تجربه زیسته

Bullying during adolescence presents a significant social issue affecting all individuals involved, especially the victims. Insights into the behaviors of bystanders and upstanders and the factors influencing them can lead to more effective anti-bullying strategies. While previous research has primarily centered on perpetrators and victims, the role of witnesses—who can significantly influence the reduction of bullying in various environments, including schools—remains underexplored. This study aims to examine the lived experiences of adolescents who witness bullying. A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological method was employed to meet the research objective. The study involved 12 male and female students from first and second high schools in Birjand during the 2023-2024 academic year. Participants were selected through purposive sampling (maximum variation) and based on the principles of saturation and sampling adequacy. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method. Interview data analysis revealed six main themes, 15 sub-themes, and 31 semantic units. The main themes included power dynamics and social hierarchy (arrogance and control), vulnerability and social challenges (personal traits and interpersonal skills), emotional turmoil (empathy and compassion, moral injustice, personal responsibility), ambivalent reactions (passive responses, active intervention), avoidance and self-protection (lack of assertiveness, caution, indifference, and self-interest), and positive social impact (emotional intelligence, social competence, peaceful conflict resolution). The findings underscore the complexity and multidimensionality of the positive and negative behaviors of bullying witnesses, highlighting various influencing factors. The study’s results can inform the development of intervention and educational programs aimed at promoting positive behaviors among bullying witnesses and supporting victims.

The present study aimed to compare the lived experiences of single-mother and two-parent primary school students in virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative research used a phenomenological approach. The statistical population was comprised of primary school girls in Qarchak city, and purposive sampling was employed. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and coded using Crandall et al.'s (2006) guide. A total of 44 in-depth interviews were conducted (24 single-mother students and 20 two-parent students) until data saturation was achieved. The study identified four main themes and 11 sub-themes, which were: "Provision of Educational Supplies," "Learning Challenges and Family Support," "Technical Problems and Family Support," and "Motivation and Excitement in the Virtual Space." The findings revealed that family support plays a crucial role in virtual learning for primary school students. Single-mother students faced significant challenges due to the lack of paternal support and reduced maternal presence at home. As a result, child therapists can use these findings to enrich their diagnostic formulations for students experiencing lack of motivation and academic decline.

The present study was conducted to understand the lived experience of mothers of children with recovered ADHD. This research is a qualitative case study of the phenomenological type. Since the aim of this study was to explore the participant's lived experience, a phenomenological approach was utilized. The participant was selected using purposive sampling. She is 35 years old and has a child with ADHD. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured and in-depth interviews, and the information was recorded. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used for data analysis. The emerging themes were the experience being exhausting and challenging, the impact on the family, realizing the need for help, practicing self-care, specific strategies for aiding learning, acceptance, coordination between parents, and maintaining a consistent parenting style.

The participant considers this experience to be frustrating and challenging, feeling repeatedly tested by her child's behaviors. However, contrary to the findings of many studies, she does not perceive this experience as stressful. This is because she has managed to reduce her vulnerability to distressing emotions and enhance her positive emotions by learning distress tolerance skills such as active acceptance, the stop technique, and relaxation exercises.

The aim of this research was to explain phenomenologically the lived experiences of Iranian adolescents regarding hope for the future. This qualitative and phenomenological research and the population of participants included 17 adolescents who were selected based on purposeful sampling in order to conduct semi-structured interviews and continued data collection until reaching theoretical saturation. In order to analyze the data, Colaizzi 's method was used. Data analysis led to the identification of 2 main themes and 10 sub-themes. The main themes are promising factors and disappointing factors. Sub-themes included psychological security in the family, positivity and purposefulness, immigration, group of friends, social conditions, economic status, limitations, media and comparison, aimlessness and lack of motivation, and career future. The results indicated that in order to create and increase hope for the future in teenagers, adolescents, family and society should adopt coherent plans and decisions.

All marriages may experience boredom or continue married life with poor quality; which is definitely associated with ideas about separation, it is important to attention to the destructive effects of this phenomenon and treat it in time.

The purpose of this research was to determine, through the examination of couples' personal experiences, the effect of an educational program on mitigating marital tedium among those who are disillusioned with married life.

The study used a quasi-experimental design, using a post-test, pre-test, and 6-month follow-up methodology. The research included 30 couples diagnosed with marital burnout in 2022. The participants were recruited by purposive selection, and then randomly divided into an experimental and a control group, each consisting of 15 people. The participants completed the Pines (2002) 20-item marital discomfort questionnaire, which served as the tool for measuring the variables. Then, the participants of experimental group in ten 90-min sessions of group training of training package, which was conducted using predictive indicators of marital burnout, based on the lived experiences of distressed couples, using the phenomenology by the author. The analysis of mixed covariance using SPSS version 23 software was used to analyze the data.

Based on the value of F= 58.48, which was significant at the P< 0.01 level, the results indicated that 68% of the changes in the variance of marital happiness were affected by an intervention.

Considering the effectiveness of the educational package, this package can be used in psychological centers to educate couples and improve their interactions to reduce marital dissatisfaction.

miscarriage is not only a medical event but also a psychological event. The subject of Miscarriage remains silent in most societies and is considered a taboo subject. The purpose of this research was to investigate the lived experience of married men whose wives had an unintentional Miscarriage and who lived in the city of Khorramabad and Lorestan province in 1402. The present research method was a qualitative research method of phenomenological type. The participants were selected using a purposive non-random sampling method. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was reached and 10 married men were interviewed. The obtained data were analyzed using Giorgi''s descriptive method. Analyzing the lived experiences of the interviewees in the field of how to deal with unintentional Miscarriage led to the identification of 10 constitutive components, which include feelings of sadness and low mood, blame and guilt, attachment and loss, the supportive role of men, religious beliefs, destruction of dreams, marital conflicts, use of Counseling services, social support and self-care solutions. In general, it can be said that the experience of the participants has shown the deep impact of this event on the marital life of couples, and adaptation to this experience through family support, religious beliefs, etc. can help people to accept this issue and pass through this period.

The research aimed to study the psychological consequences of child marriage among girls through a phenomenological approach and semi-structured interviews.

  Twenty women from Gilan, Khoozestan, Sistan and Baloochistan, Khorasan and Yazd province who experienced child marriage and their current ages were less than 50 years old were selected through purposive sampling. Interviews and observations were conducted by traveling to each province. Colaizzi method was used in order to analysis data.

Results were included of 5 main themes and 15 sub themes in psychological consequences. Main themes are crashed ego, psychic traumas, negative emotions, immaturity and personal maturity.

The results showed that negative psychological consequences of child marriage are much more than their positive ones.

Objective: 

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of the training program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships and schema therapy on empathy, emotional regulation and mental health of abused adolescent girls.

Method: 

This study was combined (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative part, the research method was phenomenological and in the quantitative part, the research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. The statistical population of the present study included all abused teenage girls who were present in welfare centers for girls in Sanandaj city in 1402. The sample of the research was selected in the qualitative section using the purposeful sampling method and they were subjected to a semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part, the statistical sample of the present study was made up of 45 adolescent girls with bad guardians. The first experimental group received the intervention program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships and the second experimental group received the schema therapy program and the control group did not receive the programGoldberg's mental health questionnaires (1972), Davis's empathy (1994) and Gross and John's (2003) emotion regulation questionnaires were used as research tools. Data analysis was done with SPSS 28 software and multivariate covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were used

Findings:

 The findings showed that only the lived experience intervention was effective for one of the emotion regulation scales (Cognitive reappraisal) and both intervention methods were effective on empathy and mental health (p<0.05). Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that the effectiveness of the lived experience intervention on empathy was greater than the schema therapy intervention, but the effectiveness of the two intervention methods on mental health was the same.

Conclusion: 

According to the results, it can be said that the training program based on lived experience in parent-child relationships is effective in improving the ability of abused adolescent girls, and it is recommended to use it in the treatment and education process.

The present study was conducted with the aim of phenomenological analysis of elementary school teachers' perception of the challenges and opportunities of electronic education in the context of Shad software. This study was of qualitative type and using phenomenological method and it was conducted by using purposeful sampling and analysis of semi-structured interviews with teachers of elementary girls' schools in District 15 of Tehran. The criterion for entering the research was the age range of 55-20 years and the mental health of the teachers.The interviews were analyzed using Smith's phenomenological method. The Lavashe coefficient obtained was 0.97 and this means the content validity of the interview questions.Finally, after conducting 16 deep, the researcher reached data saturation. In this research, 2 main themes and 6 sub-themes and 34 semantic units were obtained, the main themes of which were: "Components related to e-learning opportunities in the platform of Shad software" and "Challenges of e-learning in the platform of Shad software".In the present study, elementary school teachers, while enumerating the opportunities created in the happy platform, listed many challenges for it and presented solutions to increase the productivity of e-learning, which will be implemented with the efforts of educational officials and policy makers.

Miscarriage and early pregnancy loss is a painful experience for parents, which is experienced with negative psychological consequences. The present study was conducted to describe of lived experiences of women and men with miscarriages. The methodology of this study is the qualitative and phenomenological approach. To select the participants, a purposive sampling method (centered on criteria) was used. The theoretical data saturation criterion was also used to determine the sample size. Information was collected using a semi-structured interview with 9 women and 8 men living in Qom who had experienced miscarriage. The process of interviews lasted about three months (November to December 2021). data were analyzed using the 7-step Colaizzi method. The analysis of narrations revealed 5 main themes. These themes include expression of grief, guilt and helplessness, level of anxiety, support, and coping methods. the analysis of narratives and the comparison of free codes showed that there are gender-specific reactions to the experience of loss. Women experience more grief, guilt, and anxiety than men due to the physical experience of pregnancy and Miscarriage. On the other hand, men experience less intensity of grief and often repress their feelings due to social expectations and less dependence on the fetus. It was also found that most of the positive social support is aimed at women. In the end, women relied on religious beliefs and social support to cope with their grief, and men tried to return to their former lives by immersing themselves in their work.

It is crucial to design specific interventions for vulnerable foster children. This study introduces an integrated cognitive-behavioral intervention based on the lived experiences of foster children with complex trauma, by incorporating themes extracted from interviews with foster children and elements of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT). 

The study comprised two parts. In the first part, 8 girls, aged 9 to 11, were selected from among 30 foster children in Isfahan in 2022 through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using a descriptive phenomenological method and analyzed using the Giorgi method. In the second part, the common factors approach was applied to develop an integrated intervention from various integration methods. The content validity of the intervention was assessed using the Delphi method with feedback from 8 experts. 

In the first part, five main themes were identified: belonging, relationships, self-concept, past life challenges, and psychological capital. In the second part, an integrated cognitive-behavioral intervention based on the foster children’s lived experiences was developed, consisting of 10 sessions. Each session included two parts—one for caregivers and one for children. The content validity ratio (CVR) ranged from 0.75 to 1, and the content validity index (CVI) was 0.9. 

This integrated intervention is a child-centered therapeutic approach designed to reduce some of the limitations in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. It leverages the strengths of TF-CBT while addressing the unique needs of foster children.

The present study was conducted to developing a comprehensive package of educational-psychological empowerment based on the lived experience of adolescent girls in divorced families and investigating its effectiveness on their subjective well-being and emotional regulation. The research method was qualitative, phenomenological-descriptive, and the research method in the quantitative part was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The The statistical population consisted of adolescent divorced girls in the first year of high school in Rasht city in the academic year of 2022-2023. In the qualitative part, the sample consisted of 20 adolescent divorced girls were purposefully selected and subjected to semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part, in this research 27 adolescent were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (14 adolescent in the experimental and 13 adolescent in the control group). The adolescents in the experimental group received the package of educational-psychological empowerment during 10 weeks in 10 90-minute sessions. Pre-test was performed before the intervention and post-test was performed after the intervention. Two months later, the follow-up phase was carried out. The applied questionnaire in this study included Subjective Well-Being Scale (Butler, Kern, 2016) and emotional regulation Questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software. The results showed that the comprehensive package of educational-psychological empowerment has sufficient content validity according to experts. Also, this training package had an impact on the subjective well-being (P<0001) and emotional regulation (P<0001) of adolescent divorced girls. Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the comprehensive educational-psychological empowerment package focusing on self-awareness, self-efficacy, how to manage anger, taking advantage of spirituality and creating motivation can be an efficient method to improve the subjective well-being and emotional regulation of adolescent divorced girls should be used.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of mothers of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. The statistical population included all mothers of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder who referred to the psychiatric center of Fatemi Hospital in Ardabil city in 2023. The sample of the research enfolded 20 subjects whom were selected via purposive sampling method. The research method was a qualitative and phenomenological type. Data were attained through semi structured interviews with participant mothers of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Data were analyzed with the seven-step descriptive phenomenological method of Colaizzi (2002). The obtained results of mothers’ lived experience were classified in 5 main themes and 19 subthemes. The main themes involved child individual problems, family problems, social and emotional problems, medical issues and school problems. The findings resulted from the analysis of the lived experiences of the children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder mothers also revealed the existence of a set of challenges including cultural diversity, culture-bound experiences and the participant educations levels. The other set of problems involved the mothers’ low knowledge and the educational environment. The children problems impose impairments on family natural function and influence their social, cultural and interactional relations. Therefore, making the mothers aware of the nature of the disorder and teaching interactive patterns with these children could prevent the problems facing these families.

Family is the basic unit of society and the main center of growth and excellence, and the ideological and ideal agreement in the formation of a healthy family is the main basis for the evolutionary and growing human movement, therefore, providing facilities to achieve this goal is one of the duties of parents.

The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining and investigating the lived experiences of mothers in relation to their children after the trauma of the head of the family being imprisoned.

The approach of the current research was qualitative in terms of method; in an in-depth study, the researcher investigated the lived experiences of families with an imprisoned guardian. The current research population included all married women with children in Birjand city in 2023 whose husbands were imprisoned. Sampling was done using the purposeful sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical saturation in the sample size. Also, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data, and descriptive analysis using the Claizian method was used to analyze the data obtained from the phenomenological interviews.

The research findings were represented in the form of 403 propositions, 302 concepts, 33 categories and 7 main categories. The main categories are: dependence on children, power of self-expression, control, life and hardship, feeling of hopelessness and helplessness, post-traumatic stress disorder, psycho-physical disorder. The results of the interviews also showed that the imprisonment of the father directly changes the quality of life and the relationship of the children with the mother.

The results of the research showed that the imprisonment of the father is directly related to the life of other family members and causes significant changes in their quality of life, and also affects the relationship between mother and children. Relationships sometimes get worse and the family sometimes leads to disintegration and confusion, and the normal flow of life that existed before is destroyed. Based on this, it seems that the families of drug prisoners need guidance and interventions to improve the quality of life and especially the parent-child relationship with the mother

Occupational identity Diffusion is one of the most important crises of the adolescent period, that disrupts the path of choosing a job, the need to recognize its signs is of particular importance due to extensive social changes in girls. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the lived experience of Occupational Identity Diffusion of ninth grade female students. The current research was a qualitative phenomenological type. The target population included all ninth grade female students of Erfan Qarchak Varamin School. For purposeful sampling, 40 students were selected and based on the cut-off point of the Identity Status Inventory- Occupation (Dellas & Jernigan, 1981), 27 had the criterion of confused identity, and finally 23 were selected based on opinion saturation. The expression of data collection was Identity Status Inventory- Occupation (Dellas & Jernigan, 1981) and unstructured interview with information interpretation. Data analysis was done with the method of Frost (2011) in four steps(Reading the text, returning to the text, checking the codes and classification). In the results of the semi-structured interviews, 60 codes or concepts were obtained, and 18 codes were obtained by removing duplicate items and combining similar items. These codes were classified into 6 sub-themes, then these 6 sub-themes were placed into three main themes. took, therefore experiences of students with occupational identity diffusion are classified into three main themes: individual experiences (lack of direction and lack of self-efficacy), family experiences (feeling of helplessness and parental neglect) and social experiences (limited resources and negative attitude towards the future of the job). Considering the multi-dimensional and complex nature of the occupational identity diffusion in the context of Iranian society, there is a need to plan to eliminate psychological-behavioral and educational-occupational injuries.

The present study was conducted to design a model of social identification based on the lived experience of adolescent girls. The qualitative research method was the type of foundation data. The statistical population of the research included the trained people of the NADA Center (Movement of Imam's Daughters) who were selected in 1402 by purposive sampling. Then the social identity scale was implemented on them and the people who got a very good score considering the theoretical saturation point of 12 people, were subjected to a semi-structured interview. Based on the findings, the social identification pattern includes: causal conditions of growth and purposefulness, background conditions of distance from reality, lack of interpersonal communication skills, personality weakness, lack of identity, Strategies for strengthening social activism, leadership, talent development, skill enhancement, revolutionary role-taking, religious education and insight enhancement were obtained. Also, the intervening factors include the lack of skills to work with teenagers in centers and institutions and the confrontation of the family with the teenager and the consequences including religious and revolutionary role-playing, social activism, social education, and integrated identity. The model of social identification is an example of national, Islamic, and revolutionary identification. This study can be applied practically by governmental and non-governmental organizations and institutions, activists in the field of education, psychologists and counselors active in the field of mental health, and policymakers.

The interference of the spouse’s family in the couple’s married life has long been a significant source of conflict. Persistent and repeated interference from either the husband or wife’s family can lead to decreased marital satisfaction and an increased likelihood of divorce. This study explored the impact of interference on marital conflict and divorce, focusing on the experiences of 10 women who sought divorce due to such interference. Using a qualitative psychological descriptive phenomenological method, data were collected through semi-structured interviews until saturation was achieved. The collected data were analyzed using the five-step method proposed by Giorgi. The analysis provided 10 key aspects of interference: 1) Communication with family and friends, 2) Decisions regarding childbearing and child-rearing, 3) Financial management, 4) Personal attire, 5) Residential choices, 6) Right to education and employment, 7) Privacy within the marriage, 8) Escalation of marital conflicts, 9) Dowry and wedding arrangements, and 10) Promotion of marital separation. These findings provided valuable insights for counselors and psychologists, enhanced the perception of family dynamics, and aided in the development of more effective intervention strategies in marital counseling. Furthermore, the study underscored the importance of considering socio-cultural factors in addressing marital conflicts.

 One of the variables that can help reduce the problems of teenagers and increase adaptation in this sensitive period is resilience. Resilience means the ability to recover from negative emotional experiences and adapt flexibly to stressful experiences.. The current research was conducted with the aim of phenomenology of the lived experiences of resilient students and developing a model of resilience education for students based on these experiences. The research method was qualitative with three-way method. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 11 female students of Shahreza city who were diagnosed as resilient based on the Connor and Davidson questionnaire Utilizing MAXQDA 2020, the data were analyzed using the Colaizzi method Then, based on the content obtained from the lived experiences of resilient students, the model of resilience education was compiled based on the content analysis of books, dissertations and valid articles until 2022. In the last stage, the developed protocol was validated under the supervision of experts. Sampling started purposefully. In all three stages, the saturation criterion was used for the sample size. Information related to the components related to the lived experiences of resilient students was obtained in 3 main concepts of spiritual orientation, attitudinal, behavioral factors,,pshycological capital and conflict resolution model. The resilience training model of students based on lived experiences also contains 8 categories of awareness and psychological training, Activation based on mindfulness and values, improvement of self-efficacy, cognitive flexibility, problem-solving, emotional efficiency, interpersonal efficiency, and self-care. The obtained model was validated and reliable using psychometric indices. The results indicated the validity and reliability of the intended model. The model of resilience compiled with the three-way method can be used to formulate interventions to increase students' resilience, along with other existing educational models.

The current study was conducted with the aim of investigating the lived experience of psychological distress in people with Corona. The statistical population of this research was all people infected with corona in Isfahan province, 14 of whom were selected using Kessler's Psychological Distress Questionnaire and in a purposeful way, who had the criteria to enter the research. The research data was collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews and the sampling continued until data saturation. The analysis of the research data was carried out using the Claysey method, which led to the extraction of 3 main themes of "disorder of straw power", "increasing dangers" and "internal commotion" and 15 sub-themes. The results of this research revealed that people with corona not only perceive experiences related to psychological distress from an individual point of view, but also from a family and social point of view, they are involved in unpleasant situations that aggravate psychological distress in them.