مفهوم

In his Phenomenology of the Spirit, Hegel tries to explicate his claim that what he calls the System of Science should be organized merely through the "Life of Concept". In this paper, first, we will try to survey the role(s) Hegel assigns to the Concept in Phenomenology of Spirit. Then, we will examine his use of this term in Phenomenology of the Spirit and we will discuss the meanings of this term in that book. Thereafter We will discuss whether in Phenomenology of the Spirit, Concept is finite (as we have seen in Kant's philosophy) and whether it is limited to an external limit or not, and eventually we will try to show that in Phenomenology of Spirit, the absolute knowledge should be understood not as attaining a pure and simple static truth, but it must be understood as infinite unity of Concept and in fact as infinite movement of it. In fact, drawing on the interpretations of Pippin, Houlgate, and Stern, we argue that in contrast to the prevailing interpretations in contemporary Hegel studies, at the end of the Phenomenology of Spirit, it is the concept that becomes absolute, not consciousness.

The existence of nature in humans and its role in knowledge have been discussed. Some scientists have taken its existence for granted and have talked about its extent and nature, while others have denied it. Among Islamic scholars, the existence of nature is considered almost certain and the talk is aimed at the influence and how it affects. Among Western,ers Descartes fully emphasizes the place and role of innate concepts in epistemology and its scope. In a brief comparison between what these two philosophers have said, we find out their differences and possibly their commonalities.From Descartes' point of view, man understands the existence of God, man and nature in a clear and distinct way that is characteristic of natural concepts. According to Ayatollah Javadi, human nature also knows the existence of God and his attributes such as monotheism, prophethood, and resurrection, and in general the principles of belief, morality, and even behavior.It has been objected to both philosophers that we do not find these natural concepts at the beginning of our life. By accepting the lack of innate concepts at the beginning of human creation, Javadi considers this type of knowledge to be intuitive based on the existence of nature and the single soul of man, but Descartes, without emphasizing on intuitive knowledge and merely mentioning intellectual intuition, found these innate concepts at the beginning of human creation. they know, but in a latent form that is revealed with the emergence of the background and discovers their intellect.

The fundamental problem that has always been paid attention to in the history of thought is that 1- What is the relationship between subject and object? 2- How can we pass from subject to object and know the internal structure of the objective world? The answer to this epistemological problem in the modern period caused extensive changes in the system of thought, and out of it came rationalism, empiricism, and idealism. To explain the mentioned ratio, some like the materialists put the principle as a material object and consider everything, especially the knowledge system, to be explainable based on it. On the other hand, subjective idealism puts the subject first instead of emphasizing the object and bases the explanation of the empirical world on the concept in Kant and rational intuition in Fichte. In both of them, the knowledge system was based on a hard ground that made knowledge as a whole possible by transcending the knowledge system itself. But Hegel took on a completely different role in the Phenomenology of Spirit. 1. by considering the concept as fundamental in the knowledge system, 2. giving it an ontological aspect due to its connection with the object-in-itself, 3. making it fluid from the stage of abstract substance to the stage of the actual subject, he introduced the concept as the absolute with its movement from the potential stage to the actual stage, it determines the subject and the object and harmonizes existence and thought as a system and a dialectical whole. With this work, Hegel was able to rule out elitism in the system of science, and by knowing the concept and its connection with the absolute as fundamental, he reconciled the absolute knowledge with the conventional view and revealed it to everyone. In this article, the author tries to present a concrete interpretation of the system of knowledge in Hegel's thought by focusing on the "concept" according to the preface of the phenomenology of the soul. For this purpose, the author deals with the position of the concept and the explanation of its structure in the phenomenology of the soul under the following nine titles: the position of the concept in the phenomenology of the soul; prior concepts and the beginning of the phenomenology of the soul from essence as nothing; Hegel's critical stance towards instrumentalization of consciousness; the concept and passing from the phenomenal field to the realm of the object in itself; the concept in motion, the ontological foundation of the world; Hegel and the two-way reflection of thought and existence; experience and its extension to the object itself; Hegel's criticism of elitism in the knowledge system through the negation of rational intuition; Hegel's system of knowledge is the only way for subjective idealism to escape from skepticism.

In short, Hegel is trying to define existence and knowledge as a system through a concrete understanding of the concept and its historical and existential development and make thought and existence compatible with each other. In order to turn the knowledge system into something concrete, Hegel changes the foundation of science from fixed transcendental matters to a mediated and negative concept by negating prior concepts and intellectual intuition. In this view, instead of starting from prior and fixed things, which is the condition of knowledge of the concept of the world, science starts from a concept that is considered empty and abstract in the first stage. In this way, knowledge does not start from a definite and actual matter, but from a concept whose only determination is the power and ability to become absolute. According to Hegel, it is this concept that, through its inner negation, dismantles each particle of its former world after another particle and silently matures in a new form. With this statement, Hegel negates any first fixed point that is outside the movement of the concept and conceptual knowledge is based on it, and in this way, everything is determined and known within the concept in motion. This is where Hegel finds the ability to eliminate any dark spots in the history of consciousness and by clarifying the absolute for everyone, destroys the foundation of elitism that Fichte and Schelling's rational intuitions emphasized. Also, by ontologicalizing the concept and relating it to the object-in-itself, Hegel escapes from the skepticism that plagues mental idealism to escape from skepticism.

After adopting a fundamental approach in epistemology, one important issue is to explain why basic and self-evident propositions are true. From among self-evident propositions, the first (analytical) theorems are of special importance. Referring to many problems and contrary to the approach attributed to the early philosophers, Allameh Misbah Yazdi does not embrace the possibility that first theorems should imitate the external instances and instead seeks for their referents in the relations between concepts in the mind. Despite mind's intuitive dominance over relations between the concepts in the first theorems and the fact that its explanation for the criterion of the truth of first theorems is provided through reference to the present knowledge, this theory still faces an important question. Assuming that first theorems indicate the relation between the concepts in the mind, how can these mental correlations be considered as a criterion for the identity of instances outside? How can we leave out mind's structure and intervention in the process of establishing such relations? How can we be sure that if our mind were created otherwise or if a different structure was defined for it like the artificial intelligence, it would not consider other propositions as first theorems? It goes without saying that the lack of a proper answer to the above question leads to relativism in the foundations of human knowledge and then to relativism in all sciences. In their article and through a descriptive method, the authors intend to first explain the foundation of Allameh Misbah Yazdi on how concepts express something and then their difference from how artificial intelligence data signify things. They then provide an appropriate answer to the aforementioned question through the analytical method.

In the first half of the 20th century, the ontological approach in explaining philosophical issues was first reduced to an epistemological approach and then to a linguistic approach. The experts of the recent approach claimed that the meaningfulness and truth of propositions can be explained by relying on theories of meaning. As a result, the discussion about being and it’s judgments changed to a discussion about language and its meaning and what it is.In this article, we tried to answer the question of what is the theory of meaning in the Allāma Tabātabāī’s, after defining the theory of meaning and the outline of theories of meaning in the West? And does this theory has the ability to answer the problems of the theory of meaning or not?Allāma Tabātabāī, in discussing the primacy and priority of existence over essence or meaning, basically considers it impossible the realization of any meaning, both verbal and non-verbal,in reality, and on the other hand, he proves that meaning is the same mental form and its place is in the mind. Therefore, it can be concluded that his theory is closely related to the imaginary theory of meaning, but it does not have the problems of the apprehension in mind theory of meaning that is discussed in the West, and through the foundations of Islamic philosophy, such as the discovery and recital of the mental form, it answers them.

" Inner perception" is one of the common concepts in the field of epistemology among Muslim philosophers, which is opposed to external or sensory perception or the like. However, by examining several text and expressions of Muslim philosophers, it seems that this type of perception requires more analysis and conceptual clarity, and Inner perception is not used in the same sense in all cases. This research tries to reread the multiple meanings of inner perception by logical analysis of Sadrul Matalhin's expressions. The results of this study show that inner perception is used in at least two meanings: "internal perception" and "conceptual (hidden) perception", which is in contrast to external sensory perception and immediate and intuitive perception. Based on the involvement of "concept" and mental existence in the second case, the relationship between "concept" and "ma'nā" should also be analyzed; An analysis that highlights and explains the relationship between "ma'nā" and "form" and "matter" and ultimately leads to a third and different understanding of Inner perception: Inner perception as "spiritual revelation and perception of "ma'nā". In this view, inner perception is the immediate intuition of … (as the truth and basis of “form”), which is opposed to sensory perception and the observation of exemplary forms.

One of the topics that is discussed in the field of Quranic research is the issue of Khalifahullah, which is mentioned several times in the Holy Quran with different forms. It has been provided and the answer to this question is sought, what does the word caliph mean conceptually and according to the evidence, and are its examples only the infallible prophets and imams or anyone who takes over the leadership of the Islamic community after the Prophet. The result of that is that the Caliph of Allah is determined and appointed by God Almighty in every age, and the earth is not always devoid of God''s authority and Caliph. Among the reasons for this claim is that in the Holy Qur''an this special word for prophets and divine saints is used. According to the Holy Qur''an, as a divine caliph, he received the knowledge of names from God Almighty, and with the virtue of knowledge and infallibility, he reached a position that, at the command of God Almighty, the prostrate angels and reached the highest position in the world of creation, that is, the position of divine caliphate on earth, which is only by will. Hazrat Haq is not possible. Therefore, other people from the human society do not deserve the position of God''s caliphate.

The realization of multiple significances in a unified reality is a significant principle that may seriously disrupt our epistemology and ontology if an adequate interpretation is not presented or accepted. Based on this principle, in the external world, no consequence is basically realized, and at the same time, reality can be considered as an instance of significance and various consequences. Reality is absolutely non-complex and through its non-complexity, it is an instance of various consequences. The mind does not self-foundedly take significance from the external world, rather it is the non-complex reality that allows the mind to abstract its significance. Thus, the significances are indeed realized in the external world, and at the same time, the reality is an absolute non-complex and no consequence and plurality can make it pluralistic. This is obviously manifested in Existentialism. according to the correct interpretation of Existentialism, reality is not merely of existence or essence; neither existence is the source of abstraction of essence nor conversely, rather the non-complex reality is the source of abstraction of both and the plurality of both. Thus, reality is actually derived from both, but with its non-complexity. The difference between the significance of existence and other significance is that it can be realized through its essence, but other significances are the true realization of the consequence.

This paper investigates the evolution of the concept orb in order to give a rational explanation for the concept's introduction and dissolution. This concept, we will argue, was initially introduced in the Greek culture, while suffering from some conceptual ambiguitites. In particular, two geometrical and physical understandings were associated with the concept and they were indistinguishable among different passages. For Ptolemy, the concept of orb had both geometrical and physical realizations in different treatises. But such conceptual ambiguity was gradually eliminated in the Islamic age of science. We believe that this concept articulation was initiated from the early tenth century by the works of Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Bīrūnī and by the end of the thirteenth century ultimately the concept was used with its highest clarity. We will enumerate some key conceptual characteristics of the concept in this period in order to show how these components marked the beginning of its dissolution in the sixteenth century. In particular, Tycho Brahe and his fellow astronomers in the sixteenth century decided to abandon the concept for some contradictions between these conceptual components and their own empirical observations.

In this article, we try to consider the concept of time or duaration of Deleuze in photomontage photography with reference to Francis Bacon's paintings. Deleuze discusses time using Bergson's philosophy of motion and duration. Philosophy is a work of art in the postmodernist view, it is anti-structuralist, and according to this issue, art cannot be considered a narrator, because art that is a narrator and is based on structure is a dead art. Deleuze's philosophy is neither subjective nor objective; He tells the story of the very presence and life in the world. For this reason, and based on his initial teachings and Hegelian's totalitarian ideas, he reduced the world and thought in the world to a single whole called the nature of life, and tried to put this totalitarian thought into thought. The gradual-evolutionary naturalistic experience blends. Jilles Deleuze tackles the issue of art from an anti-structuralist perspective. He examines the relationship between times in photomontage photography. We assume that concepts in photography have a motion-driven and creative role with the principle of being in photomontage. The main claim and finding of this article is that it can be said that Deleuze, by violating narrative and being in the art of photography, considers photomontage as a creative movement in fluidity that takes time and space. The most prominent English formalist painter is Francis Bacon. Bacon was able to express the modernist European perception and mentality in his works through visual language or figurative art. Our method in this research is descriptive and analytical. This research seeks to find the answer to the question of how to bring becoming into the art of photography and prevent its narrative and structure.

Investigating the essence and the attributes of the Necessary Being is among the main discussions of the ‘metaphysics in its particular sense’. Especially, in the Islamic world, due to the explicit statements in the religious texts as well as the dominant culture, the philosophers made the greatest effort to resolve the issues pertaining to this topic. The mode of relationship of the attributes with the essence and with one another is, as far as the concept and the instance are concerned, one of those issues. Avicenna, as one of the pillars of the Islamic philosophy, has put forward a theory on the discussion of the conceptual unity of the attributes of the Necessary Being with one another, which has not been accepted by other philosophers. After him, Mulla Sadra has attempted to deface Avicenna’s theory, and others, following him, have criticized Avicenna. In this article, we have tried to delineate Avicenna’s theory so that it is clarified whether Mulla Sadra’s critique on this theory is right or not.

Because of hybrid nature of language, it has conceptual and existential aspects. Ideas of Socrates caused conceptual aspect to be focused on and the existential one neglected. In Heidegger and Niche’s view, neglect of the relation between phsysis and logos and forgetting the role of language in emerging the existence and it’s inability to adapt with becoming of the existence, caused the essence of existential aspect to be obsolesced; and through degrading the subject from ontology to epistemology by Kant, needed ground for the supremacy of conceptual language was provided. This process was accelerated through  submitting the theory of Formal language caused this process to enter a new stage which led to accepting Gestell like an inevitable fate that was the result of need of human in this context . Nietzsche and Heidegger find a solution in this era of hardship. They try to provide a situation in which another type of human and universe appear via attention to existential language and revival of ontological thought against the virtual type which has predestined conceptual language and antique thought.