ذهن

Language is among the most important subject matters of human thought. Philosophy of language and linguistics, both are concerned with fundamental questions, such as: How thought and language are related to one another? Is language solely an instrument through which humans can converse with each other and understand one another, or is it a mental faculty, affecting, articulating, and shaping our understanding of reality? How language can affect human existence? These are some of the major questions that linguistic studies have to deal with. The present article aims to probe the relation between language and mind, hence the relation between language and human life, based on Saussure’s linguistic theory. In this article, we will analyze the idea that language can affect human mind and can be considered as one of the a priori factors in the formation of human psyche, but this does not necessarily mean that we should have a deterministic reading of this fact and oppose human will and liberty. We will also claim that the ideal language would have to shape human consciousnesses and unconscious in an ideal manner, using its signs, signifieds, and nuances. This article uses descriptive and content analysis method.

Currently, the theory of strong artificial intelligence stands as a contentious and pivotal idea, having many proponents and opponents. Resolving this issue necessitates taking a stance on the mind-body or soul-body relationship. Diverse perspectives on the possibility or impossibility of strong artificial intelligence emerge from these differing approaches, as articulated by Western and Islamic philosophers of mind. This study employs an analytical-descriptive method to scrutinize the correlation between theories addressing the mind-body problem and the potential for strong artificial intelligence. The findings indicate that not only dualist perspectives but also some quarters of physicalist monism present challenges to the possibility of strong artificial intelligence.

The article discusses the significance of prayer as a means of communication with God. Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of the Christian Science Movement, has a unique perspective on prayer that is worth considering. This movement gained popularity for its ability to reconcile science and health, with the primary goal of returning to the early Christianity and rediscovering its primary healing element. This movement is renowned for its spiritual healing approach to disease, as Eddy believed that illness was an illusion and could only be eliminated through prayer. Thus, prayer became the dominant approach in achieving the movement's objectives. Eddy contends that prayer has special concepts and special conditions, which will be studied in this article. According to Eddy, the spiritual meaning of prayer is to love all humans with affection. Real prayer is not asking God for anything, but rather aspiring to be good and do good work. In Eddy's view, the existential effects of prayer are spiritual progression and trust in God. Eddy believed that prayer is necessary for freedom from dangers such as judging.

Dukkha as the most important teaching of Buddhism has passed a different process during Buddhism history and its schools, with respect to the reality of the suffering and the salvation. In early teachings of Buddha and in the form of four noble truths, it is emphasized and forms special philosophical and ideological system, especially in Travada tradition. But this doctrine in the tradition of Mahayana, such as other teachings (Karma, Samsara, Nirvana,) is influenced by Sunyata or nothing. Finally in Zen, as one of Mahayana schools in Far East, it improves with wu-hesin or no-mind teaching, and the fact of suffering in it decreases. Subsequently, it changes the practical ways and the path of deliverance from suffering in the branches of this school.