جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « وکیل دادگستری » در نشریات گروه « فقه و حقوق »

Lawyers in all legal systems are subject to special disciplinary regulations due to the sensitivity and importance of their job. In Iranian law, most disciplinary regulations are nearly 70 or even 85 years old. At the International Criminal Court, a relatively fledgling but universal institution, lawyers are subject to the 2005 Code of Professional Conduct for Counsel. So far, the disciplinary authority of this court has issued decisions regarding 5 lawyers. In this descriptive-analytical article, it is aimed to find the basic flaws of the self-regulatory system of the Iranian Bar Association in comparison with the disciplinary regulations of the Court. By studying and comparing these two legal systems, some regulations of Iranian law should be amended and updated. On the one hand, the number of judges of the disciplinary authority must be at least 5 members and at least two lawyers must be present in this composition. On the other hand, several disciplinary delicts, including not giving a second copy of the power of attorney, not giving a power of attorney receipt to client, prohibiting the determination of a percentage of the amount sought as attorney’s fees, and concentrating advocacy affairs in Iranian law can be removed with new technology. Direct contact with the other party without the knowledge and presence of his lawyer and contacting the judge regarding the case outside the rules of procedure in line with international developments should be considered disciplinary misconducts.

One of the most important legal categories that is linked to responsibility and accountability is the civil responsibility of the lawyer. The need to respect this right is one of the issues that have not been addressed; Therefore, it is necessary to know the basics and areas of civil responsibility of a lawyer. Assuming that the fault is realized by the lawyer and its compensation through the mechanism of civil liability, the discussion of how to compensate, the amount and type of compensation and the person responsible for compensation, etc., arises. Some of these challenges can be answered by referring to the civil liability law of 1339, but the answer to some others requires a comprehensive law in this area so that in case of violation of the client's rights, the lawyers are responsible and required to compensate the damages. The main research question is what is the basis of the civil responsibility of the lawyer. In answer to this question, it can be said that the basis of responsibility in this field is the theory of fault. Therefore, in the light of referring to the general law of civil liability, we can expect compensation for the damage caused by the lawyer's civil liability by writing a comprehensive law, with a comparative approach to the laws of other leading countries in this field, as well as applying self-regulation rules.

One of the most important lawsuits is actions for the object of sale, which is caused by the lack of proper regulation of the contract of sale by housing consultants, and can be reduced by taking preventive measures. Unfortunately, the legislature has provided the ground for violating the rights of citizens and increasing the number of cases by enacting ineffective laws without regard to the harmful effects of the writing of the bill of sale by persons without legal knowledge. Therefore, the main question of the research is to what extent does the preparation of the contract of sale and its correct writing by legal experts prevent the occurrence of disputes? With a descriptive-analytical approach, the paper seeks to provide effective strategies for preventing property disputes by requiring the parties to refer to legal experts to write bill of sale. The results of the research show that many cases are caused by non-observance of legal rules, and if the writing of sale contract is done by legal experts, it will prevent or reduce these lawsuits. According to commercial law, housing consultants have only the role of mediator and do not have the authority to write a bill of sale.

The agency contract is one of the specific contracts which has basic role in society and people’s relationships. Advocacy as a proof of contract of attorney ship is so important from the respect of proving the right of offended person. A large number of rules and technical arbitration on the one hand and lack of familiarity of all the people in the community with these affairs on the other hand, causes the need to have attorney in the society. Naturally the attorney is not only responsible for his client, but also he has responsibility towards the community and his guild system, this issue is worth considering from civil, criminal, and security aspects. Although the issue that will be analyzed in this paper is attorney’s criminal liability, sometimes as a number of society and sometimes as an “attorney of justice administration”; so the attorney can be committed public offenses that will be responsible just as ordinary (other) people (public criminal liability) and also he can be held accountable for crimes which legislator has criminalized for them - attorneys of justice administration. In the latter case he will be convicted to the penalty provided by law (particular criminal liability). Vs there are some cases due to lack of foresight of sanction, attorney’s action will be without any criminal liability. Met as (being) a “lawyer” follows a responsibility under the title “professional responsibility” that is applied sometimes alone, sometimes in parallel criminal liability and sometimes after achieving it.

Resignation of an attorney has important effects on the principal and the process of trial. If the court or principal do not know about the resignation of the attorney، it may create irreparable losses for principal or cause prolongation of proceedings. So determining exact and comprehensive criterions about the resignation of attorney is necessary. If the attorney does not observe these criterions، it may cause disciplinary or civil liability or both of them. However، due to the necessity of the protection of principal''s rights، some measures of resigned attorney is acceptable. For instance، presenting an incomplete petition by resigned attorney is satisfactory to the court، while the mentioned action of the attorney is a kind of disciplinary offence. Sometimes legislature requires renewal of notification to principal، while it is serviced to the attorney and if it has been proved that the principal was not aware of the resignation of attorney، the principal''s awareness date is the commencement of the computation of time limits. This provision may endanger other party''s rights and cause prolongation of proceedings and result in collusion between principal and his/her attorney.

Crime of "trying to corruptly influence a judge, judges, a court or a government official to one side or the other" was passed by Iranian legislature in 1315 solar. Although the crime is comparable with crimes such as bribery and fraud; has got its own particular elements as well as specific conditions and is defined as a specific crime. The crime is divided into two categories: Active influence and passive manipulation. Active influence, with respect to perpetrator of crime, is divided into two categories: The perpetrator could be an ordinary person or could be a lawyer. Active influence committed by an ordinary person is conceivable in two modes: General influence and specific influence which are regulated in Articles 1 and 2 of the said legislation.