تنیدگی

One of the variables related to mothers' stress is their reflective action. The act of reflection or mentalization is a clear manifestation of the narration of the capacity of mentalization in people. The important role of the mother as the primary and main caregiver of the child and, following that, the effect of stress on a wide range of the mother's performance, including in the mentalization process between her and the child, it reveals the necessity of reflective parenting programs adapted to mother's mentalization in order to reduce the stress of anxious mothers, But the review of previous studies shows that there is a research gap in this field.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the efficacy of the adapted parental reflective functioning program on the stress of anxious mothers.

The method of the current research was a quasi-experiment of pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all anxious mothers living in Tehran in 2022. Sampling was done by announcing a call in three kindergartens and four psychological clinics in Tehran and using the available purposeful sampling method among volunteer mothers with anxiety symptoms. Finally, 20 anxious mothers (with a minimum average anxiety score in the Beck anxiety test) were selected as a statistical sample and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The main data collection tool included the Parenting Stress Index – short form (Abidin, 1995). During 8 sessions, the experimental group received the adapted parental reflective functioning program to the mentalization of the mother, but the members of the control group did not receive any intervention. Also, covariance analysis method and SPSS-20 software were used for data analysis.

The results of the covariance analysis test in the present study showed that the reflective adapted parental reflective functioning program among the three subscales of parental stress, it significantly reduced parental distress and parent-child dysfunctional interaction (P<0.001), But it was not effective in reducing the subscale scores of difficult child characteristics.

Considering the effectiveness of the adapted parental reflective functioning program on the level of stress of anxious mothers in the present study, it seems that training parents in this field can be one of the most appropriate methods to improve mother-child interactions, the formation of secure attachment in children and subsequently, the reduction of the stress level of anxious mothers.

All children experience fear and anxiety as two natural emotions during their life, and this anxiety is more when they are away from their main caregivers. After examining the research background, it was found that each of the conducted studies only studied one of the components of this research. Therefore, the absence of a research that examines all the mentioned components in relation to each other, indicated the existence of a research gap in this field.

The model study was conducted with the aim of investigating the pattern of structural relationships predicting children's separation anxiety symptoms based on parenting styles with the mediation of stress.

This This research was descriptive and correlational in terms of applied purpose and based on the method of data collection. The statistical population of the present study included 500 mothers of 6-8 year old children suffering from separation anxiety disorder in 4 regions of north, south, east and west of Tehran city and 217 of them were based on Cochran's formula and available as a statistical sample. were chosen. Also, the data collection tool in this research was the Separation Anxiety Assessment Scale (Parent Version) (Han et al., 2003), Parenting Styles Questionnaire (Baumrind, 1971), and Parental Stress Index Standard Questionnaire (Abidin, 1983) and for data analysis Structural equation method and Spss-22.AMOS-22 software were also used.

The results of the research showed that children's separation anxiety symptoms can be predicted based on parenting styles with the mediation of stress (P<0.001) and also mothers' stress plays a mediating role in predicting children's separation anxiety symptoms based on parenting styles. has it. Also, the obtained findings indicate that the model of structural relationships predicting children's separation anxiety symptoms based on parenting styles with the mediation of mothers' stress has a suitable fit (P>0.05).

According to the optimal fit of the research structural model, children's separation anxiety symptoms can be predicted based on parenting styles with the mediation of mothers' stress. According to the results, it can be said that children's separation anxiety causes deep changes in various aspects of children's personal and social life. Using the categories identified in the current research can be a guide for experts in evaluating which of the categories children with separation anxiety have more serious problems in, and as a result, can help experts in designing and implementing interventions appropriate to the same category.

Since two gender groups are established in societies, it is not surprising that some parents suffer from psychological problems due to shame and embarrassment as soon as they learn about their children's gender selection. The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a parenting program based on mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in mothers with children with gender dysphoria. The research design was a semi-experimental type with an experimental group and a control group, in which a pre-test-post-test design with a follow-up period was used. The statistical population of the research was made up of all mothers with children with gender dysphoria in Tehran in 2023, and 30 of them were selected based on the gender identity questionnaire )Deogracias et al, 2007( and a clinical interview structured according to DSM-5 criteria with their children. and were randomly replaced in the experimental group (15 people) and the control group (15 people). The selected subjects in both groups were measured by the pre-test and depression, anxiety, and stress questionnaire (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1996), after that the parenting program based on mindfulness (Bögels & Restifo, 2014) was taught to the experimental group, but the control group received no training. did not receive After the training, a post-test was conducted in both groups, and a follow-up test was conducted in both groups after three months. The obtained data were analyzed using the statistical method of variance with repeated measurement and Bonferroni's post hoc test in SPSS software. The results of the research showed that the parenting program based on mindfulness improved the level of depression, anxiety, and stress in mothers with children with gender dysphoria, and this improvement was maintained until the follow-up stage (P<0.05). Based on this, this type of training can be used to improve the psychological condition of this group of mothers.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) in the relationship between inferential confusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The research method was descriptive-correlational (path analysis) and the statistical population of the study was all Social network users (between 20 to 50 years old) in mashhad in year 2022. Using the available sampling method, 345 subjects participated in the research through an online survey. The instruments used in this study include Obsessive-Compulsive Insentory-Revised (OCI-R), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Inferential Confusion Questionnaire (ICQ-EV). Data analysis done through Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. The findings showed that inferential confusion has a direct and significant relationship with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Also, psychological distress had a mediating role in the relationship between inferential confusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and the model has a good fit. According to the research results and the mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between inferential confusion and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, In condition of high psychological distress, the relation of inferential confusion with obsessive-compulsive symptoms is stronger than when the components of depression, anxiety and stress are low. Also, planning to reduce psychological distress can be effective in reducing the effect of inferential confusion on obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

his study aimed to determine the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and university students’ depression, anxiety and stress. A number of 240 undergraduate and graduate students of Islamic Azad University Kermanshah branch in 2019-20 academic year were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PNPS; Terry-Short et al, 1995), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS; Lavibond & Lavibond, 1995) and Uncertainty Intolerance Scale (IUS; Freeston et al, 1994). The results showed that maladaptive perfectionism had a significant positive correlation with depression, anxiety and stress, while adaptive perfectionism has a significant positive relationship only with stress and has no significant relationship with depression and anxiety. The results also showed that intolerance of uncertainty has a strong positive relationship with both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and depression, anxiety and stress. The results also indicated that the hypothesized model had a moderate fit with observed data and the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between research variables was not confirmed. The findings of the present study showed that the transdiagnostic structures have a significant effect on mental health and increasing the severity these variables carries the risk of reducing the quality of university students’ mental health.

This study aimed to a preliminary survey of the factor structure of the Persian version of the Covid-19 Stress Scale among students. The research method was descriptive and cross-sectional and the participants comprised 540 students of the Islamic Azad University of the electronic unit in the second semester of the academic year of 2019-2020 selected by convenience sampling using the Covid-19 Stress Scale (Taylor et al, 2020). Considering the influence of Iranian culture, two items (item number 15 and 24) were removed and results showed that this scale included 5 factors fear of danger, contamination, fear of socio-economic consequences, xenophobia, compulsive checking, reassurance, and traumatic stress symptoms in the case of COVID-19, covered the fit factors of this 5-factor model at the desired level. These findings indicated that, the factor structure of the Persian version of the Covid-19 Scale is a valid tool to measure Covid-19 stress in people with university education.

Nursing is known to be a stressful profession that can lead to physical and psychological health issues and behavioural problems. In oncology, workload among nurses is believed to be increasing in conjunction with rapidly increasing numbers of patients with cancer and staff shortages worldwide, therefore it is essential to sustain a quality oncology nurse workforce. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate factorial structure of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations-Short Form (CISS-SF, Endler & Parker, 1999).

In this correlational study, a sample of 151 nurses of Tehran Medical Sciences University completed the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations-Short Form (CISS-SF, Endler & Parker, 1999). The exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor statistics analysis methods were used to compute the CISS-SF's factor structure.

Results of principal component analysis (PC) with varimax rotation replicated the four-factor structure of emotion-oriented coping style, task-oriented coping style and avoidance-oriented coping style (including avoidance behaviors of social diversion and distraction) in the sample. Goodness-of-fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis based AMOS Statistics software confirmed the 4 extracted factors (emotion-oriented coping style, task-oriented coping style and avoidance-oriented coping style including avoidance behaviors of social diversion and distraction). Cronbach alpha coefficients for emotion-oriented coping style, task-oriented coping style, social diversion and distraction were 0/83, 0/78, 0/77 and 0/77 respectively.

These findings speak to the robustness of the CISS-SF, in revealing its relatively stable structure, and consequently, to its potential usefulness as a valid measure for assessing preferred coping style for stressful situations in Iranian nurses.

The aim of this study was to The Investigate the Relationship between Executive Function and strategies of coping with stress with Test Anxiety in first school female students of Bafgh City.The study was a descriptive-correlational researched was performed on girl high School Students of Bafgh who were studying in the academic year 2016-2017. A sample of 270 persons selected by the cluster sampling method and using the margin of error Cochran 0/05 on 700 student. The questionnaires including Sarason Test Anxiety Inventory, Barkley Deficits in executive functioning scale (DEFS) & Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation were used for data gathering. Correlation test and regression analysis were used to data analysis by SPSS-18.The results showed that there was a significant correlation in all components of Executive Function and strategies of coping with stress (Emotional style and Avoid style (with Test Anxiety in Students. Also, Regression analysis showed that Self-organization / problem solving and self-management of time can explain 0/24 & 0/12 of the variance of Test Anxiety in in students. Also, the results showed that 0/27 & -0/06 of the variance of Test Anxiety can be explained by Emotional and Avoid style.According to the results it can be stated that Executive Function and strategies of coping with stress are important predictors for students\' Test Anxiety, therefore, they should improve their education, Executive Function and strategies of coping with stress, in order to see Less Test Anxiety.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of training of acceptance and commitment based therapy on depression, anxiety and stress among mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms. The study design was a quasi-experimental, with pretest, posttest and follow-up. Four boys’ state elementary schools were randomly selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Then, 40 mothers were selected as the research sample, based on the teacher and Parents' Child Symptom Inventory (Sprafkin, Gadow, Salisbury, Schneider & Loney, 2002), using screening procedure. They were randomly assigned to two groups of 20. The groups were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the hexagon model of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as the protocol. Participants in three stages completed pre-test, post-test and follow-up of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and Child Symptom Inventory (). The results of Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) indicated that depression, anxiety, and Stress were significantly decreased in the intervention group. The results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder of children also showed a decrease in these symptoms in children. Overall, the results of the study indicated that training of the hexagon model of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) affects the performance of mothers, and the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder in their children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindful parenting skills group training on the body and psychological resilience of mothers of blind female students. This study was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of implementation with a quasi-experimental design with repeated measures design with a control group. The study population was the mothers of lean female students, from which 72 people were selected by available sampling method and were replaced in two experimental groups and one control group (24 people in each group). The experimental group was trained in 8 sessions of 9 minutes with the method of mindfulness. In order to collect information from the Abedin Parenting Questionnaire (1992), they completed the psychological flexibility of Bond et al. (2011). Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software and analysis of variance. The results showed that mindful parenting training was effective in improving the stress and psychological resilience of mothers and these results continued until the follow-up stage (p 0.0 0.01). The results indicate the importance of mindfulness in improving stress, psychological resilience of mothers. Therefore, exceptional school counselors can use the mindfulness method to reduce stress and increase mothers' psychological resilience.

Numerous studies have predicted depression, anxiety, stress, and personality traits in drug addicts. But predicting nicotine dependence based on depression, anxiety and stress; The study of the effect of adjusting the dimensions of personality has been neglected.

To explain nicotine dependence based on the role of anxiety, depression and stress, and to assess the moderating effect of personality dimensions.

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The statistical population consisted of male students of Tehran University in 2019, among whom 5 were selected as available and were studied in two groups of smoker and nonsmoker. Measurement tools were: Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) (Schiffman et al., 2004), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21) (Lovebound, 1995), and the Cloninger Nature and Character Inventory (TCI-56). (Cloninger, 1987). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and logistic regression analysis.

The mediating effect of personality dimensions was significant (p <0.001). The difference in stress between the two groups was moderated by the personality components of self-efficacy, perseverance, and avoidance, and the difference in depression with self-esteem and reward; and the difference in anxiety with self-efficacy was significant (p< 0/001).

Those with low self-efficacy, perseverance, and avoidance personality traits tend to be more dependent on smoking than others.

Numerous studies have investigated nurses chr('39')experience of stress and resiliency, but research that has explored nurseschr('39') experience of resilience and stress in the context of the field-dependent theory method has been neglected.

To explain the nurseschr('39') experience of stress and resilience in the context of field-dependent theory.

The study was a qualitative study based on Glazier method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the heads of Shohadaye Tajrish hospital in Tehran in year 1398. Fifteen individuals were selected using purposive sampling method. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding.

from the participantschr('39') point of view, five main factors related to nurseschr('39') stressfulness emerged in the hospital environment that could reflect nurseschr('39') perceptions of stressors and resiliency factors, including organizational justice perception, Interpersonal factors, environmental factors, patient factors, and family factors.

According to the results, factors affecting the promotion of resilience of nurses include coping strategies, conflict management strategies, error handling strategies, perceived personal resources, and job-related factors

The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between hardiness and coping styles. Based on a correlation design, a sample of 200 teachers in Tehran from 4 education areas completed Personal Views Survey (Hardiness Institute, 1985) which evaluates three hardy attitudes in terms of a trait, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (Endler & Parker, 1994) and Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (O’brien, 1988). Findings showed that self-esteem correlated with hardiness and problem-focused coping style positively and with emotion-focused coping style negatively, but it did not correlate with avoidant coping style. In addition, hardiness correlated with all the three coping styles negatively. Path analysis showed that self-esteem has a mediating role in the relationship between hardiness and problem-focused and avoidant coping styles but it does not have a mediating role in the relationship between hardiness and emotion-focused coping style. According to the result of this study, although hardiness does not correlate with coping styles positively but, by influencing self-esteem, it provides the needed motivation for applying problem-focused coping style.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction is a group program that uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, physical awareness and yoga exercises to increase awareness. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training in individual and social contexts. But the key question is: Is mindfulness-based stress reduction training effective for adolescents' empathy and empathy?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on empathy and empathy in maternal adolescents in Ahvaz.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and one month follow up with control group. The statistical population consisted of all male students of the first grade of high school in Ahvaz in the academic year 1396-96. Thirty consecutive male students were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (15 in each group). The research tools were: empathy and empathy scale in adolescents. Wozen, Patrusky, & Wankenburg, 2015) and mindfulness-based stress reduction training sessions (Chaskalone, 2011).

There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in empathy and empathy scores at posttest and follow up (P<0/001).

Mindfulness-based stress reduction training can be used for empathy and empathy in maternal adolescents.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction is a group program that uses a combination of mindfulness meditation, body awareness and Yoga asanas with the aim of increasing mindfulness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on mother-child conflict and bullying in single mother-headed adolescents in Ahvaz. The research method was experimental with pretest-posttest and one month follow-up with control group design. In this research 30 mother-headed students from among all the students in the academic year of 2017-2018, selected and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 persons per group). The experimental group received 8 sessions with 90 minutes of the training of mindfulness-based stress reduction and the control group did not receive any intervention. Both groups completed the parent-child conflict scale (PCC) and Illinois bullying scale (IBS) in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Finding showed a significant difference between performance of both experimental and control groups in the scores of parent-child conflict and bullying in post-test and follow-up stages. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that training program of mindfulness-based stress reduction is effective in reducing parent-child conflict and bullying among single mother-headed adolescents. Regarding the effectiveness of training, implementation of such educational programs by Psychologists, school counselors and other family therapists is recommended.

The present study aimed at investigating the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and psychological well-being. Current study is a descriptive study. A total of 198 (137 female and 61 male) participants completed the paper-and-pencil form of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale. The mediating role of mindfulness was explored using the PROCESS v3.0 plugin for SPSS. The results revealed that mindfulness significantly (p<0.01) mediated the relationship between 1) anxiety and total well-being, 2) anxiety and mastery as well as depression and master, and 3) all three independent variables and self-growth. Data also showed that, regarding some emotional disturbances (i.e., anxiety), trait mindfulness could prove similarly effective with both low and high emotionality, while with respect to other difficulties (i.e., depression) it will only foster psychological well-being when negative affectivity level is only low or moderate

research refers to increasing number of couple referred to psychotherapy to treat emotional relationships and adjustment problems through couple therapy based on admission and commitment and emotional focused couple therapy. But could we compare the effectiveness of these therapies? One of the common reasons these days are referred to psychiatrists and psychologists is the problem of marriage and emotional relationships between spouses and therapist couples for this reason, it has become a very popular mental health professional common.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Couple therapy based on admission and commitment and excitement therapy couple on stress and cohesion and improvement of adjustment in Tehran’s wives in 2019.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The study population consisted of spouses who referred to family counseling clinics in Tehran. Thirty couples were selected by purposive non-random sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (10 couples each). The research tools were Spinier Adjustment questionnaire (1976), Antonovsky’s Consistency scale (1993) and Lovibond Scale of Depression, Anxiety and Stress-21 (1995). Two treatment protocols for the two experimental groups were performed in eight 90-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using covariance.

The results showed that acceptance and commitment-based couple therapy and emotion-focused couple therapy were significantly effective on stress, cohesion and improvement of adjustment in spouses.

interventions and protocols in counseling settings were effective for both treatment.

 The experience of stress disrupts the balance of human mental organization, as a result the individual experiences unpleasant emotions so that low capacity to regulate these emotions leads to psychological and physical symptoms. But whether could be help them to reduce the level of anxiety  and enhance psychological capacity, which is assumed to be nurtured through self-regulation to better cope with their difficult experiences to have better function.

This study aimed  to investigate the effectiveness of  group self-regulation triple strategies training including integrative self-knowledge, self-control, and self-compassion(Ghorbani and  colleague , 2012., Neff, 2009) on adverse physical and emotional consequences resulted from stress including  physical symptoms, unpleasant emotions, and self-destructiveness.

This research was a quasi-experiment study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population included mothers with children suffering from cancer refering to Imam Reza hospital and Namazi hospital in the city of Shiraz in 2017. Among 245 mothers who completed  the perceived stress scale (Cohen et al., 1983),  the physical symptoms checklist  (Bartone, 1995), the unpleasant emotions scale (Leary et al., 2007), and the chronic self-destructiveness scale (Kelley et al., 1985), 30 mothers were selected through convenience sampling and placed into three paired groups including experimental group, control group, and waiting list group. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential (multivariate analysis of covariance).

The results of MANCOVA showed that group self-regulation triple strategies training significantly reduced the mean scores of physical symptoms, unpleasant emotions, and self-destructiveness of experimental group in post-test compared to the control group and waiting list after controlling for pre-test scores.

Based on the results, group self-regulation triple strategies training including integrative self-knowledge, self-control, and self-compassion could increase individuals’ mental capacity engaged in chronic stress to adaptive cope with stress and thereby reduce the devastating consequences of stress in these individuals.

Chronic pain is a pervasive phenomenon that negatively affects many aspects of an individual’s life, research has refer to acceptance and commitment therapy and physiotherapy, but the  main issue of this study is what treatment is more effective for chronic pain

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and physiotherapy on depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with chronic pain.

The research was a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The study sample included 75 patients with chronic pain. Among them, 50 patients were selected and placed randomly into acceptance and commitment therapy(Wales and Sorrell, 2012) and control groups. Also, 25 subjects were selected through convenience sampling for the physiotherapy group. Participants completed Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) depression, anxiety, and stress scales in pre-test and post-test.

There was significant difference between ACT and physiotherapy and control group on the scores of anxiety, depression, and stress (p<0/001), but there was no significant difference between physiotherapy and control group on the scores of anxiety, depression, and stress (p> 0/05).

The results of this study showed that ACT is an effective intervention to improve anxiety, depression, and stress in  patients with chronic pain, but physiotherapy cannot reduce anxiety, depression, and stress resulted from chronic pain.