جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « صدق و معرفت » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

In history of ideas, although traditional rationalists used reason andreasoning to justify any claim (hypothesis, theory, and…), Popper andhis pupils, as critical rationalists, emphasis on falsifying any. Criticalrationalists believe that human knowledge is fallible; and thisknowledge not only can’t fulfill any justification, but also need to noone. For human knowledge is fallible and confined, critical rationalistsrelay on rationality to the extent that it help us to detect our errors andfailures. According to critical rationalists, critical method is merely tocriticize all of ideas, beliefs, and etc. unstoppably in order to reveal theprobable, tacit faults. Scientific theories, in their view, are daringconjectures which come from encountering with problems; theseconjectures are not justifiable and must be falsifiable (and thereforerefutable) through severe test. The refutation to old theory is theparamount process of scientific discovery. If any new theory survivemore of such refutations, it would have a higher verisimilitude andtherefore, critical rationalists suggest that it is closer to truth. So criticalrationalists have exposed some innovations in philosophy of science,but there are a few critiques which they are (or should be) going to dealwith.

There are at least four main theories about the relation of belief to knowledge:First is the idea of inconsistency of belief and knowledge, which was first proposed by Plato. Second is the idea of their correspondence which was suggested by such philosophers as Ayer, with which some Muslim logicians and philosophers have sympathized. Third is the separability of belief and knowledge and their different spheres, put forward by Colin Radford. And finally, is the theory supported by behaviorism, and called “eliminativism”. One of the consequences of these viewpoints is their different interpretations of the most important facet of belief, namely, “intentional aspect”, the history of which goes back to Ibn-Sīnā. This article is an attempt to explore these points of view. In the first part, the metaphysical issues about belief are discussed, and in the second part, epistemological aspect is studied. The author favors the idea that “understanding” is what can constitute knowledge.