سهروردی

The word "khayāl" (imagination) has been used in various forms, including conjecture, illusion, fantasy, thought, plan, and decision. Suhrawardi was the first to introduce the discussion of the world of khayāl into Islamic philosophy. He considered khayāl matter; however, he considered imaginary forms to be single (abstract) that remain in the world of khayāl. What is considered the goal of this research is to answer the question of what role the faculty of khayāl play in the creation of works of art? And is it at all influential in the creation of a work of art? And which works of art can be derived from the faculty of khayāl? It should be noted that this research is theoretical and based on exploratory research and the study of library documents and note-taking. The type of research method is content analysis or analytical-descriptive. In any case, in this research, we will present a description of the faculty of khayāl and its function from the perspective of Sheikh Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi in the two epistemological fields of khayāl (connected khayāl) and ontological khayāl, which is known in Islamic philosophy as the world of khayāl or the world of (disconnected khayāl), we will discuss the role of these two khayāl in the field of art and aesthetics.

In the philosophies of Ibn Sīnā and Suhrawardī the Active Intellect is the last immaterial existent in the vertical chain of the intellects. The duty of this Intellect is to administer the lower world, create human souls, grant intelligibles to human beings, and, teach and issue the divine orders to the prophets. Ibn Sīnā and Suhrawardī, as two distinguished philosophers of the Peripatetic and Illuminationist Schools, respectively, have discussed this Being and His Attributes in their various works based on their own philosophical ideas. The views of these two philosophers regarding the Active Intellect have greatly influenced their understanding of Qur’anic verses and resulted in their presentation of philosophical or, in some cases, esoteric interpretations. This paper provides a critical analysis of the impact of the philosophical views of Ibn Sīnā and Suhrawardī of the Active Intellect on their understanding of the verses of the Qur’an. To accomplish this task, after examining all of their works, the authors have extracted the Qur’anic perceptions of these two philosophers, which have been influenced by their views of the Active Intellect, and explained the quality of their proofs. Next, they have critically examined the mentioned extractions based on their lexical meanings, science of interpretation, and the related philosophical views and traditional sciences comprehensively and concluded that most of their impressions are unacceptable.

The discovery of "Self", the essence of “Self’ and the relationship between man and "Self" have a special place in the philosophy of illumination. The main issue in this article is how Suhrawardi discovers "self" and what is his mechanism in self-analysis? In order to reach Suhrawardi's answer, we have distinguished between two types of ontological and epistemological encounters with "self". In the ontological confrontation, man achieves the existential truth through self-analysis and makes this existential matter the basis of his entire metaphysical system, as we see in Ibn Sina's philosophical system. But from Suhrawardi's point of view, the human encounter in the discovery of "self" is epistemological. In the epistemological encounter with "self", the first finding of man is something that constantly appears to him, and according to the identity of appearance and perception, man's discovered is consciousness, and as a result, "self" is consciousness. Consciousness that is the basis of the philosopher's entire knowledge system. Considering these kinds of encounter, in this article we have distinguished between three stages of self-analysis, i.e.  illuminated self-awareness, illuminated self-knowledge and illuminated self-improvement. In the stage of self-awareness, a reality beyond the material body is discovered in three ways. In the stage of self-knowledge, by distancing from the Peripatetics philosophers and relying on the phenomenological approach, we reach the fact that this non-material thing constantly appears to man, such a thing is pure light. In the stage of self-development, by establishing a dialectic between man and "self", the conclusion is reached that alienation is a contradictory thing. Therefore, suhrawardi’s illuminated self-analysis establishes a foundation for illumination epistemology both in its own philosophy and in the philosophies after it.

Although the background of the correspondence theory as a criterion of truth goes back to the Plato's doctrine of ideas, the proposing and development of this theory takes place in Aristotle's philosophy. According to Aristotle, truth means the correspondence of a judgment or statement with reality, and untruth and falsehood mean non-correspondence. Since the time of Aristotle, the correspondence theory, despite its ups and downs, has always been one of the dominant theories in the field of epistemology. Of course, some philosophers, while paying attention to the correspondence theory, have pointed to something prior to this theory, which basically made it possible to be proposed. Heidegger and Suhrawardi, while criticizing the philosophical traditions before themselves, have emphasized that the basic understanding of man and his relationship with objects and phenomena is not a matter of proposition and judgment. Now important question arises: what is prior to the propositional truth that provides the possibility of truth in the meaning of correspondence? With a descriptive-analytical method, this article tries to investigate this question from the point of view of Suhrawardi and Heidegger. Heidegger believes that the truth in the sense of unhiddenness (Aletheia) is the primary meaning of truth, and the forgetting of this meaning has caused truth to be proposed in the meaning of correspondence. Suhrawardi also believes that truth in the sense of the intuition of objects precedes the correspondence theory. Heidegger and suhrawardi believe that the correspondence theory does not have the necessary efficiency for the disclosure of truth.

Symbolism has long been applied to religion, mysticism, and philosophy. Shaykh al-Isrāq, al-Suhrawardī, through his symbolic language, portrays transcendent themes that are beyond the reach of ordinary language and demonstrative reason. Al-Suhrawardī views the pre-Aristotelian tradition, particularly Plato, as the Western representative of the primordial tradition of wisdom. The fundamental problem addressed in the present article is an analysis of al-Suhrawardī's symbolist perspective and its impact on interpreting Platonic wisdom based on the primordial tradition. The present research adopts a descriptive-analytic and comparative approach, referencing the works of both philosophers—al-Suhrawardī and Plato—to analyze the characteristics of symbolic language and its fundamental connection to transcendent truths and the primordial tradition of wisdom, and doctrines such as the purification and detachment of the soul, divine illumination (al-ishrāq) and inception, revelation (al-kashf), and intuition (al-shuhūd). The results indicate: first, a symbol is connected to and arises from transcendent truths. Second, the primordial tradition of wisdom has two aspects: a universal aspect (historical) and a divine aspect (nonhuman and trans-historical). Third, understanding transcendent truths and the shared divine foundation is possible through elements such as the detachment and purification of the soul and inner insight. Fourth, symbolic language enters the realm where experience and intuition serve as its dynamic elements. Fifth, Plato, as a divine sage, is a man of mystical experience and intuition who attained the state of detachment from the body (khalʿ al-badan); his wisdom is filled with transcendent truths. Sixth, symbolism is the means through which Plato and other philosophers expressed themselves. Thus, al-Suhrawardī employs a symbolic approach based on the primordial tradition when interpreting Plato. Through this approach, he conveys the profound meanings of the wisdom of illumination, seeking wisdom not in history but beyond it, in his interpretation of this tradition and others..

The innovations and innovations of Rumi, the famous Iranian poet and mystic, have made him especially prominent among Iranian poets. The symbolism of cities, in his works, is one of his most beautiful works. In a general division, the symbolic cities mentioned in Rumi's works can be classified into two categories: "City of Light" and "City of Darkness". In Suhrawardi's works, the same procedure can be seen in the form of Suhrawardi's allegories and specific symbols. This research, which is based on the theory of comparative literature, shows that two prominent Iranian thinkers, while benefiting from Iranian and Islamic sources, have created different contexts from the perspective of symbolism.

The issue of Allah’s knowledge of particulars is one of the significant topics in philosophical theology. This subject has been discussed by various philosophers, including Hakim Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra. Shaykh al-Ishraq, by proving Allah’s immediate knowledge of particulars, managed to resolve the major problem of divine knowledge of particulars, namely the change and renewal in material things. According to him, in the presence of the possible before the necessary, change and stillness make no difference. Similarly, Mulla Sadra, by asserting the simplicity of the necessary being, which contains all the perfections of things in its essence, proved knowledge of the creatures. Thus, the necessary being, in its essence, has knowledge of the creatures and all the relations, proportions, and systems governing them, because the reality of knowledge is nothing but the presence of the immaterial before the immaterial. The views of these two philosophers on this subject have challenges that will be addressed and compared in this study. Additionally, the study will introduce a new approach to divine knowledge, which is “knowledge without the known.” This concept of knowledge without the known is essentially divine knowledge that, unlike human knowledge, is not related to any known object and transcends all existing or non-existing knowns. In this way, Allah has knowledge of infinite knowns, whether they have come into existence or not. This perspective does not limit divine knowledge to the realm of knowns, and the finitude of knowns does not affect the pinnacle of divine knowledge.

While belonging to two different intellectual cultures and adopting different philosophical principles Suhrawardi and Descartes emphasize the role of self-knowledge in acquiring knowledge. In Descartes' philosophy, Cogito, ergo sum is considered as the basis of knowledge, from which the knowledge of other levels of Being, such as God and the world, are deduced. In Suhrawardi's philosophy, the human soul is a light of divine lights, which in the light of self-knowledge can apprehend the superior lights, the light of lights and material things. Of course, Suhrawardi and Descartes pay attention to the issue of soul and self-knowledge from two different viewpoints. Suhrawardi deals with this issue from the viewpoint of intuitive knowledge and Descartes from the rational-reasoning viewpoint. Now, according to this introduction, important issues arise: What is the difference between Suhrawardi's and Descartes' viewpoints on self-knowledge? How do the different viewpoints of these two philosophers on the issue of self-knowledge affect their views on other knowledge? This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain how the different perceptions of Suhrawardi and Descartes about the human soul and self-knowledge cause these two philosophers to have a different view of the way to pass from self-knowledge to the knowledge of others.

One of the new and famous arguments in denying the existence of God is the Divine hiddenness argument. Based on this argument that was first proposed by John Schellenberg, a contemporary Canadian philosopher, God’s hiddenness is in conflict with his attribute of perfectly loving. Considering this conflict, defenders of the hiddenness argument have denied the existence of God. By adopting a new approach to the issues of being and knowledge, Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi (1154–1191) has presented a different point of view. Suhrawardi calls God the Light of all lights. In his opinion, God’s essence is nothing but his light, and light is that which is manifest (Ẓāhir). Therefore, it is necessary that God’s essence be also manifest. Of course, Suhrawardi also has paid attention to the issue of divine hiddenness and its relationship with the human soul. In Suhrawardi's view, divine hiddenness is due to man's lack of attention to the origin of the universe (i.e. the Light of all lights) and his neglect of his own existential (luminous) aspect. Nevertheless, in Schellenberg's view, God itself is the cause of divine hiddenness, and man has less responsibility. While comparing the viewpoints of Suhrawardi and Schellenberg on divine hiddenness, this article, using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain how God’s essence can be hidden while it is manifest, but this hiddenness should not return to his essence.

Throughout history, there have been few poets, philosophers, or sages who have not mentioned music and Sama' in their written works. Shahab al-Din Sohrevardi, as one of the philosophers of the Islamic world, also had a special view of the states of the listener (audience) while listening to music and Sama'. He begins his discussion of music and Sama' with the concept of the audience and state. This approach to Sama' is unique. Performance art is one of the most controversial and fascinating trends in contemporary art. In performance art, the artist performs his/her work live in front of the audience. Performance art has always developed alongside literature, poetry, music, architecture, and painting. This research attempts to answer the following question: What is the nature of the audience in music and Sama' in Sohrevardi's view, and how is it connected to the audience in performance art?

Sheikh Eshraq, by acknowledging the existence of various faculties for the soul and considering imagination as one of these faculties, he has aligned his perspective with Ibn Sina's view. Ibn Sina contends that all soul faculties, except the rational faculty, are material. Therefore, according to Ibn Sina, imagination, besides having its own material nature, is also impressed in a material locus. The faculty of imagination, based on the functions of "combination and elaboration," provides the necessary forms and meanings for reason to achieve intellectual perception. On the other hand, Sheikh Eshraq rejects the concept of the imaginative faculty and imaginal forms in the sense intended by Ibn Sina, considering imaginary forms as suspended images not located in any place or space. Although these forms occasionally manifest in appearances, those appearances should not be considered the actual place or space of those forms. In other words, Suhrawardi attributes imaginative perception, like all perceptions, to the immediate knowledge of the soul. Despite adhering to Ibn Sina regarding the corporeality of imagination, Suhrawardi views imaginal forms as independent, remaining, and existing in the "Greater Imagination" (Khayal Mutaqaddim). Although he designates the imaginative faculty as material, he doesn't find compatibility between the perceiver and the perceived and believes that the soul engages in perceiving imaginal forms through examples. Therefore, it seems that while Suhrawardi aligns with Ibn Sina's perspective to some extent, he diverges in various aspects of the imagination discourse. The researcher concludes that Suhrawardi's foundational thoughts in this discussion are rooted in his critical considerations of Ibn Sina's statements. Sheikh Eshraq, albeit not in a detailed and organized manner but generally, pays attention to the simplicity of imagination as the basis for criticisms in some of his works such as "Al-Mabahith" and "Tebi'at" in "Al-Shifa

In this exploration, we delve into the profound concept of beauty and its antithesis—ugliness—through the lens of the philosopher Suhrawardī. Renowned for his emphasis on Illuminationism and the boundless realm of imagination, Suhrawardī’s discourse extends beyond the luminous to encompass the very essence of ugliness. Our purpose is to unravel the enigma of what Shaikh-i-Ishraq truly meant by ugliness and how he articulated it within the framework of his philosophical tenets. Through meticulous analysis, we discern various facets of ugliness: the palpable, the perceptible, and the ethereal, all interwoven within Suhrawardī’s literary tapestry. Ultimately, we witness how ugliness, akin to darkness, stands in stark contrast to the radiant light—a symbol of beauty and virtue—pervading Suhrawardī’s profound philosophy.

The process of sense perception has been a subject of discussion in Islamic philosophy, and four theories have been proposed to explain the sense perception process. Before Sheikh Ishraq, mystics focused on impressions in sense perceptions, and mathematicians considered the emergence of rays in visual perception. Suhrawardī, through criticizing the theories before him regarding visual perception, emphasizes the relation of illuminational relation (al-iḍāfa al-ishrāqiyya) and the direct connection of the human soul with external agents. Although he extensively discusses the quality of visual perception, he has not explicitly addressed the quality of perception in other sense faculties. This has led some to doubt the generalization of his theory to other sense perceptions. In this paper, we attempt to provide evidence for the generalization of Suhrawardī's theory to other sense faculties. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this theory in his philosophical system, we study some of its functions within his philosophical system. In this article, we present three pieces of evidence for the generalization of his theory to other sense faculties, and among these three pieces of evidence, two are considered innovations in this paper. Finally, we will examine the functions of this theory in Suhrawardī's theological-philosophical system.

In their discussion of knowledge (science) and the criticism of the philosophical traditions before them, both Shahabu al-Din Suhrawardi and Martin Heidegger argue that the authentic perception is a part of direct and intuitive knowledge of the truth and the very essences of things, rather than the impression of the form or concept of an object in the mind. Relying on the luminous-natured identity of self and knowledge, Suhrawardi considers the entire states and types of perception to be of direct and intuitive knowledge. With his theory of man (Dasein) as a "being in the world", while emphasizing the inherent openness of man, Heidegger holds that in the course of practical communication, man removes the veils from himself, the beings and the world and thus man's authentic understanding is of intuitive existence and of presence cognation. While both thinkers emphasize the pre-conceptual nature of the authentic perception, they also embrace conceptual (acquired) perception at a later stage. However, viewing the difference in culture and intellectual tradition of the two thinkers, there naturally are differences of opinion between them. Through an analytical-comparative method, this article has determined the similarities and differences of the two philosophers as to direct perception.

Since its establishment and formation by the advanced philosophers, especially Hakim Abu Nasr Farabi, Islamic philosophy has experienced various changes, one of which is "change of location" which is usually accompanied by content changes; For example, philosophy in the Baghdad period has characteristics that change into other characteristics in the Khorasan period. In the same way, Islamic philosophy in the territory of Azerbaijan (6th to 8th lunar centuries) has other coordinates, one of which is the noticeable tendency of the writers of philosophical texts in Persian language. Today, in the shadow of this desire and interest in the Persian writing of the philosophers of that era and country, we have a legacy of valuable research works, which both in terms of strengthening the Persian language and in terms of using the capacity of that language in conveying philosophical concepts and issues, are part of the precious treasures of our intellectual culture. Are considered The present research has been organized based on the library method and the following findings are the result of this research and investigation: 1- The Persian writing of philosophers of the Azerbaijani school is focused on the existence of the capabilities of this language in transmitting intellectual concepts; 2- The authors of treatises and philosophical books in Persian, along with the use of Arabic language, sought to benefit the general public from intellectual knowledge; 3- Preservation of national identity with a component called Persian language is another motivation of the authors of philosophical works in Persian language.

Thoughts and theoretical reflections about “governance” in Islamic society, whether theorizing about the desired structure of government or describing the characteristics of an ideal ruler, is one of the most important topics studied in the field of political thought and philosophy in Islam, to which great names such as Farabi, etc. are connected. In this context, this research, through a comparative approach, seeks to examine and analyze the views of Farabi and Sohrawardi about the ideal ruler from the perspective of a judicial approach. Based on such an approach, a philosopher like Farabi considers the different ways of connecting to the active intellect as the separation of the theoretical intellect from matter and the connection to the active intellect, and a divine sage like Sohrawardi also speaks of the separation of the theoretical intellect and the separation of the power of imagination, which is manifested in a prophet. In the eyes of both thinkers, human reason has the ability to overcome material existence. This type of excellence is a condition for achieving complete metaphysical knowledge and theoretical perfection. The ultimate happiness is the achievement of the active intellect. “The Absolute First Leader” and “Quṭb (Imam or pole)” have both achieved this position.
The ideal government and ruler, in the system of Islamic philosophy, are based on the approach of philosophers to wisdom and their opinions and ruling foundations. The philosophers’ approach to wisdom and intellect in the system of Islamic philosophy has changed and developed from Farabi to Sohrawardi and later. Based on this change in the method and approach to wisdom of the sages, philosophical issues and topics including the issue of government and the ideal ruler, have also undergone changes and transformations.
Despite the significant evolution of Islamic philosophy in the two Peripatetic and Illuminative systems, it seems that the ideal ruler in Sohrawardi’s philosophy, which he refers to as “the pole/Imam (quṭb),” is compatible with the first leader of al-Farabi’s utopia. The problem of this research is to investigate the characteristic features of “Qutb” and “First Leader/Philosopher” in the Peripatetic and Illuminative systems of philosophy based on Sohrawardi and Farabi’s approach to wisdom and its types.
“Qutb” in Sohrawardi’s thought
In the wisdom of enlightenment, the perfect human being and the “Qutb” to whom the position of caliph belongs, is perfect in intuitive and argumentative wisdom, and in other words, he is both adept in reflection and adept in discussion.
In Sohrawardi’s thought, the rulers must know wisdom as well be practical wayfarers, that is, they must possess a combination of theoretical and practical wisdom. On the one hand, Sohrawardi’s theory is influenced and consistent with Plato’s theory, both of which emphasize the “ruling sage,” and on the other hand, it is influenced by the Iranian tradition and the benefit of the ideal kings from wisdom and intellect, and “Khurra-yi Kiani”[1] and the approval of God, which is in the interpretation Religious and close to Sufism and Shiism, it is interpreted as Qutb and divine sage. A Qutb or an Imam is one who is connected with the active intellect, receives grace from the higher realm, and spreads goodness, prosperity, knowledge, justice, and virtue among religions with a divine plan.
“The First Leader” in Farabi’s thought
The First Leader is someone who does not need the guidance of another human being; rather, all sciences and knowledge are obtained by him in esse and he is able to infer appropriate actions and behavior from general reasoning. He can also best guide others to perform these meritorious deeds; the same actions and actions that bring a person to happiness. These abilities are realized in people of great and outstanding nature by connecting to the active intellect. Such a person, in fact, in the eyes of the ancients, is a king and ruler and worthy of revelation. The rule of such a person is the first rule and his leadership is the first leadership, and the rule of others that is through his rule will be the subordinate rule, and people under the rule of this leader and leader are virtuous people, the chosen ones, and the fortunate ones.
In examining and comparing the two viewpoints, it should be said that a philosopher like Farabi considers the different ways of connecting to the active intellect to be the separation of the theoretical intellect from matter and the connection to the active intellect, and a Godly sage like Sohrawardi also speaks of the separation of the theoretical intellect and the power of imagination, which manifests itself in a prophet, where we witness detachment from matter and the ability to remove the soul from the body.
In the eyes of both thinkers, human reason has the ability to overcome material existence. This type of excellence is a condition for achieving complete metaphysical knowledge and theoretical perfection. The ultimate happiness is the achievement of the active intellect.”First Leader”and “Qutb” have both achieved this position. Based on this, the complete transcendence of material existence is possible for certain people.

It is only in the last few decades that testimony has been seriously studied in epistemology. But in the Islamic world, testimony by necessity has been paid attention earlier. Epistemology of testimony, in Islamic tradition, began by jurists, who had nothing in their hand but the testimony of others for understanding religion and legal injunctions of God. Another line of study were philosophers and logicians, who regarded testimony as one of the principles of judgement. At the same time that he was participating in these two lines of studies, Suhrawardī initiated a third line of study in his theology. In this paper, we will show Suhrawardī's contribution in this topic with two analytical and historical approaches.

Suhrawardī's Epistemology of Testimony:

Suhrawardī has spoken about testimony in three places of his works: in logic when enumerating the principles of judgements, in methodology of jurisprudence when discussing religious proofs, and in theology when talking about the doctrine of the nobler contingent to prove platonic forms.

Testimony in Suhrawardī's Logic:

al-Fārābī and Avicenna had talked about propositions taken from the testimony of others in their logic when discussing the first principles. With this in his hand, Suhrawardī begins to contemplate on the issue. He identifies two kinds of propositions that are related to testimony: accepted premises (maqbūlāt) and widely transmitted propositions (mutawātirāt). Accepted premises are propositions that we accept from someone we have good opinion of. In al-Talwīhāt, he adds that this good opinion is because of something celestial in that person or because he is more intelligent or religious. Widely transmitted premises are propositions that we become certain of because of the plethora of the testimonies of others. He, against others, does not require for what is testified to be perceptual/sensible. This is a smart move because he demonstrates the credibility of religious experience for the non-experiencer using exactly the widely transmitted propositions.Suhrawardī makes four important movements that are contrary to the Avicennan peripatetic tradition-four movements that cannot be simply passed by. They become clearer only when they are considered in the historical context and with regard to al-Ghazālī's statements. First of all, he eliminates Peripatetics’ intuitive propositions and innate propositions from the list of certain principles. Second, he brings widely transmitted and experiential propositions under one title. Thirdly, he gives them the name of intuitive propositions, while what he means by intuition is its literal meaning, not its peripatetic terminological meaning. And the fourth is that he attends to the role of evidences in them.It seems, from what we have said so far in addition to what will come in the next section from al-Ghazālī and his influence on Suhrawardī, that he thinks of the accumulated opinions as the reason why widely transmitted propositions are certain.

Testimony in Suhrawardī's Methodology of Jurisprudence:

One of religious proofs for understanding religion and legal injunctions of God is what is transmitted by testimony. Here, Suhrawardī takes one of al-Ghazālī's books-i.e., al-Mustaṣfā-and writes accordingly. One of al-Ghazālī's contributions in this discussion is that he eliminates intuitive propositions from the six self-evident propositions and introduces another sixth way to knowledge base on evidences. Suhrawardī takes the idea of evidences and their role in knowledge firmly. It is from here that we can see the idea of evidences in his philosophical works.He also mentions some requirements for the one who gives testimony such as being just and having good vision. This, and other things, could show that he is not totally individualist and internalist about testimony.

Testimony in Suhrawardī's Theology:

In theology, Suhrawardī, innovatively and for the first time, brings forward the discussion of testimony to prove the epistemological credibility of religious experience for the non-experiencer. Sometimes, testimony is in important matters and by experts. When that is the case, Suhrawardī says, one or two testimony is enough to become certain about what is testified. For example, when one or two astronomers testify about something related to their specialty, that brings us knowledge and certainty about that thing. This is the way of science. He continues that when this is so, the testimony of religious experiencers should also bring us knowledge. Here, testimony is as valuable as testimony in science, and even more valuable. This is because the number of testifiers here are more, they are sages and prophets that moral truth is certain in them, and their testimony is about what they have seen directly not what they have inferred from their observations.

Although Suhrawardī relies heavily on al-Fārābi, Avicenna, and al-Ghazālī, he makes a great contribution to the epistemology of testimony. His point that the certainty of widely transmitted propositions is because of the accumulated opinions developed by Shahīd Ṣadr later on. His brilliant innovation is that he brings forward the discussion of testimony to prove the epistemological credibility of religious experience for the non-experiencer.

One of Sohrawardi's innovations in ethics is that while discussing the wisdom of taste and intuition, he takes steps towards the perfection of the soul and the happiness of man, a matter that was also pursued by Mulla Sadra in relation to the perfection levels in theoretical and practical reason. This article is done with the aim of investigating the ethical views of Suhravardi and Mulla Sadra, in line with the effect of practical reason in the completion of theoretical reason.

The results of the research show that, contrary to the similarities of the views of these two thinkers in accepting the influence of practical reason in the completion of theoretical reason, Sohrvardi develops this theory in line with his theory about intuition, intuitive science and taste wisdom. While Mulla Sadra's theory uses it in line with his theory about the perfection of the soul through essential movement; Therefore, in Mulla Sadra's theory, this issue is to prove the effect of action in the emergence of its physical form in the world of resurrection. The research method is a qualitative method based on content analysis. In this case, logical analysis is considered to answer the main research questions.