فضا

A relationship can almost always be established between space and mass. Because spaces are multifaceted and complex elements that have economic, cultural and social dimensions in addition to physical dimensions. Social, cultural and economic analysis and location-specific characteristics reveal different types of crimes among people who congregate in different places. In this regard, it can be said that urban areas are considered as places where economic activities are different. There is a high level of division of labor and people living together, they also have their own unique crimes with their own unique structures, functions and organizations. Today, developments in the economic, cultural, technological and political fields have brought a series of changes that have also affected the physical areas of cities. This change can be related to the emergence of "undefended spaces" that can be connected on a mental level by separating from the historical, geographical, cultural and social ties of urban areas. This study focuses on understanding the effects of defenselessness on the emergence of urban crime and the formation of crime within the framework of radical criminology theory. The theory of "radical criminology" largely analyzes the formation of crime by considering the cultural, economic, political, demographic and social characteristics of the whole society. However, this theory has deepened this macro-framework, which is mainly used to analyze crime, with factors such as family breakdown, urban structure, density, learning and socialization. Here, the phenomenon of urban crime will be discussed from the perspective of radical criminology and the effects of defenseless space on the formation of urban crime will be analyzed.

Ownership of real estates is not only limited to the surface of land but also it includes the space above and the space below the surface. There are two major attitudes towards the scope of the air right and downward right in Islamic Jurisprudence and positive law. According to the first theory, the title of the owner of the soil extends not only downward to the center of earth, but also upward usque ad coelom. However, the second view accepts the title of owner to a reasonable distance. Nowadays, the possession rights in the space above the surface and in the soil below is limited to a reasonable distance of the surface of land. The customary criteria for determining the extent of the title, is the power of the land owner in using of the air right and the soil right. The owner of the air and soil rights has the right of material and spiritual possession provided that he/she observes all public regulations.

Urban space is a very limited element in the present era, and fair use is the special spokesperson for innovation in public areas of architecture and urban planning. By utilizing these provided bases, obtaining a city-wide justice complex, managing and controlling the hotel's construction beyond the conventional limit, is a special property. Managing and controlling this type of space is a drug of late, and consequently, a special kind of personality. With this in mind, you can obtain your rights using this article. By using the evaluated classes, the siege of the brother, the special property, beyond the normal limits of power, first: the property becomes the property and the kind of objective property, not right or interest. Secondly, Pyrrlf's theory of optimum radiation is outside the jurisdiction of the Earth. Third: Decision-making and amended rules are possible with more restrictions, this type of space is among the public property and the commonality of the offerings, as well as the use of common law, non-transferable and any special ownership. building

One of the essential needs of human societies in contemporary era is the appropriate exploitation of land and its attachments. "Space" and "place" have always been the subject of challenge in Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary legal systems. In spite of the acceptance of subordinate ownership, its domain is controversial and has been followed by conflict in private and public rights. The elder Jurists consider exclusivity, absoluteness and permanency to be the fundamental characteristics of property rights. Accordingly, they have claimed a consensus on the boundless territory of space and the owner of the land is the owner of its space from above the ground to vacuum of space, and under the ground to the depths of the land. Many legal systems, influenced by this point of view, have enacted and codified rules and regulations. However, the needs of industrial societies and the expansion of urbanization and the necessity of urban development, such as the construction of subways and underground tunnels, the necessary drilling to access energy resources and the transmission of power transmission networks and monorail lines and aerial transit has led to more intense conflict in and interference with public and private rights. In this regard, despite the numerous views and opinions as to the negation of ownership, restriction in ownership and common manipulation of space and place, Imam Khomeini as one of the prominent jurisprudents who has accepted guardianship and governance simultaneously, has declared the subordination of land and air to personal lands to the extent of customary needs and possession of the surplus to "public property", and has brought about the combination of the two rights.