افسردگی

Depression is a problem that causes many problems in students, and these problems prevent the development of their talents, and depressed students are usually not interested in studying and this affects their academic performance.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the educational package based on the acceptance and commitment approach with meaning therapy on the academic vitality of depressed second-year high school students.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population included the depressed students of girls' high schools in the second year of high school in Khomein city, who had referred to the counseling and psychological center of education management in Khomein city in the academic year of 2022-2023. 45 people, as a sample, were randomly selected in 3 groups of 15 people (two experimental and control groups) using the purposeful sampling method. The academic vitality questionnaire (Dehghanizadeh and Hosseinchari, 2013) was used to collect data. Also, the educational package based on the approach of acceptance and commitment was developed by the researcher and the meaning therapy protocol of Hotzel (2002) was used for the intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance with Spss26 software.

The results showed that the educational package based on acceptance and commitment and meaning therapy could increase the scores of depressed students in academic life (p<0.01) and the effectiveness of therapy based on acceptance and commitment was more than meaning therapy.

It can be concluded that the educational package based on acceptance and commitment is a more effective approach in promoting academic vitality in depressed students and it is important to pay attention to this point in the treatment of depression in students.

The objective of this study was to identify patients' experiences with neuroscience-based cognitive therapy methods and examine their impact on various psychological, emotional, cognitive, and physical aspects.

This research used a qualitative approach and a semi-structured interview design. The sample included 23 patients from Tehran, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted through individual interviews using a structured interview protocol, and data analysis was performed using Nvivo software and thematic analysis.

The results indicated that neuroscience-based cognitive therapies led to significant improvements in patients' emotional and psychological experiences. Participants reported reductions in stress, increased relaxation, and improved relationships with their therapists. Additionally, physical changes such as reduced chronic pain, improved sleep quality, and increased energy levels were reported. Cognitively, patients experienced increased self-awareness and improved problem-solving and decision-making abilities.

This study demonstrates that neuroscience-based cognitive therapies can have positive effects on improving patients' psychological and physical conditions. Patients' experiences highlight the effectiveness of these methods in reducing stress, enhancing cognitive and physical functioning, and improving overall quality of life.

Stem cells play an important role in tissue regeneration and disease treatment, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of cell therapy on increasing serotonin secretion in depression by cells.

This research was practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of experimental implementation with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research was adult Syrian rats, known as Syrian rats. 40 Syrian rats were purposefully selected as samples based on the research entry criteria, and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (20 in each group). First, the blood serotonin levels of the two groups were measured. Then the test group received umbilical cord stem cells through injection and at this time the control group did not receive any intervention. After receiving the stem cells, the level of serotonin secretion in the two groups was re-examined, SPSS version 25 Software and un ivariate covariance analysis were used in the data analysis.

The results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the average post-test serotonin secretion in the experimental and control groups (p<0.01), so cell therapy increases the serotonin secretion in depression by cells. It has become fundamental.

Stem cells can be considered promising for the treatment of cognitive and mental diseases and new developing strategies for the treatment of nervous system diseases including depression.

Behavioral inhibition and activation systems explain changes in a person's mood and behaviors based on contextual factors, and therefore individual differences in sensitivities lead to differences in processing. In addition, rumination as a sustained response style is closely related to the maintenance of major depressive disorder and is an maladaptive pattern of focusing on negative thoughts and feelings. Considering the impact of depression on emotional, physical, and cognitive dimensions, it can cause problems in attention, memory, and cognitive control in affected people, therefore, more research on cognitive control in depressive disorder is needed.

This study aimed to investigate the structural model of inhibition and behavioral activation system and cognitive control and flexibility with adolescent depression with the mediating role of rumination.

This research was fundamental in purpose and a descriptive-correlational study of the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of this study consisted of all high school students in Tehran who are studying in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample consisted of 347 Tehran students selected by cluster sampling. To collect data, the Rumination Questionnaire of Nolen et al. (1991), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale of Zigmond and Snaith (1983), the Inhibition and Behavioral Activation System Questionnaire of Carver et al. (1994), and the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (CCFQ) of Gabrys et al. (2018) were used. To evaluate the proposed model, structural equation modeling and AMOS.24 and SPSS. 27 were used.

The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between behavioral activation system, cognitive control, and flexibility with rumination depression (P< 0.05). The findings indicate that the proposed model is appropriately fit with the data. The results of structural equation modeling showed that in the model, 20% of the variance in rumination drowning is explained by cognitive control flexibility and inhibition and behavioral activation system. Finally, 29% of the variance of depression is explained by cognitive control and flexibility, inhibition, behavioral activation system, and drowning in rumination.

According to these findings, the use of therapeutic interventions that provide the basis for psychological flexibility and cognitive control can help reduce rumination and depressive symptoms.

the goal of this study was to evaluate the Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and quality of life therapy on depression in adolescents. The present study is applied in terms of experimental method in the form of a pre-test design, post-test with the control group and interventio. The research instruments included Beck Depression (1996- BDI-II). For this purpose, 30 students who scored above 20 in the Beck depression test were randomly selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Then, the cognitive behavioral test groups received therapeutic interventions in 8 sessions and the quality of life therapy group in 10 sessions. The data were analyzed using the statistical method of analysis of covariance. The findings show that depression has decreased significantly in both experimental groups, but in terms of preference, the superiority of a particular treatment over another was not seen in this study, which means it cannot be said which one is more effective. According to the findings of this research, it can be said that cognitive behavioral therapy and therapy based on quality of life are useful as effective intervention methods to reduce depression and increase quality of life.

The present study was conducted to determine the fit of the structural model of depression based on the family process and content in childless couples with the mediating role of self-differentiation The research method was structural equation descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all childless couples living in Gonbadkavus City in 2023, from which 130 couples (260 people) were selected through available sampling. Research tools included Beck depression questionnaires (Beck et al., 1963), family process and content (Samani, 2005), and self-differentiation (Skorn and Friedlander, 1998). The data were analyzed by structural equation analysis. The results showed the optimal fit of the research model. The results showed that among childless couples, the process and content of the family have a positive and meaningful effect on self-differentiation (P<0/001). Among childless couples, self-differentiation has a negative and significant effect on depression (P<0/001). Also, self-differentiation in childless couples mediates the effect of family process and content on depression in a negative and meaningful way (P<0/001); Therefore, it can be concluded that self-differentiation according to the role of the family process and content can explain the depression of childless couples.

Considering that  is one of the most common psychological disorders, and  also the role of cognitive processes in the  etiology and incidence of this disorder. this research investigated the effect of self-review method as a cognitive technique on ineffective attitudes and symptoms of depression in  Women with depressive disorders. . This research is a therapeutic intervention that follows a quasi-experimental design using a pre-test and post-test with a control group.  Among women suffering from depression referring to one of the clinics in Tehran, 26 people were selected using available sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The dysfunctional attitudes Scale (DAS) and Depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS 21) were used as evaluation tools. People in the experimental group participated in self-review therapy sessions;  While the people in the control group did not receive any treatment during this period.  The data was analyzed using the analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test. The results showed a significant decrease in the scores of dysfunctional attitudes and depression of the experimental group compared to the scores of the control group in the post-test. The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of the self-review method in reducing ineffective attitudes and depressive symptoms of the subjects

 This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy and mindfulness on depression in women with gestational diabetes.

 This study was quasi-experimental. The statistical population consisted of women with gestational diabetes who referred to the Rey Health and Treatment Network. Using convenience sampling, 45 individuals were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: mindfulness, cognitive therapy, and control. The pre-test included the administration of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The mindfulness and cognitive therapy groups each received eight 60-minute sessions, held twice a week. The post-test was conducted immediately after the interventions, followed by a one-month follow-up test. The inclusion criteria were: age between 18 and 35 years, pregnancy term of 24 to 28 weeks, and a minimum ability to read and write. The exclusion criteria included: absence from more than two therapy sessions, use of psychotropic medication, simultaneous or recent (within one year) psychotherapy, and exposure to significant and unpredictable stressors. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 25 software.

 The results of ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the three groups in the post-test and follow-up phases (p < 0.01). Bonferroni post-hoc analysis revealed that cognitive therapy was more effective in reducing depression compared to mindfulness (p < 0.01). Additionally, both mindfulness (p < 0.01) and cognitive therapy (p < 0.01) were effective in improving depression, and these effects persisted in the follow-up phase (p < 0.01).

 Cognitive therapy demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving depression in women with gestational diabetes compared to mindfulness. However, both approaches were effective in reducing depression.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of depression and anxiety in the relationship between experiential avoidance and the tendency to use drugs in students. The descriptive research method was the correlation type (structural equation model). The statistical population included the students of schools in the 5th district of Tehran in the academic year of 2023-2024, of which 320 were selected using available sampling. The tools used in this research included Substance Abuse Questionnaires, Anxiety and Depression Questionnaires, and Experimental Evoidance Questionnaires. In order to analyze the research model, the structural equation model was used. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between experiential avoidance and the desire to use drugs, and depression and anxiety play a mediating role in the relationship between experiential avoidance and the desire to use drugs. Overall, the results showed that the model had a good fit. According to the obtained results, experiential avoidance, depression and anxiety play an important role in predicting the tendency to use drugs in students. Therefore, the design of interventions based on improving depression and anxiety and reducing the levels of experiential avoidance is suggested as a basis for reducing the tendency to use drugs in this group of people

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing irrational beliefs and depression in patients with breast cancer stage 2 in Ahvaz city.  The statistical population of the research includes all patients of the 2nd stage of Ahvaz city of breast cancer in 2014.  Using simple random sampling, 24 people were placed in two experimental and control groups (12 people in the experimental group and 12 people in the control group).  The method of this research is semi-experimental and pre-test-post-test with control group.  The tools used in this research were the Jones Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Questionnaire.  The results of the research showed that the cognitive behavioral therapy has reduced the irrational beliefs of the experimental group compared to the average of the control group.  According to the average depression of breast cancer patients in the experimental group compared to the average of the control group, cognitive behavioral therapy has reduced the depression of the experimental group

Despite its many benefits, the Internet can be a great way to express risky online behaviors during adolescence. Committing cyberbullying and problematic use of the Internet are among the potentially high-risk behaviors on the Internet. Problem behaviors in adolescence originate from permanent characteristics rather than from immediate, instantaneous characteristics. To understand these behaviors, it is necessary to focus on personality-related factors in addition to the perceived environment and behavioral systems. Considering the undeniable tendency of adolescents to excessive Internet use and the negative consequences resulting from this choice and the lack of empirical investigation of this issue in Iranian research, despite the importance of the relationship between problematic Internet use and psychological variables and cyberbullying, as well as contradictory findings on the significance of the relationship between some of these variables with the problematic Internet use and committing cyberbullying in past foreign studies, the present study aims to develop a structural model of the relationship between committing cyberbullying and psychological factors including social connectedness, self-esteem and depression among adolescent boy students through the problematic Internet use and to test the explanatory power of different models from the combination of some theoretical orientations through an assumed model, in order to provide more explanations about the relationships of the variables that were indicated in the past researches. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problematic Internet use in the relationship between cyberbullying and psychological factors. 

The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of all boys’ high school students in Tehran in the academic year 1400-1401. The basis for choosing the sample size was the logic proposed by Kline (2010), that according to the free parameters of the assumed model and the possibility of dropping out of the participants, 325 people was selected as the research sample using the convenience method. To collect data, we used the Cyberbullying/ Victimization Experiences Questionnaire (Antoniadou, Kokkinos & Markos, 2016), Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (Jelenchick, Eickhoff, Christakis, Brown, Zhang, Benson et al., 2014), Short Depression-Happiness Scale (Joseph, Linley, Harwood, Lewis & McCollam, 2004), Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) & Revised Social Connectedness Scale (Lee & Robbins, 1998). The psychometric properties of all instruments were examined and confirmed. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

The inferential results showed that there is a positive, significant and direct relationship between depression and problematic Internet use and cyberbullying; negative & insignificant relationship between self-esteem with problematic Internet use, & negative, significant & direct relationship between self-esteem with cyberbullying; negative, significant and direct relationship between social connectedness with problematic Internet use and cyberbullying, & there is a positive and significant relationship between problematic Internet use with cyberbullying. Indirect effects of depression and social connectedness on cyberbullying through the problematic Internet use was statistically significant, and indirect effect of self-esteem was statistically insignificant. Accordingly, the indirect relationship between depression and social connectedness with cyberbullying through problematic Internet use was statistically significant, and the indirect relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying through problematic Internet use was not statistically significant. 

The findings of the present study proposed relationships in understanding problematic and risky online behaviors among adolescents and highlighted the important influence of psychological characteristics on problematic online behaviors and cyberbullying among students, as well as supporting evidence for the problematic behavior theory in explaining risky online behaviors, and provided offline students. The results of the present study can be used in preventive interventions for students' participation in cyberbullying, academic counseling centers or school counseling to guide parents, teachers and students to raise awareness about psychological well-being through the use of the Internet.

Depression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous, and emotional functions. Depression is also considered as the second most common cognitive disorder, and therefore it has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. Among the existing physical and mental diseases, depression is considered one of the most important global issues and problems, which according to the definition of the World Health Organization is the most important mood disorders. Some common symptoms of depression include: feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, worthlessness or guilt, loss of interest in activities that one used to enjoy, having trouble thinking, concentrating or making decisions, difficulty falling and staying asleep or sleeping too much, fatigue and lack of energy, changes in appetite, unexplained physical problems, thoughts of not wanting to live or hurting oneself. Depression is also a common, costly, and debilitating disease that imposes a heavy burden on global societies and can affect people of any age, gender, race, culture, social class or education level. However, people with a family history of depression, chronic pain or those who have experienced major life changes, trauma or stress may be at a higher risk of developing depression. The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for rumination, cognitive flexibility, resilience, and perceived stress among the women suffering from depression in Andimeshk city. 

The statistical population included all women referred to psychiatric clinics. 45 patients were randomly assigned into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Measuring research variables with the help of Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s rumination questionnaire (1991), Dennis and Vanderwaal's (2010) cognitive flexibility, Connor, and Davidson's (2003) resilience, and Cohen et al.'s (1983) perceived stress questionnaire were used. At first, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the psychiatric clinics of the city, all women referred to the psychiatric clinics who were suspected of symptoms of depression were screened by a psychiatrist. The initial diagnosis was made by a psychiatrist, and then, to make the diagnosis more certain, the clinical interview of SKID 5 was conducted by the researcher. According to the criteria for entering the research, 30 patients who were willing to cooperate in the research were randomly assigned into two groups (an experimental group of 15 people each and a control group of 15 people). 

Analysis was done using analysis of covariance, two-way variance analysis and repeated measures and Ben Ferroni’s follow-up test. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for rumination; No difference was observed in the effectiveness of the two approaches for cognitive flexibility and perceived stress. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of both treatment methods on the three variables of cognitive flexibility, resilience, and perceived stress. There was a difference between the two treatments only in the variable of rumination, so that the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was confirmed. Regarding cognitive behavioral therapy, no evidence was found to confirm its effectiveness. 

Both approaches can be considered as effective methods for reduction of the symptoms of depression; cognitive behavioral therapy helps the individual identify the negative mental patterns such as self-criticism, hopelessness and feelings of worthlessness; and by identifying and challenging these distressing cognitive patterns, CBT exercises help the individual change their negative thinking patterns and improve their emotional well-being. Acceptance and commitment therapy, on the other hand, empowers the individual to accept their emotions without judgement and commit to actions aligned with their values as opposed to their symptoms of depression; and this is how ACT reduces the impact of depressive thoughts and feelings. Moreover, ACT was shown to be effective for rumination. In explaining the effectiveness of ACT for rumination it can be said that teaching different methods of challenging irrational thoughts and choosing a correct approach to the problem through mechanisms such as acceptance, increasing awareness, desensitizing, being at the moment, observing without judgement, confronting, and letting go can reduce rumination symptoms in individuals. In other words, ACT helps people to experience their disturbing thoughts only as a thought at first and do what is important to themselves in life and in line with their values, and accept their thoughts and manage unwanted thoughts and feelings. Finally, it is necessary to evaluate and compare effectiveness of the two methods for depression related variables in different groups as well.

Sport plays an important role in people's overall health. This study aimed to compare depression and catastrophic cognition between young athletes and non-athletes. The research method is causal-comparative and statistical population in this study, the GHODS city high school students in Tehran the two-stage random sampling method, 797 of them were selected. The research instrument was the Beck Depression Inventory and Catastrophic Cognition Questionnaire _M. The results of the analysis of variance showed that depression in girls was higher than in boys. In connection with sports agents, depression in students who had regular physical activity was significantly lower than among non-athletes. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare catastrophic cognition among boys and girls athletes and non-athletes. The results showed that boys in all three factors were significantly lower than girls. So, it seems that sports can be a good strategy for preventing and treating physical and psychological problems.

The present study aims to compare the activity of brain/behavioral systems and attention bias in who are dealing with depression, anxiety, and also normal. The current study is a comparative causal study, and Its statistical population is formed by 480 psychology students of Sari Azad University, and according to Krejcie and Morgan's table, 214 members are chosen by stratified sampling method. The sampling method in this case is available and purposeful. The equality of the two groups in terms of age, gender, education, and marital status is respected. To collect data for the study, the standardized versions of Beck's anxiety inventory, Beck's depression inventory, Gary Wilson's personality questionnaire and attention bias were used for analysis. The data was analyzed using spss 21 software and analysis of variance test. The obtained results show that there is a difference between the activity of Brain/behavioral systems, attention attention bias in who are dealing with depression, anxiety, and also normal. According to the findings, it can be concluded that brain-behavioral systems are the basis of individual differences and it seems that anxious and depressed people perceive more threats in their environment compared to healthy individuals. Correction of attention bias is effective in terms of diagnosing and treating anxiety or depression.

Cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems are among the most significant psychological challenges of childhood, potentially affecting children's mental and social well-being in the future. Maternal depression has been identified as a key factor contributing to these problems; however, the underlying mechanisms of this association remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mindful parenting in the relationship between maternal depression and children's cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems.

This applied research employed a correlational design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all mothers of elementary school children in Tehran during the 2023-2024 academic year, from whom 385 participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21; Antony et al., 1998), the Mindful Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ; McCaffrey, Reitman, & Black, 2015), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), completed by mothers. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS23 and LISREL 8.

The results of structural equation modeling indicated that the proposed model had a good fit. Findings showed a significant positive relationship between maternal depression and children's cognitive-emotional internalizing and externalizing problems (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the "being in the present moment with the child" component (a subdimension of mindful parenting) significantly mediated this relationship. Specifically, maternal depression, by reducing the mother's mindful presence in interactions with the child, led to an increase in children's cognitive-emotional problems.
These findings highlight the importance of training parents in mindfulness skills, particularly the ability to be present with their children, as an effective strategy for mitigating the negative impact of maternal depression on children's cognitive-emotional well-being. Consequently, intervention programs in child and family mental health should emphasize the enhancement of mindful parenting among parents.

This paper examined the effectiveness of integrated meta-diagnostic treatment on rumination, cognitive distortions and cognitive avoidance among women with depression. Women visited depression treatment centers in Abadan city in 1403 for depression treatment constituted the statistical population of the research. Due to the small size of the population and the limitation of the statistical population, the sampling method was purposeful.  The total number of people eligible to enter this research was 30 which were randomly assigned into two groups of 15. The following standard questionnaires were used for collecting the necessary data:  Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire by Sexton and Dagas (CAQ), Rumination Questionnaire by Nalan Hoeksma and Maro 1991, Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire by Abdullah Zadeh and Salar (1389), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) by Laibond and Laibond (1995) and integrated meta-diagnostic treatment protocol.   SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data. Indicators such as mean and standard deviation were determined. Univariate and multivariate covariance analysis were also used to check the hypothesizes.  The findings showed that integrated trans-diagnostic treatment has an effect on rumination, cognitive distortions and cognitive avoidance among women with depression disorder. This effect has continued in the follow-up phase.

This study aimed to explore the role of executive functions in moderating the relationship between medication adherence and depression among individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system, and both cognitive and emotional factors can significantly influence how patients adhere to treatment plans. Medication adherence is crucial for disease management, and depression is a common comorbidity in MS patients, often complicating adherence. Understanding the relationship between depression, cognitive functions, and treatment adherence can help improve therapeutic outcomes. This research was conducted as a descriptive-correlational study, targeting MS patients residing in Tehran. The sample consisted of 229 participants, selected through convenience sampling. These individuals completed three standardized questionnaires: the Beck Depression Inventory (second edition, 2005), the Executive Function Questionnaire by Najafi et al. (2014), and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (2008). Data collection was done through a paper-and-pencil survey method. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine relationships between variables, and stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine if executive functions moderate the relationship between depression and medication adherence. The study found that depressive symptoms were a significant predictor of poor medication adherence in MS patients (p<0.01). This suggests that patients with higher levels of depression are more likely to struggle with adhering to their treatment regimens. Additionally, executive functions such as memory, planning, and social cognition were found to significantly predict medication adherence (p<0.01). These cognitive abilities likely help patients better manage their treatment schedules and follow medical instructions. However, the study did not find evidence supporting the role of executive functions as a moderator in the relationship between depressive symptoms and medication adherence (p>0.01). This indicates that while cognitive abilities and depression are related to medication adherence, executive functions do not appear to change the strength or direction of the relationship between depression and adherence. The findings highlight the importance of both depressive symptoms and executive functions in influencing medication adherence in MS patients. Given that poor medication adherence can lead to worse health outcomes, addressing both cognitive and emotional barriers to treatment is critical. Healthcare providers should consider these factors when designing treatment plans for MS patients. For example, interventions aimed at improving executive functions, such as memory and planning, as well as addressing depression, may be beneficial. By targeting both cognitive and emotional challenges, providers can help patients better adhere to their treatment regimens, which could ultimately improve disease prognosis and quality of life. Furthermore, healthcare teams should be aware of the multifaceted nature of treatment adherence and incorporate psychological and cognitive assessments into routine care to ensure comprehensive support for MS patients. In conclusion, while executive functions may not moderate the relationship between depression and adherence, they are still crucial in predicting adherence, suggesting that an integrated approach to treatment planning is vital for enhancing medication compliance in MS patients.