applied ethics

Motherhood as a part of women's life is a valuable stage that makes a woman have a different dignity than when she has not entered such a stage. Women's employment, as a common thing that has been valued as an economic value and a kind of social dignity for women in contemporary society, is contrary to their maternal dignity in many cases. The defenders of each of these sides of the moral conflict propose arguments. Achieving financial independence and a woman's social dignity is part of the argument of the supporters of women's employment against motherhood. In response, while evaluating the arguments of the suppoerters of women's employment, arguments can be made in favor of the moral dignity of the mother. This article, using descriptive-analytical method, shows that motherhood, while being in harmony with the spiritual and physical requirements and real needs of women, is ahead of other temporary affairs such as employment. On the other hand, women's entry into different jobs and presence in the community, if it is not aligned with their motherly role, will cause many damages to mothers and their children. If women can fulfill their social  responsibilities with the support and assistance of the family and the centrality of the main roles such as motherhood, then it can be collected between them. According to the natural, intellectual and narrative evidence in conflict situations, the dignity of a mother has priority over other roles of mothers such as employment.

This article sought to examine the influence of the need-based approach on educating the student ethics of female teachers of Bint Al-Huda Sadr campus of Farhangian University of Guilan in the second semester 2018-2019.

This research was conducted based on a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group.

Most human abilities go back to Wisdom and Wisdom is not obtained except by acquiring knowledge. Human personality grows and evolves in all areas of existence in the light of acquiring knowledge and cognition. For this reason, Communities whose science and education have not developed in the required disciplines and fields cannot flourish. At present, ethics is considered as one of the necessities of the country's academic community and strengthening and growing the ethics of acquiring knowledge due to its impact on our scientific behavior in the stages of education, teaching, research and scientific services, is one of the requirements of the country.

The need-based teaching method was effective on strengthening and developing the student- teacher’s ethics.

Global Citizenship Education reinforces specific concepts and skills by expanding their dimensions. The purpose of this study is to design and validate the desired curriculum model of "Lifestyle: Applied Ethics" undergraduate course based on the components of Oxfam Global Citizenship.

The method of the present research is "field" research. The statistical population of the study includes all faculty members of humanities faculties of Qom universities and all students of educational sciences of Qom universities. Using stratified random sampling method, 135 faculty members and 180 students were selected from among them. A researcher-made questionnaire with 62 items and a reliability of 0.84 was used to collect data. Chi-square test was used to test the research hypotheses.

The results showed that there was a 95% concordance between the views of professors and students regarding the evaluation of the proposed curriculum model of "Rite of Life: Applied Ethics" based on the components of global citizenship in three areas of knowledge, attitude and skill and there was no significant difference between opinions.

Therefore, the approved model for designing a lifestyle curriculum: practical ethics is desirable, and by writing the above curriculum based on the components of Oxfam Global Citizen, we can help train efficient students.

Information technology makes possible the relationship between people around the ‎world. Hence, the information ethics theorists, such as Charles Ess, are trying to ‎propose a global ethical theory. Ess believes that this global theory in the field of ‎meta-ethics requires some kind of pluralism, in the name of interpretive pluralism, ‎and in the normative field of care ethics, virtue ethics and confucian ethics. This ‎paper, by using library research method and conceptual analysis, while introducing the view of Charles Ess, illustrates some of the most ‎important theoretical gaps in his project. His interpretive pluralism does not solve ‎the problem of relativism in relation to ethical judgment about “the other”. Also, his ‎defense of interpretive pluralism based on two incorrect assumptions. First, he has ‎supposed that cultural differences necessarily entail ethical differences; secondly, ‎he argues that pluralism is an accepted theory in all ethical approaches of the world. ‎In the normative field, the defense of the ethics of care, virtue and Confucius, in ‎contrast to consequentialism and deontologism, is not justified. The critiques do not ‎falsify the whole project, proposing a global information ethics; these clarify the ‎future paths of research to strengthen it.‎

The prevailing attitude of Islamic ethics in the identity of moral knowledge, reducing it to the characteristics of the firm and the sensual man. The Azfzylt influenced by Aristotle's look at a lot of research of our time away from the past can be seen.The main idea of this research is that the same commitment to the importance of internal Vsjyh traits, but according to new approaches in the field of social ethics, particularly professional and functional aspects, the behaviors that have been neglected, more special place in the interpretation ethics achieved. Hence in this article for the grant of evidence need to focus on behaviors were analyzed moral sense. another reason may be that the characteristics and causes of action has been carried out. Second, ethics and professional applications in a wide range today, most observers and behavioral health organization. In addition to being a lot of praise and criticism of that behavior without the involvement of the traits of ego. Of course, looking at the idea of fairness and respect Islamic ethics, emphasizing the definition of morality is independent also have psychological traits.

“Interpretation ethics” is one of the branches of ethics and an affiliate of applied ethics. The purpose of the present study is to delineate the epistemological domain of “interpretation ethics” in “Koranic studies”. Interpretation ethics, as an offshoot of applied ethics, is of an interdisciplinary identity. On the one hand, it is affiliated with ethics as an epistemological system [field of study], but on the other, it pertains to the epistemological scope of interpretation. Since this emerging science has not developed well enough and not been determined epistemologically, portrayal of the role and epistemological scope of interpretation ethics in the fields of ethics and Koranic studies can help us account for the method and type of research, and methodological and epistemological necessities. The study is to conclude that interpretation ethics comprises three scopes of action (the act of interpreting), process (the process of interpreting as research) and science (the epistemological breadth of the science of interpreting). Moreover, dependent upon the three-fold realms of the studies concerning Koranic understanding and interpretation, interpretation ethics can be investigated in three levels of pre-interpretation, during interpretation and post-interpretation (the product of interpreting).

Artists and architects have not left individual and collective moral and social values in their personal and social interaction. Some ethical teachings, especially in the field of traditional professions and jobs, have been mentioned in the form of formal oath notes, treaties, and ethical treaties in the field of profession. The fact that what differences and similarities may be found between the characteristics of this traditional value system and those of the contemporary situation is not what studied in the paper. This research seeks to find the relationship of this those ethical and spiritual norms and values, especially the quality of haya, modesty to religious teachings, bricklaying, house-building and the identity of bricklayers. This research, using a multi-aspect method by referring to a part of the written heritage in the field of traditional architecture, namely, the ethical treat of the bricklayers, by a descriptive method and analyzing the content of these documents, has sought to revive the ethical set carried by the document, more specially the quality of haya. As shown in the paper, traditional architecture includes principles and attributes such as monotheism, obeying the prophets, attention to verses and traditions, referring professional texts of to Divine friends, the acquiring necessary conditions in professions, spiritual conduct in the profession, Complementary training, adherence to educational management skills and so on.

In this study, ethical challenges in mining engineering have been grouped in three sections: designing, implementation and monitoring. Due to the lack of any previous research, findings of the author and experienced mine engineers were used. In the design field, the challenge of intergenerational justice is the most important challenge.
Some challenges in the design stage, such as exploitation of economic mines are crucial, and a comprehensive research and study, therefore, is needed, and even it may be useful to consider feqhi principles pertaining to mine ownership for the solution. Another challenge in this stage lies in leaving a part of the mineral for greater profit and ecosystemic effects of extraction. The challenges of the implementation stage lie in those mostly needed ones to be solved. In this section, non applicability of obligations in all engeneering fields is also broadly-used. The consequences of the explosion, workers'
control and short-term and long-term conflicts of interest are other challenges. Inharmony between obligations and realities, and compensation of unmeasured carges may be counted as some challenges of the stage.

In the study, ethical criteria of satire are introduced and explained and some objections including incompatibility of satire with some ethical issues are studied and answered. Using such tools as exaggerations led to lying, mockery, seeming as a foolish, insulting similes, personality degradation, and other constructors in stire are subject to ethical
criticism and criticized. And again, irrationality, unpleasant laughter, falling in meaninglessness, and carying a state of the lack of social freedoms may be regarded as those objections in the fiel. By explaining the meaning of the today satire and purifying it from ethical failurs, the ground for its more effective and reasonable use in the religious community is provided.

In Applied Ethics, methodology refers to the method of justification and solution of moral issues. There are three main methods in this area that have risen in contrast to one another: the first method is syllogism which emphasizes the importance of moral theories and their application in justifying moral issues and employs an ascending view; the second method is inductivism which has a particularistic and anti-theory approach and supports a descending view; the third method is principalism, which tries to strike a balance between the two views while maintaining a moderate view towards the application of the major moral theories in practice, and in this way find a cohesive solution. The topic of discussion in this paper is the second method i.e. inductivism. This method focuses on practical decisions regarding particular cases where the verdict cannot simply be put under general norms. The advocates of this method have formally recognized various forms of induction, the most important and comprehensive of which are as follows: case study or a study of particular circumstances and states, narrative ethics and some expositions of virtue ethics. This article is dedicated to the discussion and study of dedicated case study and tries to show the pros and cons of this approach clearly.

This research has been conducted to identify sexual norms in marital life. For this purpose, the Holy Quran and a large collection of narrations were studied. The verses related to sexual matters were extracted from the Quran and, after reviewing the extracted verses, the keyword was selected in accordance with the topics. Finally, the moral norms related to sexual relations were identified. Using the library-based approach, the present study has discovered the principles of sexual morality in marital life and has considered the proportionality of these principles with monotheistic reason in all areas. Justice, chastity, friendship, mercy, dignity and zeal are some of the ethical principles that are raised with regard to sexual issues in the Quran and the traditions.

In moral growth two views may be disingushed: one is psychological and the other social: compiling the two views, the paper has tried to study the part of Traffic police on people`s morality. Among different elements of driving and traffic`s system, the study has centered on rules and traffic police. The findings have been attained through field study, searcher`s experiences and the rules of driving and traffic. And psychological findings have been used for analyzing. The nature of traffic rules and police`s deed have been critically studied. as is understood by the findings, some of the rules as well as police`s manner of deed act as an obstacle agains moral growth.

Ethical contradictions in the field of sports and development of the ethical virtues in sports environments have attracted little attention of scholars which can be called a problem. Based on the fact that religion has a position in promotion of ethics and even it has significant effects in sports positions and successes, institutionalizing the ethical criteria taken from religious teachings called “promotion model of sports ethics with Islamic ethical approach” is very important as the macro strategy of promoting the level of sports ethics. Thereby, in order to propose a meaningful picture of the sports emphasized by Islam and also to achieve ethical gyms, teams, athletes and organizations, some practical steps could be taken.

Applied ethics is a major having a significant role in attracting the attention of the intellectuals and even the public readers regarding the importance of ethical discussions including discussions of the ethical philosophy. However, since only four decades have been passed from the contemporary approach of the scholars of ethics in this field, it is still considered to be a new and evolving discipline. Some conflicts and challenges have been raised among researchers about recognition and introduction of this discipline. Investigating the latest discussions, the researcher has made an attempt to propose a relatively acceptable conclusion from recognition of scientific identification of this discipline and its most important principles. For this, logicians have suggested eight in-order titles called Science Eight Vertices to introduce certificate of a science including definition, subject, purpose, benefit, discussion titles, authors and founders, scientific rank, and speech method and the researcher has maintained stance in controversial cases.

Compensatory efforts, positive discrimination or reverse discrimination are the terms which nowadays are used in applied ethics for a set of efforts and privileges which are scheduled for compensation of the historical oppressions and discriminations imposed upon some groups and classes in the society. The mentioned oppressions and discriminations may be applied deliberately or inadvertently or negligently. Although these efforts and privileges were initially taken into account for black people and women, they can be adapted and executed for the other social groups or classes which have suffered from oppression and discrimination. Some forms of compensatory efforts in Iran are the cases such as distributing the justice share and allocating quota for accepting students from the deprived areas. Advocates of these efforts have organized their argumentations in two main categories of past-directed arguments and future-directedarguments. After proposing the mentioned arguments and reporting the opponents’ criticisms, this study has dealt with analyzing and evaluating the reasons of the two sides. Using the relative deprivation theories-which are among topics of political sciences-the authors have suggested an argument in favor of compensatory efforts and it appears that in addition to other arguments of the advocates of the compensatory efforts it can strengthen this position. The mentioned argument is a prospective type.

Institutionalization of ethics and promotion of its characteristics is among the most basicobjectives of the divine prophets. Their efforts in this realm show the importance ofethics and spirituality in personal and social human life. Accordingly, the application ofethics and spirituality to all areas of human life is clearly necessary. Work as a basicelement for human perfection, reaches its desired result only after the application ofmoral necessities and principles to workplace. This paper is planning to recognize,examine, and analyze some of the principles of work ethic by resorting to the Quranicverses and traditions, especially by focusing on the sayings of Imam ‘Ali (a), to pave theway for their proper application to the community.

Is it necessary for the Islamic moral teachings to provide the essential elements needed for establishing a moral order? Is there any necessity that these elements possess a logical structure? If so, do all moral teachings of primary and secondary Islamic sources enjoy in fact such a logical structure? If not, is there any way to be reached? There are various doubts and debates about these questions explicitly or implicitly. The writer is agreed with those whose answers to these questions are positive. This paper with a metaethical approach is an explanatory introduction to this claim.

One of the most challenging topics of ethics in sport is the problem of "doping" by the usage of improper methods and materials of doping. In order to draw a valid conclusion, the paper attempts to evaluate and criticize the pros and con's evidences of doping taken from internet sites, different papers and Islamic resources. The derived conclusion indicates that despite of bringing about a state of pondering, the pro's evidences of doping cannot resist against the cons'. From the viewpoint of applied ethics and also of Islams, doping is an incorrect method of increasing the athlete's efficiency. Islam's ethical point of view could be described based on Islamic resources and clear principles that the paper undertakes.