قانون عملیات بانکی بدون ربا

The expansion of the institution of the bank in the societies and the effects of the legal relations formed in connection with it are so vast that it casts a shadow on all the economic aspects of human life. The preparation of a legal form for investment deposit within the framework of certain contracts led him to establish Article 559 and in the struggle of this thought, the mudarabah contract has taken precedence over other forms, but the legislator, by establishing the law on banking operations without usury, is inclined to the proxy contract. The existing works, by emphasizing the differences between the power of attorney contract and the investment deposit account, have emphasized the uncertainty of the legal relationship that has occurred; The position that is in the order of erasing the problem statement; Because simply calling the legal relationship indefinite without prescribing a special framework and rules will not only solve the problem; On the one hand, it will cause many problems for the banking network, such as what is the form of the relationship between the depositor and the bank and what rules does it follow, and on the other hand, it will cause conflicting opinions in the judicial system; In this article, an attempt has been made to give a logical answer to the problems raised by this group on the legislator's position of the law on banking operations without usury, with the help of the descriptive-analytical method and by adhering to the opinions of the Imami jurists and the general rules of the civil law, and in this way, the legislative theory Based on the power of attorney, knowing the above relationship is proved.

As an institution influencing the socio-economic relations of human societies in the present era, "Bank" is of high importance. Thus, such subjects related to this area as "bank and its nature", "money and its role in the economy and trade", "riba (usury) and its difference with profit", "conventional and Islamic banking", "banking services such as letters of credit (LC)" etc., all known as "banking law", which is an important subset of economics and business law (both domestic and international), are also of particular importance. At the same time, the necessity of pathology of the Usury-free Banking Law (1983) after four decades of its implementation has provided the grounds for different opinions from experts in this area: Has Iran's banking system been successful in implementing and enforcing the said law, or has the banking operation been diverted from the sharia and legal path for various reasons and has adopted a "quasi-usury" policy? Given that the main focus of "Islamic/non-usury banking" is on usury and its religious sanctity, the necessity of addressing this issue fundamentally by the supreme religious authorities and jurists is felt more than ever, and therefore seminaries along with Iranian universities as two main source of thought production in society are obliged to provide the necessary religious and academic answers to questions and ambiguities related to the above issues by conducting original and fundamental research. The present study attempted to address the various aspects of the subject under discussion and provide the opinions of experts in banking law (including scholars and academics), as far as possible, to explore the importance of the issue and present solutions to the current problems related to Islamic banking so that they can be used in the amendments to the said law, which is desired by the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the government. Therefore, after the introduction, the overview dealt with, evaluated, and analyzed the bank and its importance in the present era, as well as the sublime position of Imamiah jurisprudence/Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT) as a divine resource and strengthening the fundamental subjects related to and influencing contemporary law. Then, the objections and criticisms regarding the function of the banking system in the implementation of Islamic banking within the framework of the law on usury-free banking were considered. Finally, after summarizing the results, suggested amendments were made to be used by officials and those interested in this significant area of law.