position

In this article, Heidegger's phenomenological course on Kant's Thesis about This article has investigated Heidegger’s phenomenological quest of Kant’s thesis about “being.” Heidegger holds that Realität and Dasein in the philosophy of Kant find their roots in the well-known distinction of reality and existence in this philosophical tradition, but based on his philosophical definition and in opposition to their origin, Kant ultimately redefines the two as categories of the faculty of cognition. In this article, therefore, we survey the reduction of “being” to a category in the philosophy of Kant on the basis of Heidegger’s interpretation. Being is one of the categories of modality. By examining this set of categories, the importance of perception, as a institution of receiving the multiplicity of spatial and temporal intuitions (the material of knowledge), will be articulated. Thus, from Kant’s view, the apperception, along with its categories, synthesize these pluralities, of which the result is the position of the thing. For Kant, categories are ontological predicates that are related to the given and result in the appearance of beings by giving unity to the primary datum. Finally, it is concluded that for Kant, being is objectness (Gegenstandigkeit). In other words, everything that is currently in front of us is proved as a result of the unity of the Multiplicity of intuition, i.e., as the result of the synthesis of the Subject, and causes the thing or in its general sense: the object‒ to stand against of us. This is the meaning of the "position" of the object by the Subject.

The ethical status of animals and the ethical responsibility towards them is an important issue in applied ethics. By equating animals with physical mechanisms, Descartes views them as pure bodies, making animals devoid of emotions such as pain, and mere resources which lack moral standing, and rendering humans free of ethical responsibility towards them. By contrast to this theory, Mulla Sadra provides an ethical responsibility towards animals and an appropriate basis for recognizing an original ethical status and position in favor of animals by identifying an animal self and its imaginal immateriality. This renders the individual to be ethically responsible for the abuse of animals in industrial detention centers, slaughterhouses and various laboratories, and to minimize the consequences of such abuses for animals, and consequently, for humans.

One of the important issues concerning the motion in the substance of nature is the idea of intensity of the motion which has had different interpretation. The problem or challenge is how the invariable movement in categories of place and position –that currently is called invariable motion in space- can be consistent with the intensity of movement in substance. Different approaches for solving the problem has been proposed, however, none of them has given a final solution. The solution according to this article is that essentially the smooth movement in place and position is not a motion, but in relation to other things, the meaning of motion is truly attributed to it. This response, by proposing a new viewpoint to the meaning of change in the categories of the place and position, in addition to the solving of the mentioned problem, opens a new approach to the meaning of change and intensity in these categories.

The position of Ifta (giving religious verdict) and the expression of religious orders is one of the duties of Faqihs during the period of occultation of Imam Mahdi (p.b.u.h). Although Shiah Faqihs are in complete agreement about Ifta for Faqih and getting his approval in obeying him in religious verdicts he gives, they are in disagreement in legitimacy of Ifta and its obligation in getting permission from an infallible`s decree. The present paper seeks to expound whether undertaking the responsibility of Ifta needs Divine command or it is a scientific position that does not need to be fabricated or installed. However, Shiah Faqihs discussed about Ifta, they did not take it into serious consideration. Therefore, the current article deals with the essence of what Ifta is. The findings show that on one hand Ifta is an individual and scientific incident that is equal to Ijtihad. So it is not to be fabricated or installed. Everyone can reach this position by attaining the basics of Ijtihad. But on the other hand it means jurisprudency and intervening in others` affairs that is a social incident. Ifta is a divine position and it can be fabricated or installed.

Approving the faculty of Imagination has related to the acceptance of the world of Imagination and accepting the Immateriality of one of them concludes the Immateriality of the other. Accordingly, Ibn Sina who believes in the materiality of the faculty of imagination, refuses the imaginal world. Having direction and relation of the imaginaries is the base of Ibn Sina’s proofs to deny the immateriality of the Imagination and disapproving the world of Imagination. At this article, the author proves that this character belongs to material objects as they are temporal-spatial things which cannot be found in the imagination which impossible to be perceived sensually as well. According to Ibn Sina it is not feasible that something is characterized by some material and certain immaterial attributes. Proving substantial motion in material things approves that every species and each material individual are able to have different material and immaterial individuals by moving from material stage to imagination and from it to the intellects.

This research seeks to examine the cultural contexts for the inclination of the youth to attend mosques to identify the effective factors and strategies for encouraging the youth to attend the mosques and take part in mosque activities. This is a field study in which a descriptive method is used. Data is collected from a 30-item questionnaire designed by the researcher. The statistical population of the research includes all Payam Noor University students in Aligudarz, 200 of whom were randomly selected for the research sample. The research findings show that lack of knowledge of the importance of mosque and congregational prayer, low performance standard of mosque, lack of the appropriate way of treating those who attend prayers, and inattention to the tidiness of mosque' have meaningful effect on the disinclination to attend mosques.

Confronting the mystics, there emerge two extremes, one considering their words as revelations presenting, as proof, a single quoted verse or aphorism and some fiercely resisting them justifying their position by traditions cited against Sufism and the other opposite them severly and deny and result mystics such as Molavi, Attar, Hafez and… and justify their position with some the aphorisms made by the Ahle Beyt (A.S) in scorning of Sufism. This essay try to answer this question: does following of Ahle Beyt necessitate neglecting a lot of Irani-Islamic inheritance? Or we can find similar thought in the aphorisms made by the Ahle Beyt(A.S).Since this question is up to date and disputed the importance of this question Increace because not neglect of the aphorisms made by the Ahle Beyt(A.S)is acceptable nor laying aside a lot of Irani-Islamic inheritance is correct. The purpose of this essay is investigation of the extend of conformity between the aphorisms made by the Ahle Beyt(A.S) and mystic states and positions then conclude that a lot of mystic words conform with the aphorisms made by the Ahle Beyt(A.S) and the words uttered by mystical and Household signify mostly, a common point of view and they can be relied upon and the narration ascribed to the Ahle Beyt cited in opposition to Sufism are indicative of the deviation occasionally occurring in Sufism..

Stratification and injustice are among the obvious inevitable, deep-rooted social realities in every society. Sociologists present different views on this issue, and the main views are two macro-theories called conflictism and functionalism. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present paper expounds the general views of the Quran on this issue, giving special attention to Al-Mizan Commentary and the late 'Allamah Tabatabaii's views. Among the results of this study are providing a critical approach to some of the views discussed in sociology and evaluating these views in the light of Quranic teachings.