soha

In recent decades, one of the issues that critics of Islam and detractors of the Holy Prophet have used to attack his character and distort his status is the allegation of authoritarianism and violence in his actions and conduct. Understanding these doubts and responding to them with solid arguments is crucial in defending the sacred persona of the Prophet. The main issue dealt with in this article is that individuals such as Saha and Ibn Warraq have, by referencing certain historical sources and verse 26 of Surah AlAhzab, presented incomplete information to claim that the Prophet exhibited authoritarianism and that Islam promotes violence. This study, using a library-based and critical analytical method, describes their views, clarifies these doubts, and provides well-reasoned responses. The focus is on the Battle of Bani Qurayza, with particular emphasis on the Qur'anic teachings and historical sources. The findings indicate that numerous Qur'anic verses, hadiths, and historical and exegetical reports affirm the absence of authoritarianism and despotism in the Prophet’s conduct, particularly in his dealings with the Jews of Bani Qurayza. All claims of authoritarianism and violence in this regard are unfounded.

Scientism is one of the consequences of the humanism school and relies on science as the only basis for the world knowledge. This intellectual basis has been ineffective in understanding some topics, especially metamaterial topics such as theology, and has caused misunderstandings. The author of "Qur'an Criticism" has created doubts in some verses based on this point of view. This research, after investigating the scientism and its origin, has provided three answers in accordance with some of the alleged doubts of "Qur'an Criticism" using a descriptive-analytical method 1. The conflict between some Quranic propositions and the findings of experimental sciences is only on the surface. 2. The findings of natural sciences about some Qur’anic propositions have not yet been concluded. 3. Some Qur’anic propositions are intra-religious type and empirical science has no reason to reject.

A person using the pseudonym 'Soha' has argued, based on certain verses and narrations, that valuable knowledge from the Quranic perspective is limited to religious knowledge. They equate the references to contemplation and reasoning in the Quran with faith and regard the absence of engagement with empirical sciences as evidence of the Quran's lack of spirituality. This research aims to address these doubts using an analytical-descriptive approach and drawing upon interpretive foundations. Soha's viewpoint is examinable from two aspects: foundational issues, including disregard for other verses and narrations, neglect of verse contexts, incomplete understanding of religious sciences, and content-related issues. Most of the verses they rely on can be categorized as follows: Firstly, their meanings encompass more than just religious sciences, they refer to absolute knowledge and wisdom. Secondly, in context, verses that simultaneously mention knowledge, faith, and obedience to God do not exclusively signify knowledge within religion, rather, they emphasize knowledge alongside spirituality, faith, and ethics. Because knowledge, akin to reason, is a tool that, when coupled with faith and spirituality, serves values. Otherwise, knowledge can lead to dominance, power, aggression, and the destruction of heritage and generations. The Quran has touched upon empirical sciences in numerous verses, and in some cases, the scientific miracles of the Quran can be demonstrated, which serves as evidence of its divine and authentic nature.

The syntactic usage of some words in the Qur'an is not in line with the common rules of Arabic grammar, and this has been a pretext for opponents of the Qur'an since its revelation to attribute literary errors in the structure of the book known as literary miracles, eloquence and rhetoric to drive it out of revelation and diminish the tendency of human beings to Islam. Among them is a book called "Critique of the Qur'an" which has been published recently and in a part of it, the suspicions regarding the Qur'anic errors in the cover of modern literature are presented. The present study, while categorizing and selecting the most prominent syntactic doubts of the mentioned book about the nominative cases (marfou’at), including: "incompatibility of verb with subject", "the noun of “lakinna” being nominative", "the noun of “inna” being nominative" and "the masculinity of predicate of a feminine nouns", and the accusative cases (mansubat), including: "Subject in nominative construct", "Unreasonably function of an exception", "Exclusion of majority from minority" and "Plurality of the noun followed a number", tries to examine them descriptively-analytically and explain the most important related criticisms based on sound reasons. According to the results of the research, attitudinal vulnerabilities (biases and therefore attempting to falsely represent the Qur'an) and methodological vulnerabilities (lack of mastery of Arabic literature, lack of attention to the Qur'an as a source of Arabic rules, mere attention to the surface of the Qur'an and non-observance of research criteria) have made the authors of the book "Critique of the Qur'an" to slip in order to use their misconceptions as a basis for denying that the Qur'an is divine and claiming that it was fabricated by the Prophet (PBUH).

In several verses, the Holy Qur'an warns the children of Adam about following and obeying the devil and introduces the Satan as the enemy of man. However, some biased people, citing some verses, consider the creation of Satan expelled from the divine door as the cause of man's misguidance and consequently the descent of torment [upon the earth]. This issue clarifies the need to explain and answer this doubt. In this article, with analytical-critical method and by reflecting on the meaning of the verses under discussion and their accurate interpretation and explanation, it becomes clear that the creation of Satan is not only purposeful and not for human misguidance, but also a means for divine testing and human perfection. The reason of giving Satan the respite is not also to mislead man, but as a result of his previous worships and the completion of his ordeal. The limit of Satan's realm is only temptation and he has no genetic dominance over man. Hence, Satan has dominion only over those who have accepted his guardianship not over the sincere believers.

Dr. Soha in his book “Critique of the Qur'an” has made many doubts and accusations against the Messenger of God. He considered the captivity and enslavement of women in the beginning of Islam for satisfying his lust and claimed that the Prophet acted like some kings who kidnapped women and girls and distributed them into his army and reduced them to commodities, so they have been repeatedly raped. Answering such doubts is one of the research necessities of every age and period. In this article, by providing a clear explanation of the concept and meaning of slavery, the causes and purposes of slavery, and explanation of the process of slavery and the mechanism of freeing slaves have been clarified, as well as the conditions of exploiting the bondwomen have been stated. The following answers have been given to the accusations: Slavery means depriving the enemies of religion and the fighters against Islamic society of their freedom of action; Drawing them into Islamic society and forcing them to live in slavery in order to be religiously educated and gradually liberated; The cause of slavery is to prevail in war and its purpose is to protect the unity of the Islamic society; The exploitation of bondwomen is through ownership, marriage and liberation, and is subject to istibra’.

The book "Critique of the Quran" written by Dr. Soha has been published in cyberspace in recent years. The author of the book is unknown, then again it’s unknown whether he is a person or a group, Muslim or non-Muslim. In any case, according to the author or authors, there are certain doubts in the Qur'an. This highlights the need to pay attention to the critique of this book. In the meantime, more than a case-by-case response to doubts, it is necessary to identify and critique the intellectual foundations of the author or authors of this book that form the foundations of doubts. In this research, by the method of qualitative content analysis with a conventional approach, the hidden or invisible themes indicating the intellectual foundations that form doubts are revealed. The research findings show7  categories of using unreliable sources, imposing personal views, proposing blasphemous beliefs, denying the principles of belief, scientism and scientific expansionism, not providing scientific and sound documents and not being familiar with the rules of the Qur'anic sciences and its interpretation are the result of a combination of 14 concepts. These concepts resulted from signs. Then from the connection of signs, concepts and categories, the main themes, ie interpretation by personal opinion, the apostasy of the author, the formal rationality of the modern world and the lack of scientific standards of interpretation are obtained. Many doubts can be answered jointly by referring to the obtained categories and themes.

In Jahilid poetry, there are phrases more or less similar to some verses of the Qur'an. Some of these poems appear in hadith sources in the form of statements and narrations, and this has caused some people like Dr. Soha to consider them as one of the sources of the Qur'an, and by raising certain doubts, they try to harm the divinity of the Holy Qur'an. The purpose of the current research, which was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method, is to analyze the documents and denotations of these statements and narrations, so to deal with this claim. The result of the research is that there is at least one narrator accused of falsifying the hadith in the documents of the hadiths and sources cited by Soha, and therefore the aforementioned sources are invalid in terms of credibility and are considered among the weak and falsified hadiths. Also, the time period of these citations and narrations can be estimated from the second half of the second century to the second half of the third century. According to the text of the hadiths in which the news of mission of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) were reported, as well as the socio-political situation of this age (emergence of the era of translation of Greek works and various sects such as Zanādiqah), the motivation of their falsification could be intentions such as assisting religion and strengthening Islamic beliefs against the ideological attacks of opponents and deniers.

The Holy Qur’an is a book of reform and guidance that refines and challenges the established culture of the time from ignorant blemishes by designing and quoting cultural components. The similarity and harmony of the Qur’anic concepts with some cultural components of the time of Revelation have been taken by Qur’an critics to speak of the impact of environmental characteristics on the Qur’an.This article examines the origins of Dr. Soha’s thought and discusses the types of culture of the time. It concludes that the Qur’an has not been influenced by the culture of Ignorance Age, but has corrected and reformed it in different stages. The Qur’an condemns the culture which is characterized by the Ignorance Age and, thus, accepts the culture that is devoid of the stigma, taints and blemishes of it. It firstly purifies the eclectic culture of the time and secondly stabilizes and develops it. In short, to quote the cultural components of Ignorant Age does not mean that the Qur’an was influenced by the environmental culture prevailing in that time; rather, it signifies the wise employment of the culture of the time by God Almighty to correct that culture.

In the Quran, some words and sentences and even some stories have been repeated in one or more chapters in various ways that scientists, researcher and literary scholars consider one of the most basic components of the Holy Quran's expressive style and represent the miracle of the Quran. The interpretation and arrangement of the words, sentences, and context verses imply that God Almighty has a specific purpose and goal behind avery word and expression, though repeated, with the exact same purpose of telling even a seemingly identical story. But, some historians have cited the structure of repetition in the Quran as one of its disadvantages and believe that repetition of one thing in different suras indicates that the verses are scattered and the Quranic message is repeated, so that the reader reads a large sura, no need to read any other surah that the author of 'The Quran Criticism' has addressed .In fact, the group is asking to question the eloquence of the Quran and to believe that the terms and vocabulary of this book are repetitive and inconsistent with its expressive miracle. In the repetition of the Quran, the sentences, the sentences, and the repetition of the Quran are part of the verbal repetition of the rhetorical and artistic aspect of the Quran. Part of it is about content repetition. This type of repetition in the Quran has come for purposes such as preaching, encouraging, threatening, penetrating into the minds, expressing the greatness of something like the day of Judgment and warning the believers and so on. Therefore, repetition in the Quran is not only a manifestation of rhetoric but also is a sign of the rhetorical miracle of the Quran.

Recently a book called “Criticism of the Qur’an” by a person named Soha has been published, claimed by the oponents as the most complete book on criticizing the Holy Qur’an, and the author attempted to prove the existence of errors and weakness in the Qur’an. Some of its misconceptions criticize the stages of the Evolution of emberyo and stimation of the time of determining its gender from the point of view of the Qur’an and Sunnah and then assume them as scientific errors. The present paper, based on the descriptive-analytical method in a critical approach, is to present a strong and scientific answer to these misconceptions and proves the truth of the holy Qur’an, through examining them carefully. Findings show that the stages of the evolution of emberyo as well as the times of creating and placing it and the cause of determining its gender in the Qur’an and Sunnah are exactly compatible with medical inventions and confirmed by these sciences.