شهروند

In this article, the author attempts to explain something that is rarely seen in Aristotle's ethical and political thought, which is the legal dimension that Aristotle incidentally stated between ethics and politics in order to link the two in the fifth chapter of the Nicomachean Ethics. In this chapter, Aristotle distances himself from justice in the moral sense and, by introducing another into his theory, enters justice in the legal sense under the theory of natural law, which itself is based on the Greek theory of nature. With this chapter of the aforementioned book, Aristotle completely transforms the meaning of law, citizenship, and life under the political state. In a way, politics is completely influenced by the non-subjective right or rights of man from this moment on, and here Aristotle makes a difference between household management, the relationship of gods and servitude, and the political situation, and makes politics a place for realizing the acquisition of moral virtues and ensuring laws based on distributive and corrective justice and other natural rights of citizens.

Spinoza, Dutch philosopher of the seventeenth century, and Kant, the hero of enlightenment, have dealt with women and their differences with men in their works. In a few places, Spinoza pointed out the matter of women and the sexual difference between people. Among Spinoza's works, there is no work that talks about just this matter. However, in the case of Kant, there are some works on this matter. Dealing with the matter of women and their social states according to these European philosophers of modern time, this essay tried to find out the similarities and differences of their attitudes. Thus, it has resulted that although their similar attitudes on the case of women, Spinoza's philosophy has some features which have made it the source and supporter of feminist philosophers and saved it from severe criticism of feminists have been proposed against Kant.

With the massive growth of cities in the last two or three decades and the multifaceted role these cities play, the planning and cultural management of cities has become strangely complex and difficult. In general, there are economic, social, cultural, educational and physical problems in most cities despite numerous complaints from people. The purpose of this study is to examine citizenship ethics as one of the central factors affecting urban sustainability.

This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population includes all people over 20 years old in Ilam city. 383 citizens of Ilam who were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using statistical methods such as Pearson correlation analysis, mean analysis and multivariate regression test.

It shows that there is a relationship between the city based on ethical indicators and sustainable urban development.

Based on the findings of the study, relying on the dimensions of citizenship ethics improves all aspects of urban planning system and therefore, dissemination of citizenship ethics should be a top priority for urban managers.

Making a genealogical analysis, this article tries to trace the genesis of the “Human Rights” in the perspective of the ontological and anthropological contexts and Fundamentals of the modern world; the man who started his departure from the “Subject” in the Renaissance and Enlightenment era and has revolved toward the “Individual” and then the “Citizen”. The “Conceptual Reason” and “Common Sense” have been exercising a pivotal role in the amendment and enforcement of the human rights on the basis of the modern world’s worldview. According to the social philosophy of the modernity, the special euphemisms and terminology have been accompanying human rights, as follow: 1- Individual and individualism (psychological man, freewill, and power) 2- Rationalism and scientism (scientific worldview, world-building, and secularization) 3- The rule of law and citizenship (liberalism, global community, and the paradox of democracy). Overall, it seems that the human rights are as a sacred text of the modern man actually attached with the abstract destitute subject_ mainly functioning under the “Instrumental Reason” of the western political system.

In the middle of sixteenth century, publishing of Copernicu's On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres led to the Copernican scientific revolution. This movement continued by publishing of Kepler's and Galileo's works in the early of seventeenth century. According to the common construal, in this methodological revolution, deduction is replaced by induction. In traditional science, a few universal propositions possessed the main value and a vast collection of particular propositions were derived from them. This path in conversed in modern science and few general laws acquire their validity from sets of particular propositions. In other words, particular experimental propositions haveessential validity and general laws gain their value in a derived way. After this methodological revolution in science, important transitions occurred in the political philosophy. The thesis of this paper is that these transitions are affected by the mentioned changes in the philosophy if science.