marxism

The approach of liberal and Marxist thinkers, as the two dominant ideas in the twentieth century on freedom, shows their worldview on the issue of freedom and fundamental rights of individuals. The question is, which theories liberals and Marxists hold on the concept of freedom which was gained based on historical experience over the past century? Also, to what extent, are their views towards individual rights and freedoms of their citizens and recognition of these rights and freedoms in practice different from each other?! In Berlin's view, Liberals conception of freedom is negative as opposed to Marxists which is a positive conception. Having considered the historical experiences and Marxists and liberals’ views in the last century, it seems that what guarantees the free will and constitutional liberties of individuals is the negative conception of freedom while the positive conception of freedom could lead to denial of free will and ultimately tyranny. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to study, compare and determine the status of freedom (especially the common interpretation such as negative freedom and positive freedom) in comparison with the principles and rules governing the two political ideas of liberalism and Marxism.

One of the most controversial issues, as well as complicated and fundamental concepts in international legal system and international relations, is the debate on the national interest between different schools. Theorists and analysts have used the concept of national interest to study and analyze the objectives, goals and behavioral patterns of international actors and the states’ foreign policy. The paper methodology is trying to analysis the most important theories - Realism, Neorealism, Idealism, Marxism, Anarchism, Liberalism and Constructivism - around the so-called national interests and also important theoretical frameworks in this context. Therefore, it is attempted to provide a theoretical evaluation of this concept between above mentioned theories so that to fill the gap of national interest Assessment by the major theories of international relations.

Firmly can say after world war two, soviet union collapsing was the most important international political evolution in twentieth century. This evolution was the end of forty five years of cold war and bipolar system and forced the new basic conditions to the international system. Because of that a lot of scientists and researchers especially in political science field and international relations research on the failure of communism and collapse of the first practical experience of communism system in early decade 1990 and discussed different aspect of this subject. In this article tried discusses the insufficiency attention to end of the bipolar system and in this frame work cases such as nonflexible economic that based on concentrated programs, not attention to personal motivation of people in economic activities, social problems based on the distance between people and governors, lack of dynamism political of society, nonperson freedom, lose in military and scientific competition with imperialism and other things in form of communism scientific insufficiency which explained and then also these insufficiencies in theory aspects were discussed. In communism insufficiencies subject, subjects such as not attention to freedoms and its manifestation, exaggerating in proletariat role, no view in field work, faraway of rationalism no experience historical obligation (dialectical materialism) and finely disability in making a hard ideological link between nations, have been studied.