اخلاق

In recent years, the Stoic school, which has a moral nature, has been considered as a way of life. The opinions and beliefs of Marcus Aurelius, who is one of the most important Stoic philosophers, can be extracted from his only remaining work, the Meditations. In this article, an attempt has been made to determine the importance and emphasis of various Stoic beliefs and opinions by examining and analyzing the beliefs of Aurelius. With this method, you can get a better picture of Aurelius' beliefs and ideas. His views and thoughts are divided into different sections, including cosmology, anthropology, epistemology, and ethics. Each of his beliefs is documented with precise reference to his own sentences, and the relationship between his different beliefs is well-defined in this way. Looking statistically at the book of meditations, it should be said that Aurelius was not a philosopher of death, but a philosopher of ethics and life, and Stoicism was not a philosophy of isolation and political passivity, which is an incentive for altruism and social responsibility. It is also clear that the book of reflections can be called treatises on the relief of suffering and anger, and Stoicism can be considered a philosophy for peace, not a philosophy for loneliness and withdrawal.

In this article, the author attempts to explain something that is rarely seen in Aristotle's ethical and political thought, which is the legal dimension that Aristotle incidentally stated between ethics and politics in order to link the two in the fifth chapter of the Nicomachean Ethics. In this chapter, Aristotle distances himself from justice in the moral sense and, by introducing another into his theory, enters justice in the legal sense under the theory of natural law, which itself is based on the Greek theory of nature. With this chapter of the aforementioned book, Aristotle completely transforms the meaning of law, citizenship, and life under the political state. In a way, politics is completely influenced by the non-subjective right or rights of man from this moment on, and here Aristotle makes a difference between household management, the relationship of gods and servitude, and the political situation, and makes politics a place for realizing the acquisition of moral virtues and ensuring laws based on distributive and corrective justice and other natural rights of citizens.

Literature deals with emotional faculties and the inner world of humans, and it can sometimes help alleviate psychological issues and strengthen individuals' mental balance. Therefore, a proper analysis of literary works can aid in a better understanding of the author's existence and nature. This article examines the hero's personality in the novel "The Idrisi House" based on Karen Horney's theory. Horney, as a revisionist of Freudian psychoanalysis, has either completed or revised Freud's theories. Horney's views on personality, especially her theories on personality types, reflect her personal experiences. Horney believes that the methods and strategies people use to protect themselves lead to the formation of three main personality types: the compliant, the aggressive, and the detached. This theory helps us gain a deeper understanding of characters' traits and motivations through precise analysis. The results indicate that in "The Idrisi House," Wahab is a detached and compliant personality seeking inner peace and the affection of others. Leqa is a compliant individual who, through kindness and empathy, seeks to attract attention and affection from others and readily follows orders. Mrs. Idrisi exhibits a combination of compliant and aggressive traits, striving to assist others while maintaining her power and status. Shaukat is an aggressive and vengeful individual who uses anger and demeaning behavior to maintain his superiority and views others as tools for achieving his goals..

In the field of contemporary Persian poetry, Nima Yoshij and Sohrab Sepehri are known as two moralist poets. They have tied many social, religious, cultural and political issues with ethics to remind their audience of its manifestation in all aspects of life. In the current research, relying on library sources and descriptive-analytical method, while examining the main common moral doctrine in Nima and Sohrab's poetry, the intellectual sources of their moral and educational opinions are explored.

The main moral messages that can be seen in the poems of Nima and Sohrab are: "contentment", "avoid violating the rights of others", "condemn hypocrisy", "praise justice and condemn violence", "anti-cruelty", " concern for each other and altruism" and "free living and freedom". As it is evident, the social concerns of two poets and efforts for cultural development play a central role in most doctrines. Also, it was found that Nima's poems, especially in relation to the concept of freedom and free life, have more obvious extroverted dimensions compared to Sohrab. Also, both poets, especially Sohrab, have used elements of nature to represent their moral views

Monitoring of the ten senses has been in philosophy since time immemorial. Ibn Sina's theory of intellects and the relationship of the first cause with the world of matter is based on the two main foundations of the world of intellects and the heavens, and the three issues of creation, science, and ethics are of the highest importance in the aforementioned theory, because in relation to the relationship between theology and natural sciences, which is one of the main topics of philosophy. In this research, the researcher seeks to answer this question: Can Ibn Sina's theory of ten senses correctly describe the quality of the creation of the universe from the origin to the world of matter in the three issues of creation, science, and ethics?

Ibn Sina's rational system is a philosophical system, and with it Ibn Sina explains the problem of the beginning of creation and the issue of the subsolar world. Ibn Sina tries to justify the problem of the multiplicity of the world by assigning three areas and aspects in each of the ten senses. Ibn Sina considers divine knowledge to be the cause of the creation of angels and the knowledge of angels to be the cause of the creation of other beings. He also believes that the perfection of the practical intellect, which is a prelude to the perfection of the theoretical intellect and connection to the active intellect, leads to the achievement of happiness and perfection of the soul, which is the goal of morality.

According to Article 1 of the Civil Liability Law, liability is based on fault. However, due to the fact that the discussion of responsibility is a matter of moral challenge and in various situations conflicts arise in the confrontation of responsibilities with each other, the civil law does not necessarily consider the fault of the defendant as a condition for the realization of responsibility. Considering the importance of this issue and the fact that it is a challenging issue in the field of ethics, the present article was formed with the aim of investigating the moral foundations of fault-based responsibility in realizing civil liability by comparing the legal system of Iran and the common law system.

The basics of the theory of fault has a deep connection with ethics because the good faith and bad faith of the actor play a significant role in compensation. In the developments that have occurred in the theory of fault and led to the emergence of a new theory of fault, although social concepts It has been given more attention and ethical standards have been criticized, but Madakah in the mentioned theory shows its moral significance. The role of fault in compensating for damages is when the defendant commits ignorable negligence, and according to the law, the judge is given the authority to reduce the number of damages for the defendant, because in the moral theory, the responsibility is only based on the intent of the defendant.

Acquired right is a fundamental moral principle and a privilege that people obtain by contract and law and will not be lost if the laws are not changed. The concept of acquired right is a tool to achieve justice in law. Acquired rights have an international impact; These effects are in the field of property and communication of personal status, business, trade and intellectual property. The current thesis was formed with the aim of examining the moral principle of respect for acquired rights and its international validity in Iranian law.

Acquired rights cannot be taken back from citizens. These rights are enforceable only in the territory of the issuing country's sovereignty, and whenever a right is created and, in a country, other than the place where it was created, the effect and recognition of that right is demanded, an issue called moving conflict is raised. In fact, dynamic conflicts are the international recognition of acquired rights or the international impact of rights. Therefore, the implementation of acquired rights requires countries to cooperate as closely as possible in legal and judicial fields. Iran's policy in this field is based on reciprocity, and judgments issued by countries that reciprocate the judgments issued by Iranian courts are enforceable in Iran.

Just as the laws determine the external limits of the right, the internal limits and the method of its implementation are also determined by other principles, which interpret the violation of these limits as "abuse of the right". The issue of abuse of rights in the common law is vague and confusing to the extent that even some legal writers believe that the mentioned legal system did not recognize the abuse of rights, but in general it can be said that in the opinion of the judges and legal writers of this system. Legally, the main rule is intent to harm, but this rule is not expressed in the same way. Sometimes it is stated under the title of "conspiracy", sometimes "threat" and sometimes under titles like these. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to investigate the cases of preventing the violation of ethics in family law and the abuse of family rights in common law.

In this research, while examining such things as; Divorce in common law, executive guarantee of alimony payment, determination of family residence and custody in common law, it was concluded that in common law cases of abuse of rights in family law, considering the relative equality of men and women in Rules rarely happen; However, the physical and mental condition of women is not paid much attention in the common laws and in some cases, instead of giving value to women, it is possible to violate their human rights.

Paying attention to the role of ethical values ​​in administrative health policy-making in order to reduce conflict of interest is one of the important issues that organizational systems need special attention to. Understanding this, the aim of the study was to identify the ethical dimensions of administrative health policy-making with an emphasis on conflict-of-interest management.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and was conducted with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) with an exploratory design. The Delphi method was used in the qualitative part. The participants were managers of the universities of medical sciences in Mazandaran province. 10 people were interviewed using the snowball sampling method and the law of saturation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Open coding was used to analyze the data. A descriptive survey method was used in a quantitative part. The statistical population was 434 managers, deputies, and experts of the universities of medical sciences in Mazandaran province. 204 people were selected using the stratified random sampling method and based on the Cochran formula. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the tools were confirmed. Exploratory factor analysis was used in the SPSS statistical software to analyze the data.

The results showed that the ethical dimensions of the health policy-making of the administrative system with an emphasis on conflict-of-interest management have two dimensions: ethical structures: "ethical values, ethical human resources, and appropriate structure" and ethical strategies: "ethical decision-making, strategic vision, culture building, and teaching ethical principles."

By identifying the ethical dimensions of the health policy-making of the administrative system with an emphasis on conflict management, this research provides the basis for reducing administrative corruption and developing organizational health.

The Shahnameh is one of the prominent epic texts in the field of Persian literature, in which, in addition to mentioning war events and heroic deeds, moral issues are also mentioned. The reflection of these teachings is rooted in Iranian culture and Islamic religious texts. Ferdowsi has created the characters of Shahnameh with these main moral sources in mind. The most central epic character in the Shahnameh is Rostam, who can be considered an example of a perfect human being. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the actions of the mentioned character with an approach to his moral traits. The current research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library sources.

It seems that Ferdowsi presented Rostam as an example of a moral human being and some of his moral characteristics such as: "Courage, avoiding greed, reconciliation and peace-seeking, self-sacrificing spirit, avoiding slips and mistakes, avoiding breaking promises" has represented "patriotism". Rostam is not one-dimensional in Pahlavi's Shahnameh and does not simply fight, but combines ethics and intelligence with his fighting power and defends Iranians. Based on these outstanding moral characteristics, we can consider Rostam as one of the identity strains of Iranians.

Ethical lifestyle is a decision-making philosophy for daily life that considers ethics and moral values, and undoubtedly, ethical lifestyle is influenced by moral education and is a preventive factor for many social crimes. Therefore, in this research, the effect of ethical lifestyle in preventing social crimes has been discussed with analytical and descriptive methods.

The results and findings of the research indicate that moral education is a process that prepares a person for a certain way of life, which is formed based on pre-determined principles, rules and strategies in the form of beliefs and Sharia. Man has been offered. In moral education, the social dimension is developed along with the dimension of faith and personality. Although the foundation of education of human societies is scientific, as long as it is not based on divine faith, it creates difficulties and problems. Man needs morality to achieve a peaceful life. Ethics, which is rooted in human nature, has provided guidelines based on the divisions of environmental factors, which are firstly preventive, and secondly, if someone does not prevent the crime for any reason, he should seek refuge in spiritual healing methods.

Ethics and law share important characteristics. Both are norm-based and specify how things should be. Moral principles are fundamental values that are accepted by the majority of the society based on knowledge of norms and beliefs. Good faith is a moral concept that invites people to do good deeds with good intentions and prevents them from bad intentions and evil actions. Morality belongs to the family of adjectives such as fairness, trust, loyalty, honesty, sincerity, etc. Today, this moral value has gained a great position in the field of laws and social rules and has led the legislators to draft laws based on good intentions. Therefore, in the present research, the researchers tried to discuss the reflection of ethics in Iranian law in the context of the place of ethics and good faith in contract implementation.

The effect of ethics on the legal status of individuals and especially on contracts is a debate that currently occupies the content of many legal articles and books. Ethical execution of the contract is a requirement of the agreement, and unethical behavior is incompatible with the binding principle of the contract, and on this basis, the principle of respect for contracts should always be considered and investigated in connection with the rule of ethics. Therefore, not only the obligee of the contract must have good faith and ethics in the execution of the contract, but each of the contractors must try his part to fulfill the obligations in the best way. In fact, the rule of necessity of ethics in the execution of the contract is the result of the connection between law and ethics, and according to this connection, both parties must behave ethically towards each other and demand the execution of the contract accordingly.

Lullabies have a long history in Iranian culture and are seen among various Iranian ethnic groups. These folk songs are usually sung by mothers to their children and contain various messages, including the retelling of moral and educational teachings. On this basis, lullabies are one of the main manifestations of the transmission of morals from one generation to another, through which the process of moral education is indirectly carried out. In the present study, relying on library resources and descriptive-analytical methods, the main moral concerns of mothers expressed in lullabies for young children are examined and explored.

The main moral messages explained by reading lullabies are: "Expressing love for the child; as a moral-emotional teaching"; "Supporting each other with an approach to the family institution"; "Anti-oppression and condemning the oppressor"; "Condemning apostasy as a moral category"; "Helping others". It seems that mothers have tried to bring their individual and social concerns into the form of lullabies and, by influencing the subconscious of their children, familiarize them with a number of moral and humanizing topics from an early age. Another point is that, considering the extensive reflection of morality in most lullabies of Iranian ethnic groups, it seems that these songs have two main functions: lyrical and educational.

Some individuals of the Islamic community are ascetic and pious, but have no motivation or desire to deal with political issues or consider it a vain and worldly task. On the other hand, some individuals express particular concern for this matter and believe in the importance of addressing political issues. There are also differing opinions about the morality of certain personal behaviors, which need to be evaluated to distinguish between the right and wrong. Therefore, we must explain Islam's view on the relationship between ethics and politics. For this purpose, we will fist mention the meaning of ethics in Islam and then will discuss the necessity of paying attention to ‘act goodness’ along with ‘agent goodness’, the role of the different levels of intention in the value of act, the criterion of real value, the distinction between legal value and moral value, and value in political issues.

In this article, we try to show the place of religion and religious attitude in Nel Noddings's educational system. In Noddings's philosophy of education, which is based on the theory of "care" or his ethics of care, the relationship between the teacher and the learner are based on the principles of his ethics of care, and therefore the religious field in this relationship is always open to both parties. Noddings believes that teachers and students in schools should freely discuss religion because schools are a place where one should practice moral behavior along with tolerance and tolerance towards others. In other words, schools are the starting point for building a democratic person. Therefore, according to Noddings, the social goal of education, which is to raise a democratic person, recommends tolerance and tolerance in the educational system in religious discussions in schools. Therefore, in this article, we try to show that according to Noddings's view, students' religious questions, issues, and concerns should not be raised only in religion-related lessons, but every lesson and every discipline should be open to free dialogue between the teacher and the student about religion and its issues and questions. From his point of view, we should invite students to enter into conversations beyond their limited skills. Therefore, in this article, we will use a descriptive and analytical method to examine religion in his philosophy of education. Ultimately, the conclusion that can be drawn from this article is that religion in Noddings' educational system can not only help students' development by adopting an appropriate approach, but also be very effective in the emergence of a democratic society based on tolerance and tolerance.

Contractual relations between persons are under the rule of laws and Shariah, the text of the contract and customs, and the disputes of the parties are settled based on these sources. Ethics in contracts can be examined from two aspects. First, ethics as a legal source to be cited by the judge in issuing a decision, and second, ethics by each of the parties in contractual relations that must be practiced. Although the execution time is not one of the basic elements and reasons for the formation of an obligation, just as its absence is not considered as an obstacle and the obligation is correct with these characteristics, but the problem is that the jurists are unknown, hesitant, uncertain, the ambiguity of the execution time, even the delegation of authority. The time of execution to the obligee is considered invalid based on paragraph 2 of Article 233 and Article 401 of BC due to the spread of "ignorance to other parties" and the creation of "gharar". Whereas, the above articles do not imply invalidity not only by verifying the intention and identifying the issue of the obligation, but also along with other factors and tools to verify the time of implementation, the time of the obligation can be determined and the liquidation of the obligation should be considered only limited to the external factor. As the international documents in question (Convention on the International Sale of Goods, Principles of European Contract Law, Principles of International Commercial Contracts and Common Reference Framework Plan) are like this. With new arguments, while examining the role of time in commitment, the present research discusses the effect of its lack in commitment and seeks to prove that the performance time that can be determined from the commitment and the performance time that can be determined with the help of the new interpretation, are similar to the performance time effects. It is determined by the obligation that under these conditions, the obligation is based and in case of violation of the obligation, the obligee can resort to the obligee for any of the compensation methods, unless a serious external factor occurs during the execution of the obligation, which in these conditions or during the life of the obligee is terminated or, contrary to the opinion of jurists, it is justified by good faith and fair behavior and the obligation is adjusted.

As mentioned in the first part, there are ambiguities or disagreements regarding “the relationship between ethics and politics” not only among ordinary people, but also among experts and scholars. Here I will briefly refer to the existing views in this area and then explain their differences with the Islamic view. Three approaches are briefly outlined in this field: the “conceptual and substantive separation of ethics and politics” approach, which argues that there is a contrast between ethics and politics; “the existence of two types of ethical systems: Individual and Social" approach, which states that ethics should not be limited to individual or interpersonal relationships, and that the realm of government and politics should not be excluded from ethics; and the "the primacy of political interests in cases of shared ethics and politics" approach, which holds that some ethical matters are not within the realm of politics, and some managerial, executive, and political matters are not within the realm of ethics.

The normal pilgrimage of Imam Hussein and his pilgrimage on foot or during Arba’een are all emphasized in religious traditions. The Arba’een ceremony, which has been common in Iran and other countries for several years, is the result of paying attention to the contents of these hadiths and pondering and reflecting on them. Considering the different characteristics of this ceremony, which are obtained by looking at facts and empirical observations, different aspects of this walk can be discussed. By explaining the main individual and social characteristics of this ceremony, including practical training, spiritual experience, purposefulness, lightness, difficulty of travel, organizational work, reception and hospitality, the presence of all classes of people and the like, the present article aims to infer the moral and educational effects of the Arba’een ceremony. It mainly focuses on family and explains the connection between family and Arba’een walk. Undoubtedly, each of the above-mentioned characteristics can independently have numerous educational advantages for families and lead to individual, family and social growth and advancement and pave the way for the creation of an apocalyptic utopia. Offering role models, spiritual peace, familiarity with values, transformation and self-development, strengthening beliefs, serving others, love, sense of responsibility, tolerating others, reducing attachments, enthusiasm, increasing tolerance, patience and contentment, teaching the Islamic lifestyle with regard to generosity, charity, self-sacrifice, guest and host etiquette, empathy and convergence, unity and altruism, etc. are among the mentioned characteristics.

The central issue of this paper is to explain the place of pleasure and happiness and their relationship in the thought of Ibn Sina and Epicurus, and to conduct a comparative study of these concepts. For this purpose, using a descriptive-analytical method and library sources, we will examine the Epicurean approach to pleasure and happiness, with a focus on superior pleasure, the four-part cure, and the various dimensions of their hedonism and sensualism. In fact, Epicureans consider the primary goals of moral theory to be describing the nature of happiness and outlining the methods to achieve it. In the case of Ibn Sina, we will explore superior pleasure and types of happiness in his philosophy, drawing on his teleology and focusing on the concept of perception. Ibn Sina connects happiness to specific types of pleasure. Finally, since Epicurus and Ibn Sina present unique concepts of pleasure and happiness based on different worldviews, we will conduct a comparative analysis focusing on virtue-oriented approaches and perception, because both philosophers emphasize the central role of ethics and virtue in the pursuit of happiness. Based on the aforementioned points, this paper compares the views of Epicureans and Ibn Sina on pleasure and happiness.