امیدواری

The current research aimed to predict the anxiety of Corona based on hope and happiness. The current research was a descriptive-correlation type of study. The statistical database included all teenage girls in the city of Mashhad in the academic year 1400-1401. With the available sampling method, 395 people participated in the research through an Internet call.  To collect data, the Corona Anxiety Questionnaire (CDAS, Alipour et al., 2018),  The Miller Hope Scale (MHS, Miller, 1988), and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHI, Hills and Argyle, 2002) were used. Data analysis was done using Pearson's correlation method and stepwise regression. The findings showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between anxiety and happiness, as well as the level of hope (P<0.01).  The results of the regression analysis showed that happiness and hope explained 12% of the variance of the Corona anxiety scores. Therefore, happiness and hope can play a role in the emergence of corona anxiety.

 The purpose of this study was to develop a model of hope based on emotion regulation, with spiritual well-being as a mediator, in heart failure patients in Kermanshah and to evaluate its effectiveness on death anxiety.

 This research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a descriptive correlational method was used to examine the relationship between predictor variables, criteria, and mediators. In the second phase, a semi-experimental research design with a pretest-posttest design and control group was used. The study population consisted of all young heart failure patients visiting Imam Ali (A.S.) Hospital and private clinics in Kermanshah in 2022. In the first phase of the study, 270 participants were selected based on the Cochran formula and the study’s inclusion criteria. In the second phase, 30 participants who scored lower on the hope, spiritual well-being, and emotion regulation scales and higher on the death anxiety questionnaire compared to other patients were selected through purposive sampling and divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Structural equation modeling and analysis of covariance were used for data analysis. These analyses were performed using SPSS and AMOS software, version 23.

 The results showed that emotion regulation had a significant causal relationship with spiritual well-being and hope. Furthermore, a significant causal relationship was found between spiritual well-being and hope.

 The findings of this study confirmed the mediating role of spiritual well-being in the relationship between the mentioned variables. The educational program developed based on hope was effective in reducing death anxiety in heart failure patients.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of spiritual cognitive behavioral education on the hope of children raised in families with emotional divorce; The research method is a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population included 15-18-year-old female students who have families with emotional divorce; 30 participants who met the entry and exit criteria in this research were selected and randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups by the available sampling method. The data collection tool included Omid Snyder's questionnaire and Gutman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire. The experimental group underwent spiritual cognitive behavioral training for 8 sessions and each session lasted 45 minutes, and the control group was on the waiting list during this time and did not receive any training.The results were analyzed by covariance analysis. The results showed the effect of spiritual cognitive-behavioral education on hope and its components (agent thinking, transitory thinking, total thinking) in children raised in families with emotional divorce. (p≤0.05). In general, based on the findings of this research, cognitive behavioral spiritual education can be emphasized to increase the hope of children of emotional divorce.

Children with diabetes experience debilitating conditions that can affect the happiness and hope of a child with diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of interactive education based on new media on happiness and disease acceptance in children with type 2 diabetes. This study was a quasi-experimental method of pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all children with diabetes referred to Gabrik Medical Center and Diabetes Clinics in Tehran in 2009-2010. A sample of this population consisted of 44 people (24 in the experimental group and 19 in the control group) with Using the sampling method, they were selected voluntarily and placed in the experimental and control groups. The educational model was performed for the children of the experimental group for 6 sessions after the pre-test. The control group did not receive any special psychological training. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. The results showed that the model of interactive education based on new media has a significant effect on happiness and psychological hope of diabetic children (p <0.05). Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the interactive education model based on new media can be used as an intervention method for children with diabetes along with drug therapy.

The main goal of this study is to predict the addictive tendency in soldiers based on prosperity with the moderating role of hope. This study is correlational descriptive and uses structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all serving soldiers in one of the garrisons, from which 237 individuals who were selected through availability sampling participated in this study. Data collection tools included the Iranian Addiction Potential Questionnaire (Zargar, 2006), the Flourishing Scale (2015), and Snyder's Hope Scale (1991). SPSS version 26 and AMOS 20 were used for data analysis. SEM was used to test the hypotheses. Based on the statistical testing and the given significance (P<0.05), the results from this study showed that flourishment has an indirect effect on addictive tendency through the moderation of hope with a coefficient of -/122. the coefficient of flourishment on hope is 0.382, and the coefficient of hope on addictive tendency is also -0.320. The results from the analysis showed that flourishment has a significant and positive effect on hope. And hope has a significant and negative effect on addictive tendencies. Therefore, flourishment does not have a direct effect on addictive tendencies, but through the moderation of hope, it affects addictive tendencies negatively and significantly.

Children's learning disorder has a negative impact on the family, especially mothers. The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group training on anxiety, hope and optimism of mothers with children with special learning disabilities. This research was of quasi-experimental type and its population was all mothers with special learning children in Tabriz city. 30 samples of mothers were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups (15 people in the control group, 15 people in the experimental group). To collect research data, Snyder et al.'s Hope Questionnaire (1991), Spielberger's Anxiety Questionnaire (1970), and Scheer and Carver's Optimism Questionnaire (1985) were used in a post- Test and pre-test were used. For the experimental group, the acceptance and commitment group training protocol (Dosti et al., 2017, Harris, 2009; Amin Zadeh, 2018) was used in six 45-minute sessions. The results showed that education based on acceptance and commitment has a significant effect on reducing anxiety and increasing optimism and hope of mothers. Based on the findings, it can be said that the existence of a child with a special learning disorder affects the family environment, especially mothers experience many psychological problems. Since the treatment based on acceptance and commitment leads to psychological flexibility and a person's commitment to perform actions that make life complete, rich and meaningful for him; It can be used as an effective intervention method to increase hope and optimism and reduce anxiety in mothers with children with special learning disorders.

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women worldwide, which has several negative consequences on the emotional, mental, and emotional states of women. Due to the psychological nature of breast cancer, psychological interventions have been the focus of some studies. It seems that it is necessary to pay more attention to psychological interventions to reduce the psychological suffering of women with breast cancer.

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on pain self-efficacy and hope in refractory metastatic breast cancer patients.

The research method was applied in a semi -experimental way with a pre -test -post -test design and a one-month follow-up with a control group.. The statistical population included all female patients with refractory metastatic breast cancer referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia. 45 patients were selected using a targeted sampling method from the available type. They were randomly replaced into two experimental groups (narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy) and a control group (15 people in each group). Data collection tools included Pain Self-Efficacy Scale (PSEQ), and Schneider Hope Scale (SHS). The first and second experimental groups were treated with narrative therapy by White and Epston (1990) and cognitive-behavioral intervention by Wildermut (2008) for eight sessions each. Follow-up was done after 1 month. Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software and repeated measure analysis of variance and LSD.

According to the results of the LSD test, people who experienced narrative therapy had higher scores in pain self-efficacy and hope compared to people who participated in cognitive-behavioral therapy (p<0.05). This means that narrative therapy was more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy on pain self-efficacy and hope, and in the follow-up phase, this level of meaning was permanent.

Both approaches of narrative therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy are practical in pain self-efficacy and hope, but narrative therapy is more effective than the other two groups in improving pain self-efficacy and hope of patients with metastatic breast cancer resistant to treatment. Therefore, the results of this study can help therapists, psychologists, and policymakers in the field of health and mental health. Hence, it is suggested to repeat this research in more groups and samples

This study mainly predicts addiction tendency among soldiers based on wisdom by taking into account the mediating role of hope .

This descriptive-correlational study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) for analysis. The statistical population consisted of all conscripts doing their military service in one of the military barracks of Tehran, 237 of whom with a high school diploma were selected as the sample through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Iranian Addiction Potential Questionnaire (IAPQ) (Zargar, 2006), the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) (Ardelt, 2003), and the Adult Hope Scale (AHS) (Snyder, 1991). The data were analyzed statistically in SPSS-26 and AMOS-20, and the research hypotheses were tested using SEM.

According to the test statistics and significance levels (p<0.05), “wisdom” significantly affected the criterion variable, i.e., soldiers’ tendency to addiction (β=-0.414) and “hope” significantly mediated the prediction of “tendency to addiction” by “wisdom” (β=-0.259).

The study findings suggested that positive psychology variables such as wisdom and hope can be considered reliable predictors of tendency to addiction among soldiers. Given the protective role of these variables, it seems that improving the wisdom and hope levels of soldiers can be effective in reducing their tendency to addiction.

The purpose of this study was to determine the canonical relationship of mindfulness, moral-cultural foundation and critical thinking with hopefulness and perception of God in married women. The research population included all married female students of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences whom 180 subjects were selected by purposive sampling method as sample. The research method was descriptive and correlational type. To collect data Snyder et al. Hopefulness Questionnaire (1991), Lawrence Gods Perception Questionnaire (1997), Braun & Ryan's Mindfulness Questionnaire (2003), Haidt & Graham (2007) Moral Foundation Questionnaire and Ricketts Critical Thinking Questionnaire (2003) were implemented. For analyzing the data Pearson correlation coefficient and canonical correlation were applied. Results of the study showed that between the predictive variables (mindfulness, moral- cultural foundation and critical thinking) and the criterion variables (hopefulness and perception of God) were two significant canonical functions that equal to 0/644 and 0/293 (p<0/05). The results of the canonical correlation analysis also, revealed that in the set of predictive variables the mindfulness was the strongest predictor. In the set of criterion variables, hopefulness had more predictive power. So, considering the predictive role of mindfulness, moral- cultural foundation and critical thinking in prediction of hopefulness and perception of God, it could be concluded that through focusing on predictive variable s, hopefulness and perception of God would be increased in married woman students.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social responsibility and hope with the mediation of psychological capital in elementary school teachers. The method of this cross-sectional study was correlational. The statistical population was all primary school teachers in Lordegan city in the academic year 1399-1400. 200 people were selected by available sampling method. The research instruments were Snyder et al.\'s (1991) questionnaire of psychological capital (Lutans et al., 2007) and social responsibility (Carroll, 1979). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results showed that the model of social responsibility and hope mediated by psychological capital had a good fit. In addition, social responsibility had a direct direct effect on psychological capital and psychological capital and social responsibility had a direct direct effect on reliability. Social responsibility mediated by psychological capital had a significant indirect effect on reliability. According to the results, to increase teachers\' hope, psychological capital and social responsibility can be promoted through workshops.

The birth of a disabled child can have severe negative effects on mothers; Because they have to fulfill more demands. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive thinking training on hope and life satisfaction in mothers with disabled children. The research method was  quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design and control group. The research sample consisting of 30 mothers with disabled children under the auspices of Shahinshahr Welfare Organization in 2016 was selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Participants completed the Hope Scale (Schneider et al., 1991) and Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (Diner et al., 1985) at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. Experimental group was trained for 8 sessions of 60 minutes per week in positive thinking training and the control group did not receive any training. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that in the variable of hope, time factor (p<0.05, F=16.907), group factor (p<0.05, F=19.864) and time and group interaction (p<0.05, F=17.996) and in life satisfaction variable, time factor (p<0.05, F=8.757), group factor (p<0.05, F=8.806) and time and group interaction (P<0.05, F=9.543) are significant that these findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the three stages of research on the factor of hope and life satisfaction. Therefore, positive thinking training in psychological centers can be used as an effective treatment to improve the hope and life satisfaction of mothers with disabilities

The aim of the present study was to investigate the depression prediction model based on early maladaptive schemas, resilience and perceived social support by considering the mediating role of self-compassion and hope in men and women with cancer.

The research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population in this study included all cancer patients referred to Imam Khomeini and Milad hospitals in Tehran. The sample size was 300 patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research instruments included the Nef Self-Sufficiency Questionnaire (2003), Young's early maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (1998), Connor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2005), Zimet et al.'s Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (1988), Beck depression Scale (1961) And Snyder (1991) Hope Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling.

The finding of data analysis showed that the depression prediction model based on initial maladaptive schemas, resilience and perceived social support, considering the mediating role of self-compassion and hope based on experimental data, has a good fit. Also, the direct and indirect effects of early maladaptive schemas, perceived resilience and social support were considered (p <0.05) regarding the mediating role of self-care and hope on the depression of cancer patients. Self-compassion directly affects the depression of cancer patients (p <0.05). Hope also directly affects the depression in cancer patients (p <0.05).

According to the research results, in order for cancer patients to function properly, on the one hand, it is necessary to have modified maladaptive schemas, on the other hand, their treatment t should be based on improving resilience and perceived social support.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of online resilience group training on the desire for divorce, forgiveness, hope, and cognitive flexibility in women with experience of marital infidelity. The research method was quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest with the control group. The statistical population of the study included women with experience of marital infidelity in Isfahan and referring to counseling centers in 1400. 30 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group) and responded to the Divorce Tendency Scale (Rusbult et al, 1986), the Forgiveness Questionnaire (Mullet et al, 2003), the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Snyder et al, 1991), and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis et al, 2010). For the experimental group, resilience training was held in 10 sessions of one hour and once a week. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. The findings showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the post-test average of the two experimental and control groups in the variables of desire for divorce (F=5/73, P=0/026) and cognitive flexibility (F=9/57, P=0/005), but there is no significant difference in the variables of forgiveness (F=2/22, P=0/150) and hope (F=3/19, P=0/087). Based on this, it can be concluded that the resilience online group intervention was effective in the desire for divorce and cognitive flexibility.

The current research was correlational research and the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social-emotional competence and academic resilience, considering the mediating role of academic self-efficacy and hope in a sample of Iranian students. In this study, 283 humanities science students were selected by cluster random sampling. The variables were measured using the questionnaires of social-emotional competence (Zoe and E, 2012), Cassidy academic resilience (2016), academic self-efficacy (Jamali et al., 2013) and Schneider hope (2000). Statistical analysis of data was performed using AMOS software and path analysis method. The results of path analysis showed that the theoretical model has a good fit with the data. In addition, there is a significant positive relationship between social-emotional competence with resilience (r = 0.36), academic self-efficacy (r = 0.53) and hope (r = 0.47) with academic resilience. The mediating role of academic self-efficacy and hope in the relationship between these two variables was also confirmed. The perspective of this study is to create a basis for experimental research in line with research variables to examine the effectiveness of interventions based on social-emotional competence on academic resilience by considering the moderating variables.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on dysfunctional thoughts and hopefulness in female dormitory students in Tehran. The statistical population consisted of all female dormitory students in the 4th district of Tehran in 2019, among whom 30 individuals were selected using the purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental (15 subjects) and control (15 subjects) groups. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Weismann & Beck (1978) Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and Snyder & et al. (1991) Hopefulness Questionnaires were implemented for data collection. The experimental group underwent schema therapy in ten 90- minutes sessions once a week, but the control group did not receive any treatment. Then post-test and after two months the follow-up was proceeded. Multi variate covariance and analysis of covariance analysis was applied to analyze the collected data. The results showed that the schema therapy was effective on dysfunctional thoughts and hopefulness in female dormitory students in Tehran. The results were consistent up to the follow-up.

Considering the importance of adolescence in people's lives and the importance of responsibility, resilience, and hope in this period as the underlying characteristics of a person with high mental health, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of choice theory training on responsibility, resilience, and hope of second-grade high school girls.

This is a quasi-experimental study that was performed with 40 high school girls participants in Mashhad city in 2020-2021, assessments including The Kordlo's Responsibility Questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson's Resilience, and the Hinds Adolescent Hope were completed once before and once after the intervention. Participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The members of the intervention group received Choice Theory Training for Responsibility, Resilience, and Hope in 8, 90-minute sessions. Analysis was performed using SPSS 24 by multivariate covariance method for the components of the responsibility variable and univariate covariance for responsibility, resilience, and hope.

The main findings of the study show that the intervention had a significant effect on the responsibility, hope, and resilience at the 0.01 alpha level .

Choice theory training can be used as an effective way to improve and enhance the responsibility, hope, and resilience of high school girls.

Adolescence is one of the most sensitive periods of life, which plays a fundamental role in the success or failure of individuals in the future. In this regard, high - risk behaviors that are becoming more common in these ages are also needed, and hope for the future will be strengthened in juveniles too.

The aim of this study was to develop and examine the efficacy of psycho - social empowerment education based on choice theory in high - risk behaviors and hopes of adolescent girls.

In the form of a pretest-posttest- follow-up with control group quasi-experimental design, 30 students of adolscent girls from 2 region of education and teaching of Tehran were selected and were assigned randomly in two expreimental (15 subjects) and control (15 subjects) groups. Data collection tools include the risk questionnaire of Iranian teenagers (Zadehmohammadi et al., 2012) and the hope questionnaire (Schneider et al., 2016). The educational package of psychosocial empowerment based on choice theory, after development, was applied during eight-nighnteety minute’s sessions. Mixed analysis of varinace was used to analyze the data.

The results indicated that the education of psycho - social empowerment based on choice theory results in decreasing high-risk behaviors (F= 4.036; P= 0.001) of adolescent girls and has a positive effect on hope (F= 4.791; P= 0.001).

training of psychosocial competencies based on choice theory can affect the level of high - risk and hopeful behavior in adolescent girls and is recommended alongside other treatments.