma'rifa and nakrah, each of which can be considered in the field of research.In this research, the aim is to investigate the excessiveness in verbally similar verses, which is obtained by descriptive-analytical method, first by using the rules of lexicography and the dictionary of the meaning of additional words or letters in the verse, then by considering the science of semantics, the information is processed. by the Qur'an in the context, so that the conceptualization of the position of each verse is clarified with that additional interpretation, then the result of this conceptualization is compared with translation equivalents in various translation methods of translators: Makarem Shirazi, Dehlavi, Khormardel, Elahi Qomshei amThis research was carried out in the selection of translators based on the method of semantic, literal, interpretive and free translation. The result of this research shows that there are many wisdoms in similar verses, such as respecting the context, the difference of the audience, and presenting a new point and meaning, that sometimes the translators have translated both similar verses in the same way,

Understanding the discourse of the Qur’an is possible by understanding its words and meanings. Addressing the meaning of words in the light of existing methods in semantics can provide a broad horizon in setting the semantic network of Qur’anic words. Covenant is one of the key words in understanding the discourse of the Qur’an, the expressive analysis of which in the semantic system of the Qur’an is the aim of the present study. Therefore, adopting a descriptive-analytical method and using the semantic method, this article seeks to answer the question, “considering the semantic components and the relations of companionship and succession, how is the semantic network of ‘the Covenant’ explained in the Qur’an?” The results of the research indicate that in the linguistic application of the term “Covenant”, its basic meanings such as “strength, reinforcement, and consolidation” are considered. Also, in the study of companionship relationships, the verb form of the word “axz” (take) refers to the type of taking the covenant and the verb “zekr” (mention) refers to its basic components. In addition, nominal companionships of the terms like “ahd” (the Covenant) and “qaliz” (strong) highlights the strength and stability of the covenant. Substitutes of this word can be classified into four groups: conceptual substitutes, substitutions based on the concept of acceptance of the Covenant, substitutes within the scope of the provisions of the Covenant, and rhyming substitutes for the term “misaq” (the Covenant). The semantic opposites of the term “Covenant” such as “violation, forgetfulness, deviation, abjuration,

Accurate diction is an aspect attributing to the unsurpassed beauty of the Qur'an. Particle "Lā" is an influential Arabic word that can take on different functions. This aarticle, depending on its position the sentence, has been called "Redundant Lā" by some grammarians and commentators. One of these positions where the above particle is used is after the 'subjunctivizing An' in the form of 'Alla' and 'lealla'. Some grammarians have considered it redundant but some others have not. This article attempts to clarify, through a descriptive-analytic approach, those verses in which both 'Redundant Lā' and 'Subjunctivizing An' occur along with those verses from which this 'Redundant Lā' has been removed. It also tries to analyze it’s the esthetic functions and purposiveness plus this point that wherever this 'Lā' is used in the Qur'an there are rhetorical points in line with the conditions of those particular verses and their linguistic context. It's being considered redundant by grammarians has turned out to be the result of not heeding the semantics of the verses in which it occurs. Of the aims behind the use of this 'Redundant Lā' is deterring and forbidding people from evils deeds, expressing anger powerfully, negating a done action determinedly, showing how base and wrong a deed can be and also the extreme inability and weakness in the opposite side.

The concept of pain, referred to as "alam," has generated extensive discourse among scholars from diverse disciplines, leading to a multitude of interpretations. The specific understanding of "alam" is crucial for ethical deliberations; therefore, this research seeks to analyze the semantics of pain as presented in the Holy Quran through thematic analysis. Given the ethical implications associated with the term, the Quranic semantics will be examined from an ethical standpoint. In exploring "alam," various derivatives such as "aleem," along with related terms like "marad" (illness), "anat" (distress / fornication), "kabad" (anguish / travail), "dhnak" (hardship/ wretched), "huzn" (sorrow), "sad’'" (headache / furrow), and "shaqq" (splitting/ straining) were compiled. Antonyms such as "surur" (joy), "lazat" (pleasure), "bahjat" (delight), "rawh" (ease/ rest), and "rayhan" (fragrance / abundance) were also included. Furthermore, terms that co-occur with "alam," including "azab" (punishment), "iqab" (retribution), "zajr" (scourge), and "shadid" (intense), were identified within the Quranic text. The second phase involved conducting thematic analysis centered on "alam," which facilitated the extraction of codes pertaining to its nature, types, degrees, implications, causes, and ultimate purpose. The final phase yielded several insights regarding the semantics of pain in the Quran: Pain is characterized as an existential phenomenon, a bodily condition that is distinct from suffering; it manifests in both worldly and otherworldly forms, where worldly pain acts as a means of trial and personal development, while otherworldly pain is associated with evil and torment.

Nowadays, cognitive linguistics is one of the sciences that is useful in the exact clarification of valuable hidden meanings of the Quranic verses. The theory of "figure and ground" is one of the important issues in this field proposed by Talmy, the famous American linguist. By using this theory, it is possible to examine the semantic relation between the interval words and the context of the verses and gain a deeper understanding of them. "Raḥīm" is one of the prominent Divine Names which has a high frequency in the Holy Quran and has been repeated twelve times in Surah al-Baqarah. By using Talmy's theory of figure and ground, it is possible to analyze the syntagmatic relation between the Name and other Divine Names such as "Tawwāb", "Ghafūr", "Raḥmān", and "Raʾūf" as well as its posteriority between other Names. Analysis of the data shows that the repetition of the Divine Names is influenced by the context of each verse and has its own denotation. On the other hand, according to the cognitive theory, it represents that the position of some of them is more important than others. Meanwhile, the coupled Names "Ghafūr" and "Raḥmān" have the most repetition in Surah al-Baqarah to become their meaning more established in the believers' hearts, and they know that His grace and forgiveness are extensive and include all the Servants forever. Also, the divine mercy, repentance-accepting (Tawwāb), and divine affection (Raʾfat) originate from the everlasting source of His grace. If we consider the divine Names as the ground and the content of the Surah as the figure, we will find that the subject of more than a third of the verses of the Surah are about Allah's presence in life.

The Holy Quran is a book of guidance and a source of mercy and good news for Muslims. Throughout history, Quranic verses and themes have been an artistic tool and an inspiring source for poets and writers. Acquired according to the semantic system in which it is located. This article, which is of qualitative type and has been written with a descriptive-analytical method, has analyzed the semantics of the word and the concept of "commandment" in the two duties of the famous commandment and the prohibition of evil. Examining the views of jurists and research in jurisprudential texts, in this study it was concluded that commanding and forbidding in the two duties of commanding the good and forbidding the evil, does not necessarily have a single meaning in all of them, but for each level of meaning, the meaning of this The words should be considered in the appropriate order.

The noun of Tafzil is one of the most important items in the grammar and rhetorical rules of Arabic literature, which has been used and used frequently in religious texts. This name is used in many cases in the wisdom of Nahj al- Balagha, in its essence and purpose, that is, superiority between two or more things, but there are other cases that are used other than its meaning, and to analyze its function, in addition to considering the point that The adjective in question is one of the adjectives that are made from the verb being discriminated on the weight of the "verb" or it is a hybrid adjective style that uses one of the words asd, akstar, akal, etc. , along with the infinitive of the verb. The target is presented in a distinct format; One should pay attention to the different syntactic structure of each application; That the word in which the noun Tafzil is not used and is used together with "I" is Tafziliye. Either it is added to a noun like Nakrah or Ma'arifa, or the noun Tafzil is added with "al", in which case it is often used as an adjective for the noun before it, and it seems that it does not have its own meaning of Tafzil. From the above aspects, one of the most important ways to discover the intended meaning of Imam Ali's speech is in Nahj al-Balagha. This research, using the analytical descriptive method, based on the syntactic and rhetorical rules of the noun Tafzil, while stating the rules related to the noun Tafzil and its different cases, investigated the case of some wisdoms of Nahj al-Balagha and according to the structural analysis and meaning of the noun Tafzil, its expression in the translation of this wisdom. It expresses and reviews the translations as well. The result is that: in many cases, due to its structure, this noun loses its special meaning and is used in a meaning other than its original meaning, which requires applying the rules and points related to it.

Terminology changes with the variety of sciences and arts; But it may be different from one age to another or from one society to another, the environmental and cultural context plays an important role in the construction of terms and this is evident in the words of Imam Ali (AS) Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah. This article aims to analyze, with a descriptive and analytical approach, the types of terms, their dimensions and construction in the sayings of Imam Ali (a.s.) and the sayings of Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah. This article is divided into two parts: in the first part, we examine the types of political, religious, and military terms in the sermons of Imam (a.s.) and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah; Then, in the second part, we will examine the external dimensions of the term by examining the human dimension and its influential persuasive dimension. After studying this issue, these results become clear to us: the use of political terms in the sermons of Imam (a.s.) and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah has been expanded due to the connection of political elements with the reality of life, which is a part of public social life. Therefore, the use of religious terms in directing the practical behavior of man and regulating his personal and social life in the sermons of Imam (a.s.) and Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah, brings back to the connection of religious values with Quranic concepts.