جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "violence" در نشریات گروه "فقه و حقوق"

The family environment is a small community and a place where a person begins his physical and mental development. The state of the family environment is directly related to the occurrence of dangerous situations and crimes in children. Ignoring this issue will increase the crime rate in children. Domestic violence against women has a very negative effect on the psyche of children. Various factors affect violence against women and cause women to lose their safe environment and peace of mind and cannot be as a mother. Give the necessary love and affection to the child. As a result, the child is deprived of maternal emotions and interferes with the development of the personality of such children. Reviewing the country's laws is one of the ways to eliminate domestic violence against women. Because violence against women is not a personal phenomenon but a social problem that causes the collapse of humanity and the destruction of families and the delinquency of children. From a criminological point of view, the lack of necessary criminal protection for women victims has led to an increase in domestic violence against women.

The dominance of postmodernism in the life of human societies, and the introduction of various variables into people's lives, has led to the complexity of human relationships. One of the important issues in this field is the increase in tension and violence, among which one of the most important instances of violence is domestic violence. Domestic violence has different dimensions and examples, including violence against women, violence against children and adolescents, etc. The present study, which has been conducted through the descriptive-analytical method, will evaluate the criminalization basics of this phenomenon in Iran's legal system and Jaʽfari jurisprudence. The present study shows that despite appearances, some rules such as correction permit of children and adolescents are prohibited in the framework of the ruling jurisprudence-legal system, and all instances of violence against children and adolescents are prohibited, and the existence of special educational-educational rulings does not provide permission for violence against children and adolescents.

Undoubtedly, the period of childhood is widely recognized as a critical developmental phase in human existence. It is during this time that a multitude of physical and mental dimensions of the child undergo formation and maturation. Consequently, any acts of violence perpetrated against children during these delicate years can have profound and detrimental effects on their overall growth and well-being. The escalating prevalence of violence directed towards children and adolescents, along with the imperative to provide assistance to the most susceptible segment of society, necessitates a comprehensive examination of this topic. The implementation of an appropriate framework for addressing offenders holds the potential to effectively address the issue of violence perpetrated against children and adolescents, leading to a reduction in the incidence of this phenomena in the future. Hence, the objective of this study is to develop an appropriate framework for addressing the issue of violence perpetrated against children and adolescents. The present study employs descriptive and analytical research methodologies, utilizing data obtained through both library and field-based data collection techniques. The investigation encompassed three distinct groups within the legal profession: law professors, judges and lawyers, and jurists and legal specialists. Out of the total population, a subset of 140 individuals was chosen using the stratified random sampling technique. The research findings suggest that an effective approach to addressing violence against children and adolescents would need a combination of restorative and punitive measures. The restorative model is employed when addressing those who perpetrate acts of violence against children and adolescents, whereas the punitive model is utilized for individuals who engage in violence that not only offends public sensibilities but also undermines the overall social order.

Understanding the personalities of perpetrators of violent crimes from the perspectives of psychologists and criminologists is one of the key research areas for exploring psychological studies of violent crimes within the criminal justice field. This study aims to investigate the role, application, and solutions of scientific psychology concerning individuals who commit violent crimes. The violence exhibited by offenders is a result of personality disorders, internal and external family issues, and the effects of power and wealth inequality in society. Through clinical psychology and criminal psychology, experts in this field can prevent recurrent aggression and work towards reconstructing the offender's personality to minimize aggression levels and reduce the number of aggressive individuals. Additionally, categorizing these offenders under anger management programs can assess their actions during the commission of the crime, determining punishments based on such assessments. Despite legislative measures and reform programs implemented by prison classification councils, aggressive violence in society has been on the rise, and reducing the criminal prison population (including the 1399-approved law on reducing punitive imprisonment) has proven ineffective.

Domestic violence has very unpleasant effects on the personality and life of family members. The most important result of family violence is the phenomenon of conflict and the disintegration of the family institution. The consequences and effects of violence are not only limited to the framework of the family and its members; Because the importance and role of the family in society is such that its strengths and the whole society. The purpose of this article is to examine the penal measures of Islam and Iran's subject law in preventing violence in the family institution. This article is descriptive and analytical, and has investigated the mentioned question by using the library method. The findings indicate that the family, due to its unique characteristics, is one of the social institutions that legal in a desirable way The institution of the family provide and be able to solve all family problems. Of course, it is not meant to negate rights or legal strategies in consolidating family relationships; Rather, it is meant to emphasize the point that it is necessary to realistically define and correct the level of our expectation of rights in the field of family relations and not to expect more than the capacity of rights, and to solve some inadequacies in this field with ethical strategies. season Also, the legal strategies that are introduced to strengthen the family should not negate the moral aspects of the family institution.

Situational prevention seeks to identify the external factors contributing to criminal behavior, separate from the characteristics of the perpetrator. Similarly, environmental prevention focuses on designing suitable living, working, and social environments to deter criminal acts. Violence against women is an area of significant concern that can benefit from these preventive measures. This study aims to investigate the presence of situational and environmental preventive measures addressing violence against women in international instruments, Iranian law, and legal doctrine. By examining and analyzing these measures, the article proposes practical and implementable recommendations derived from the aforementioned instruments and theories. The research methodology employed is a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing library research. The findings highlight that Iranian law, reputable international instruments, and legal doctrine exhibit a strong commitment to protecting women's rights, preventing various forms of violence against women, and mandating actions to address such violence. As a result, specialized forums have taken steps to address this global issue through the formulation of regulations and the proposal of practical and implementable measures.

Background and Goal: 

Protecting Rights of Women Victims is one Sight of Women equality and observing social dignity. Role of Police force in protecting Rights of Women Victims is Unmatched, Due to spatial and temporal vastness of social Presence of Police Officers.

In terms of objective, this Paper is an applied Research and in terms of Methodology, it is a descriptive-analytical study.

This paper considers victimization of women and Role of Police in protecting them. Rapid Response of Police to victimization of women can decrease probability of strengthening victimization and capturing and introducing offender to judicial entities for punishment or participation in educational-remedial terms or introduction of victim to Safe Houses can decrease probability of repeat victimization. Police Officers in criminal System of Iran have Obligation of capturing of Offender and gathering of criminal evidence. Police Officers required to implementation of own legal Powers in entrance to crime scene, capturing Offender and gathering evidence in beheld Crimes.

Lack of women Police with protectoral approach in police units and lack of Safe Houses for staying women victims in present legal order is among problems faced to women victims.

Domestic violence is the most common form of violence against women with the most social, psychological and economic consequences; Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between spousal abuse (violence against women in the family) and some factors affecting it. The purpose of this study is to identify the extent of spousal abuse and types of violence against women in the city of Karaj. To examine some of the factors affecting violence, theories related to resources, pressure and the theory of patriarchy have been used. This study was conducted as a survey using a questionnaire on 100 women over 18 years of age in Karaj ) married and women in relationship) using cluster sampling.Findings show that there is violence in the community in different dimensions. The highest rate of common violence is psychological and economic violence and the lowest rate is physical violence.The results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between female employment and sexual violence and a positive and significant relationship was observed between men's education and types of violence. The findings also indicate that between the economic status of the family and types of violence There is no significant relationship.

The cornerstone of the future growth and development of the society is the upbringing and protection of the rights of today’s children. The harmful effects that various examples of violence leave on a child's personality and mental-psychological condition and expose his future and society to serious harm are not hidden from anyone. Due to the physical weakness and vulnerability of a child much more than an adult, the society should support and give special attention to them. The most important step in this direction is the correct recognition of the rights that protect the child from experiencing violential behavior and place them under the significant support of society. Thus, the mission of this article is to explain the most important rights of children against any violence and child abuse.

This study is of theoretical type and has been done with descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and inference in laws.

The legislator of our country has protected the rights of children against any possible abuses in various laws and regulations and has paid attention to the rights of children against any instances of violence.

The right to equal social protection, the right to access to appropriate information, the right to not be forced to work, the right to proper education, the right to not be exploited or trafficked, the right to special welfare protections and service support are the important aspects of guaranteeing children's rights in the face of violence in Iran's legal system.

Current research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the status of the subculture of violence among teenage and young wrestlers in Mashhad. This research is of descriptive and analytical type and data collection is by both library and field methods. The sample size of the study was determined 170 by Cochran's test. To measure the status of the subculture of violence among the statistical population, 170 athletes from 13 sports clubs in different areas of Mashhad have been randomly surveyed. According to the findings of the research, more than 40% of the samples have been had high violence. About the effect of the independent variables on the violence of the samples should be say: sports club environment and group of peers had a significant relationship with the violence of the samples, while there was no significant relationship between living environment of the samples and their violence.

Nowadays in the world, sport is considered as a very important thing that has been mentioned with different titles in the world and has occupied many groups. Today, the importance and attention to the issue of sports, especially professional sports, is an integral part of the goals and thoughts of governments, politicians and different societies, especially advanced and large governments and societies. Indeed, where did this importance, interest and feeling of need for sports among people and governments come from? In response, it should be stated as follows: Sports today brings many benefits and achievements in various economic and political fields to different countries, and it can be called as a broad industry. However, one cannot be indifferent to other goals, results, achievements and functions of sports. Some experts have listed various positive functions in various fields such as health, cultural, wellness, social, psychological, therapeutic, political, economic, ethical, skill, etc. for sports. Obviously, if the stated functions in reality also have positive and similar results, sports can provide great and valuable services to human society. Of course, it should be said that the findings of all researchers who have researched in this field have not always been the same. A group of experts believe that sports make people learn positive values ​​and this phenomenon has a positive effect on the process of socialization and normalization of people, while another group believes that sports can transmit undesirable values ​​and its effect on the socialization of people is negative. The difference in the results is due to the fact that the psychological and social effects of different sports on people, depending on things such as the type of sport, the effect of the sport on the physical condition, the prevailing atmosphere in the sports environment, etc., are different from other sports. The main goal of the current research is to investigate the subculture of violence among teenage and young wrestlers in Mashhad city, as a special and separate sport. Wrestling is a very popular sport in Iran, which is Physical and engaging, and participating in it leads to an increase in the physical strength of people and for this reason, it can attract the attention of a wide range of teenagers and young people with tendency to violence. After examining the violence situation of the samples, we intend to investigate the relationship between the variables of the: living environment, the environment of the sport clubs and the group of peers of the samples with their subculture of violence in the framework of the research findings, And explain the concept of "cultural displacement" which refers to the change in the cultural condition of people as a result of the change in their social and cultural situations.

In this descriptive analytical research, data collection has been done by library and field methods. about the sections of literature review and research background, reference has been made to library resources including domestic and foreign books, articles and theses. Also, to collect quantitative data that can be analyzed, two methods of data collection by observation and questionnaire have been used. 

According to the findings of the research, more than 40% of the samples had high violence, this article shows that a wide range of teenage and young wrestlers in Mashhad are violent. To answer the question, where does this level of violence among young wrestlers of Mashhad come from? It can be answered like this: wrestling clubs are attended by large number of teenage and young people with subculture of violence, According to the findings of this research 47.6% of the samples belong to areas with negative cultural structures, and the researcher's long time observations also confirm this issue that there are a large number of teenagers and young people with the subculture of violence in the wrestling clubs. Basically, having traits such as tenacity, courage, high physical strength and the ability to engage in physical conflict are among the basic values ​​among teenagers and young people of the lower class, And wrestling, as a physical sport which increases physical strength, can attract many violence teenagers and young people with the motivation of increasing physical strength and improving physical skills. These teenagers and young people socialize with other people after being in the environment of sports clubs and during these socializations, they convey inappropriate value and normative patterns to others. These people can also become a role model for others by achieving success and progress in sports, models that others sometimes try to imitate them in every way. Finally, through these communications, trainings and imitations, we can see the occurrence of violence in other cases and increasing of violence among this category of athletes. About the effect of independent variables on violence, it should be said: According to statistical analysis, it was proved that there is a significant relationship and correlation between the variable of the club environment and the violence of the samples, Based on this, it can be said that each club has an independent environment and there is a high correlation between the violence of the samples and the environment of the club where they are located in, This point clearly shows that the placement of young athletes in these sport environments can result in their being influenced by the environment. Also, according to the findings, no significant relationship was observed between the variable of the living environment of the samples and their violence, while according to the results obtained in the research, there was a strong, significant and direct relationship between the variable of the group of peers and the level of violence of the samples. According to what has been said, we can conclude: The presence of teenagers and young people in environments with a violent atmosphere, also their communication with violent people, can lead to their strong influence from the environment and increase their violence And if this influence is not controlled by social control factors, over time it can lead to a complete change in the cultural status of people. People are exposed to different situations and cultural environments throughout their lives, situations that have their own structures and convey their own norms and social values ​​to different people. In general, the different cultural situations that people are exposed to them during their lives can be divided into two general categories: "permanent cultural situations" and " permanent cultural situations". Permanent situations are those situations and environments which a person spends most of his time in that and constantly relates with those situations, such as: family and residential environment. On the other hand, temporary situations are those situations and environments which a person spends less time in those situations compared to permanent situations and usually relates with those situations for a short period of time, such as: school, University and sport clubs. The mental values ​​and norms of people are formed under the influence of both permanent and temporary cultural situations, and each of these situations exerts its own effects on people. But what is considered and investigated in this research is that the long term exposing of people in some cultural situations, results in a state that called “cultural situation displacement". Cultural situations displacement can sometimes lead to "cultural displacement” in people. The concept of cultural displacement refers to a situation that people lose their former culture over time as a result of changing their cultural positions and replace new social values instead of their former social values, which also causes people to change their behavior compared to the past. 

According to the findings, among all research samples 1.2% of them have very low violence, 19.4% have low violence, 38.8% have moderate violence, 34.1% have high violence and 6.5% have very high violence. About the effect of the independent variables of the research on the subculture of violence of the samples, it should be say: sports club environment and group of peers had a significant relationship with the violence of the samples, while there was no significant relationship between living environment of the samples and their violence.

Nowadays the terrorist acts as global acts have spread as to involve all the world. Terrorist acts in September 11 2001 was a start point to vilolent reactions in the world and was the beginning of intense encounter and resulted in passing the strict statutes in countries which changed the boarders of criminal law but could not prevent these kind of actions. Emerging ISIS, as the modern version of violence and bestiality, may be a good reason to prove this idea. This fact indicates that the suppression would not be a reliable way to combat the terrorism and the soft view of criminology can be used as parallel to empower the hope for combating terrorism. This survey has been done analytically and has had a look to some of the theories of criminology and finally has achieved to this conclusion that by providing the uniformity and avoiding alienation, the bases of dialogue and civil protest could be established and the violence would be replaced by civil protest.

Domestic violence against women is a global phenomenon. Domestic violence which was not traditionally considered a human rights issue has entered the UN agenda due to the efforts of human rights activists, Movements of women and active academics in this field. With General Recommendation No. 19 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, violence against women was recognized for the first time as a form of gender-based discrimination and integrated into the system of elimination of discrimination against women, which did not explicitly accept violence against women. Finally, governments have been obliged to combat violence against women, which is recognized as a form of discrimination based on gender in international human rights law, whether in the private or public sphere.According to these obligations, not only is the government obliged to protect the victims of violence and punish the perpetrators, but also to eliminate the causes of violence. The results obtained from the study on domestic violence against women in the framework of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights show that the decisions of the European Human Rights Court consider this form of violence incompatible with the European human rights law and oblige the member states to undertake obligations in line with prohibiting and preventing violence against women and put it on their agenda.

Criminological approach to the religious terrorismReligion has conflict functions as two sides of a coin in the field of terrorism. Accordingly, the relationship of religion and terrorist crime is very complicated. on one hand, islamic teachings of islam reject any violent behavior following the creation of peace and security in society and on the other hand, abuse of religion can lead to religious terrorism. The relationship between ideology and crime is among the topics that are not addressed in criminology. The ideology, however, leads to the heinous crimes and the most heinous crimes, including terrorism. Although different ideologies may cause crime, religious ideology is one of the most important issues that individuals commit to committing crimes with a commitment to religious teachings. in this context, religious ideology is discussed in the light of religious criminology. In this situation, criminology can enter to the prevention of religious terrorism with the etiology and appropriate approaches.

One of the most important influencing factors in the lives of today's societies is visual media, which, in addition to having positive effects in reducing social harms, have a negative role in creating deviations and crimes and one of the vulnerable groups in this field are children and teenagers. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of visual media on the occurrence of deviations and crimes among children and teenagers and discussing ways to prevent it.

The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method and using documentary (library) resoureces.

Visual media, by getting the audience used to the events, desensitization and inattention, etc., provide the basis for learning violence from the media. Younger people are much more influenced by the media, and this is due to their realism, their incomplete cognitive ability, and their inability to relate the scenes of the program to the final result. With the development of global media outside the control of governments, such as satellites and the Internet, and providing inappropriate models, negative training, airing programs with no purpose, not paying attention to the age of the audience, and not showing the results of actions, the role of the mentioned media in the spread of crimes and deviations such as violence, running away from home, free sexual relations, and sexual addiction are undeniable, especially among young people.

Due to the negative impact of visual media on children and teenagers in terms of creating grounds for deviance and committing crimes, it is necessary for the government, people, family and mass media to make a joint effort to deal with the content of inappropriate and replace it with healthy programs and entertainment.

Since the establishment of the United Nations, many documents and conventions have been approved under the title of protecting women's rights, but the increase in crimes against women, poverty, immigration and pornography are examples of the failure of this important international organization to defend women's rights around the world. The protection of women encompasses a wide range of important international issues that require urgent attention. Some issues, such as women's prostitution, arise from economic factors, and others, such as violence at home and in the community, are rooted in poverty, social norms, and tradition. According to a 1995 survey of the number of children employed in the sex trade, one million girls enter this multibillion-dollar industry each year, and nearly forty million girls under the age of fifteen are abused and in need of health and social care. The adoption of legal measures in support of victimized women has been one of the priorities of the working group of women in the United Nations in 2021

One of the most important issues in the field of evidence structure of crimes in the criminal law system is the issue of adopting a gender centered approach, which has led to shortcomings and shortcomings in proving some crimes, including domestic violence against women victims. Findings of the study confirm that in the field of domestic violence against women, evidence of confession, testimony of witnesses, oath and knowledge of the judge have been affected by the victim's gender and women to prove domestic violence due to lack of witnesses, non-confession of husband and rejection of women's testimony They face challenges in some areas. The challenges of proving domestic violence against women, both in the field of enforcement, ie complaining and referring to law enforcement, judicial and forensic authorities, and in the field of justice and handling this issue in the courts, have affected and hindered the way for women to exercise their rights as women. The victim is domestic violence.

Childhood is the most sensitive period of human life in which various physical and mental dimensions of individuals are formed and developed. Hence, it is crucially important to maintain children's physical-mental health. In the present article, an attempt is made to depict the general outline of the domestic legal normative order in response to violence against children.

This study has been done in a descriptive-analytical way by using the library resources and especially laws.

Children should never be exposed to violent domestic or social situations and experience child abuse. Since children today will be responsible for society in the future, and the progress and development of the country depend on their proper upbringing and development; therefore, the issue of violence against children, which causes great harm to it, is of special concern to Iran's laws.

In the current legal system, the response to violence against children knows no boundaries; today, there are various examples, such as violent physical and psychological punishment, parental neglect, exploitation, unhealthy cyberspace, drop out, pornography and pressures of poverty.

In the analysis of rape, there are two different approaches: the first approach describes rape as "a crime motivated by the exercise of power and control over women under the influence of patriarchal social structures," and the other describes it as "a crime motivated by personal motivation to satisfying sexual needs". The latter approach has been shaped by the neglect of gender and social roles accepted by men and women as distinct social species; It is not surprising, then, that women's advocates emphasize the first view and view rape as a social phenomenon, not merely a biological one. This view, which seeks answers to why rape occurs in existing social and cultural factors, focuses part of rape research on rape myths. Rape myths, negative attitudes, and false beliefs about the crime of rape, rape victims, and perpetrators, all seek to justify rape and shift the burden of responsibility from the rapist to the victim. The present study, using analytical-descriptive method and gathering information required by the library method and reviewing rape cases, has attempted to enumerate these myths and explains how these beliefs and myths lead to the preservation of male domination and are influenced by values and The cultural norms that govern a society promote and perpetuate a culture of rape.

Loss of self-control defense is a new and special defense for perpetrators who have lost their self-control as the result of the victim’s provocative conduct and consequently murder him for the victim’s provocative conduct. In the event of the successful inference to this partial defense they charge with murder and are convicted of manslaughter. This defense basically is propounded in the law of countries with common law and according to the coroners and Justice Act 2009, it is obviously introduced in the criminal rules of the UK and has replaced defense of provocation. The main problem of this paper is to study why defense of provocation was abolished and what the quiddity and provisions of loss of control are. The analysis of this problem with a comparative approach to the penal code of Iran and with the descriptive-analytic approach showed that the new defense it has been attempted to remove the traditional defense of provocation. Although in both defenses the loss of control is the basic element for example, fear of serious violence is not counted as a qualifying trigger in defense of provocation now it is accepted the same as the cause of passion (anger trigger) and the provision of loss of control being sudden has been omitted. Still, in practice, there are some obstacles and problems in adducing this defense for some perpetrators the most important is too much emphasis on loss of control and applying the subjective criterion to its approval. It seems that perhaps consciously making a decision and the solution of the most details has been assigned (allocated) to judges and jury that with considering all facts in every file they make a fair decision. Despite not observing the loss of self-control defense in the penal code of Iran, trials have noticed it and sometimes attempt with their extended interpretations to apply their legal capacities to convert murder to manslaughter and to release the perpetrators from capital (death penalty) punishment.

Undoubtedly, one of the topics that has occupied the human mind since three thousand years ago is the issue of democracy and the rule of the people over the people, which means the rule of law in human relations with each other. They are fully implemented and they live in peace and friendship with each other in understanding, but this pleasant thing has only happened in some continents, and continents like Africa are taking the first steps towards democracy, but there are some obstacles and challenges ahead. Sometimes it causes despair and hopelessness. However, this is the path that sooner or later the countries of the continent must take in order to enjoy international and regional stability and to distance themselves from war and violence. The purpose of this study is to get acquainted with the challenges of democracy in Africa and the findings of the study show the fact that African countries are going through a tense transition from instability to the rule of law and sustainable democracy and are on this path. Countries with the sovereignty of democracy and the values ​​of the United Nations will benefit, and certainly a bright future awaits the nations of the Black Continent, given the status quo and the golden opportunities facing the African continent