خوش بینی

This study aimed to examine the moderating role of gender in the relationship between religiosity, optimism, social support, and life satisfaction among residents of Khuzestan Province.  This research is applied in purpose and descriptive-correlational in design. The study population included all residents of Khuzestan Province, with a total population of 4,710,509 based on the 2016 national census. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 1,067 individuals was selected through multi-stage cluster sampling across 27 regions of Khuzestan during 2019–2021. Data were collected using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985), the Religiosity Questionnaire (Glock and Stark, 1965), the Life Orientation Test (Scheier and Carver, 1985), and the Social Support Questionnaire (Zimet and Farley, 1988). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis in SPSS version 26.  The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship between the predictor variables (religiosity, optimism, and social support) and life satisfaction (p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that religiosity, optimism, and social support collectively predicted 37% of the variance in life satisfaction. Furthermore, the moderating role of gender was confirmed, indicating that the influence of religiosity, optimism, and social support on life satisfaction differs significantly between men and women in Khuzestan Province.  The findings highlight that social support has the strongest influence on life satisfaction among participants. These results not only contribute to the existing literature but also provide valuable insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and managers to inform decision-making and interventions aimed at enhancing life satisfaction in the region.

Adolescence is a challenging developmental stage in which adolescents experience significant changes in their academic and work life due to the mismatch between developmental needs and the learning environment during puberty. Self-efficacy in adolescence is considered one of the most important factors for positive development. In Bandura's social-cognitive theory, this concept means an individual's confidence in their abilities to control their thoughts, feelings, actions, and perform effectively in stressful situations. Self-efficacy, as a predictive personality trait, can be influential in various aspects of adolescents' personal, social, and academic life. Among the important abilities in adolescence is a set of psychological abilities known as positive psychological capital. Psychological capital is the positive aspect of human life and is defined based on personal understanding, having a goal to achieve success and stability against problems. Psychological capital is an integrated and interconnected structure of which resilience is a part. Resilience is defined as the process of optimal adaptation in the face of problems, traumatic events, threats, or any stressful situation that may occur in life.Resilience is an ability and skill that enables a person to adapt to problems and challenges. This factor contributes to the positive development process of adolescence. This study examined the effect of the relationship between optimism with resilience with the mediation of self-efficacy in adolescence. 

The aim of the present study is applied research and correlational data collection which is done through structural equation modeling. The participants are male and female sixth graders and first and second high school students who were studying in Bushehr in 1400-1401. 12 schools were randomly selected from each Bushehr elementary, first, and second high school. To test the research hypothesis, 600 students were selected through using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Due to the conditions and limitations of the coronavirus disease, questionnaires were provided to students via social media such as Shad, Telegram, and WhatsApp, and eventually, out of 600 distributed questionnaires, 97 questionnaires were rejected and 503 questionnaires with valid information were identified and used in the analysis. Instruments included were a questionnaire Muris's (2001) Self-Efficacy Scales (SEQ-C), DeCaroli John and Sagon's (2014) Resilience Questionnaire, and Sher and Carver's (1985) optimism questionnaire. Analysis with the help of structural equation modeling was performed using SPSS and AMOS-24. In this study for the final assessment of questionnaires to measure Self-Efficacy, Resilience, and optimism Cronbach's alpha was used, and its values, respectively, were 0.90, 0.91, and 0.62.

Based on the presented model, the relationship between optimism and resilience was confirmed with the mediation of self-efficacy in adolescence; The results showed there was a positive and significant relationship between optimism, self-efficacy with resilience. There was a positive and significant relationship between optimism and self-efficacy directly. There was a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy and resilience directly. Furthermore, the results of the Bootstrap test showed that the path of optimism is significant indirectly through self-efficacy with resilience (p<0.01). Based on the presented model, the relationship between optimism by comparing the parameters of the proposed model with the final model, it can be concluded that the final model has a better fit than the data. The model's CFI fit index was above 0.92, and the RMSEA was equal to 0.09, indicating that the model was a good fit for the data. Considering the moderating role of gender in the structural equation model and the resilience variable, a separate model was drawn for girls and boys, and the results show that all relationships are positive and significant, and the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience is better in boys than in girls. 

According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the closer we get to adolescence, the effect of optimism decreases and also there is a positive and significant relationship between optimism and resilience through the mediation of self-efficacy. Optimism can have a significant impact on adolescents' self-efficacy and self-assertiveness, making them to feel more empowered when facing challenges. Highly optimistic adolescents have more resilience characteristics than adolescents with low optimism; High self-efficacy teenagers have higher resilience than people with low self-efficacy; The more optimistic the teenagers were, the more self-efficacy they had. One quality that distinguishes resilient people is optimism. These people are not psychologically harmed and have a positive outlook on life's challenges, which makes them more resilient to adversity even in the face of risk and difficulty. Resilient people have plans and goals for the future, find meaning in life, and, because of their high level of optimism, do not give up easily and instead put in more effort when they fail.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the Effectiveness of mindfulness-based islamic –spiritual schemas on optimism of mothers pregnancy and infants health. The research. 

 was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of this study was all pregnant women referring to health centers in Ferdows in the first half of 1397, which is 492 people. 30 of them were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control groups. The Conscious mind based on spiritual Islamic schema was applied to the experimental group during 8 sessionsThe Life Orientation Test (LOT) and Apgar test were used to collect information. For data analysis, covariance analysis and independent t-test were used. 

 The results showed that the mothers who participated in mindfulness-based Islamic-spiritual schemas were at a higher level than the mothers who did not attend the program and were in the control group. 

 The first and fifth minutes of Apgar scores in the infants of mothers who participated in mindfulness-based Islamic -spiritual schemas were higher than those of the mothers who were not present in the program and were in the control group. In general, it can be said that the mindfulness course based on the spiritual Islamic schema has been effective in increasing the optimism of pregnant women and has increased the optimism of the participants in this course. With inner peace, the practical application of calling spiritual experience and familiarity with the concept of mindfulness and its implementation, which the researcher presented to the experimental group during his training sessions, was related. By placing people's beliefs, spirituality affects important cognitive evaluations in the coping process and helps a person to evaluate negative events in a different way and creates a stronger sense of control and causes people to be optimistic. Mindfulness exercises, by increasing people's awareness of the present moment, through techniques such as paying attention to breathing, paying attention to the body, and directing awareness to the here and now, have a positive effect on the cognitive system and information processing, and create optimism in the person. He said that the effect of the mother's psychological processes on the growth and health of the fetus is very broad, comprehensive and important, because the mother's mental state is greatly affected by the emotions of the intrauterine state. And this is the cause of many emotional and developmental differences in babies. According to this research, the fetus is affected by the mother's hormonal changes and goes through its growth stages, and the mother's stress causes an increase in the secretion of cortisol, or the stress hormone, and has a negative effect on the health of the fetus. For this reason, it is recommended that expectant mothers have more physical and mental rest during this period in order to have healthier children.

Disability is a global phenomenon that has existed and continues to exist in all eras and societies. The aim of this research was to examine the mediating role of achievement motivation in the relationship between optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy among individuals with physical-mobility disabilities in the city of Mashhad. The statistical population of this study included all individuals with physical-mobility disabilities in Mashhad, from whom a sample of 218 was randomly selected. Data were collected using the Helms and Spencer (1977) Achievement Motivation Scale, Schwartz's (1999) Self-Efficacy Scale, Scheier and Carver's (1985) Optimism Scale, and Connor and Davidson's (2003) Resiliency Scale. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling (path analysis) methods. According to the results, resilience and optimism had a direct relationship with self-efficacy and achievement motivation. The mediating role of achievement motivation in the relationship between resilience, self-efficacy, and optimism with self-efficacy was confirmed. The results of the present study showed that resilience and optimism had a direct relationship with self-efficacy and motivation to progress, and the mediating role of motivation to progress in the relationship between resilience and self-efficacy and optimism and self-efficacy was confirmed. Also, optimism and resilience had a positive and significant effect on motivation to progress and self-efficacy.

This study examined the relationship of goodness and life expectancy and happiness of one Sari region's education staff. The present study is descriptive in nature and in terms of correlation.

The statistical population of this study consisted of all men and women employed in the Sari area of 180. The sample was determined by 118 people based on the Karaji and Morgan table, which were selected by the gender of 31 women and 87 men. The content validity of the questionnaires was also approved by professors and experts of the University Psychology Department, and their reliability was more than 0.7 using Cronbach's alpha method. In a descriptive sector of transcription tables and charts; Central and Distribution Indicators including average, standard deviation, standard error of mean, variance, zebra and tensile and in the inferential sector of normal testing tests (Colmogorov Smirnov; Shapiro Wilk), Parametric Test of Pearson Correlation, Homaging Test (Leon), T -test of independent groups was used.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between goodness and the happiness of the region's education staff.

Happiness facilitates social relations, boosts political-social participation, provides maintaining emotional, mental, physical, and hopeful health. Happiness of a society is a good indicator of the distribution of economic resources and its environmental and political conditions.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group training based on compassion and positivity on emotional alexithymia, optimism and life satisfaction of women involved in conflict who had a maximum of five years of living together. The design of the semi-experimental research was pre-test-post-test with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included all the women involved in the conflict in Mashhad city in April 2022, who referred to the family court and dispute resolution council of Mashhad city. From the statistical population, 45 people were selected as available and randomly placed in two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group underwent group training based on compassion, the second experimental group receive positivity group training during 8 1-hour sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the research. The research tools included emotional alexithymia, life satisfaction and optimism questionnaires. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of group training based on compassion and positivity on emotional alexithymia, optimism and satisfaction with women's lives. Also, positivity was more effective than group training based on compassion on emotional alexithymia, optimism and life satisfaction of women involved in conflict in the first years of their life together. Based on this, it can be concluded that group training based on compassion and positivity can be used as complementary interventions to reduce psychological problems and improve the quality of life of women involved in marital conflict.

Children's learning disorder has a negative impact on the family, especially mothers. The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group training on anxiety, hope and optimism of mothers with children with special learning disabilities. This research was of quasi-experimental type and its population was all mothers with special learning children in Tabriz city. 30 samples of mothers were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups (15 people in the control group, 15 people in the experimental group). To collect research data, Snyder et al.'s Hope Questionnaire (1991), Spielberger's Anxiety Questionnaire (1970), and Scheer and Carver's Optimism Questionnaire (1985) were used in a post- Test and pre-test were used. For the experimental group, the acceptance and commitment group training protocol (Dosti et al., 2017, Harris, 2009; Amin Zadeh, 2018) was used in six 45-minute sessions. The results showed that education based on acceptance and commitment has a significant effect on reducing anxiety and increasing optimism and hope of mothers. Based on the findings, it can be said that the existence of a child with a special learning disorder affects the family environment, especially mothers experience many psychological problems. Since the treatment based on acceptance and commitment leads to psychological flexibility and a person's commitment to perform actions that make life complete, rich and meaningful for him; It can be used as an effective intervention method to increase hope and optimism and reduce anxiety in mothers with children with special learning disorders.

Purpose of this study is to predict people’s readiness for marriage based on the variables of identity intimacy, desire for marriage and optimism. The methodology was survey and correlation. The statistical population of the study consisted of single students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of Allameh Tabatabai, Shahid Beheshti and Tehran university, who were non-randomly selected. Samples of both sexes were examined between the ages of 20 and 35. To conduct this study, 597 people completed the questionnaires, of which 37 participants' responses met the exit criteria and were removed from the sample, and finally 560 people were assigned to be examined by research tools, including the Benign and Adams Identity Questionnaire. The research tools included Benyon and Adams Identity Questionnaire, Ego Strength Psychological List, Marriage Surveillance, Optimism Questionnaire, and Marriage Readiness Criteria. Data analysis was performed through structural equations. The results of the analysis showed that the variables of the study predict a high variance of marriage readiness. In Conclusion, from this research, it can be concluded that Identification, intimacy, desire and optimism about marriage have a significant positive effect on youth marriage readiness, and according to them, marriage readiness in youth can be strengthened and examined.

Since the introduction of the concept of “psychological capital” (consisting of four components: self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resiliency) numerous studies have been conducted in Iran and in the world. Difficulty of reading hundreds of empirical published papers on the aforementioned concept makes it crucial to illustrate a big picture of the research that has been done. This paper, using narrative review method, introduces, categorizes, and evaluates studies that Iranians have conducted on psychological capital. Research has shown that psychological capital is associated with favorite variables in the fields of work (like job satisfaction, organizational citizen behavior, work performance, organizational commitment, and job order), marital (such as marital satisfaction, marital intimacy, and conflict resolution), health (such as decreased depression and anxiety and increased positive psychological functioning such as happiness), education (such as educational achievement, performance, and motive), and religion and spirituality (such as religious coping, spiritual attitude, Islamic life-style, and belief growth). Additionally, two sets of psychological capital-related therapeutic and educational interventions (interventions based on psychological capital to increase performance and various psychological interventions to increase psychological capital) have been proved effective. This paper introduces the concept of psychological capital to the readers and provides a big picture of related empirical studies which shows its desired positive psycho-social outcomes in various domains including work, family, health care, and education.

Each organization tries to keep its valuable assets in order to guarantee its survival and development. Human resources are the most valuable organization asset; therefore it is necessary to reduce their challenges while increasing their acctualization. The purpose of this study is to assign the quality of work life improvement program effectiveness on employee work-family conflicts based on perceived job security moderating role and self-actualization based on optimism moderating role. The research statistical population was 30 production employees of NahanGol company at Borujen, who participated in the study based on random sampling in terms of two experimental and control groups. The data gathering tools included the work-family conflict scale (Carballo-Penela & et al, 2018), the perceived job security questionnaire (Hockman, 1986 quotes Goretzki, 2016), self-actualization scale (Faraci and Cannistraci ,2015) and the life orientation test (Scheier & Carver, 1985). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, path analysis, linear regression and structural equations model using SPSS24 and AMOS softwares. The results showed that the improving quality of work life training program reduces work-family conflicts in epmloyees with medium or low level of perceived job security and increases the self-actualization in employees who are more optimistic.

The aim of this study was Structural modeling of career adaptability based on optimism and calling of the career with the mediating role of self-efficacy and emotional regulation in teachers of schools with special needs. The current research was a descriptive research and structural equations type. The statistical population of the research included all the teachers of special schools in Kurdistan province in 2022, based on the rule of "Kline" for sampling in structural equations, 213 people were selected by available method. To collect data, career adaptability scale (CAAS), career Futures Inventory (CFI), calling and vocation questionnaire (CVQ), Shere's general self-efficacy scale (ERS) and emotion regulation scale were used. Data were analyzed using structural equations with Amos-22 software. The findings of this research indicated that the adaptability model of the career path based on optimism and calling of the career with the mediating role of self-efficacy and emotional regulation in teachers of schools with special needs has a favorable fit. Standard and non-standard coefficients of the direct path of the hypothetical model of optimism (β = 0.54; t = 7.57), calling (β = 0.47; t = 6.44), self-efficacy (β = 0.51; t = 7.08), and emotional regulation (β = 0.48; t = 6.52) has become significant to the adaptability of the career path (p < 0.01). Also, the results of the Sobel test showed that optimism and calling of the career with the mediating role of self-efficacy and emotional regulation have a significant indirect effect on the career adaptability

The present study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of psychodrama-mediated optimism on bullying, interpersonal relations and subjective vitality in students with oppositional defiant disorder. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. Then, 30 subjects were purposively selected among high school students aged 14-16 years old with an oppositional defiant disorder in Isfahan in 2020 and were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 as the experimental and the control groups. The Bullying Questionnaire, the Relationship Quality Questionnaire, and the Subjective Vitality Scale were used to collect data. The experimental group received optimism training for 12 sessions. At the end of the training, the questionnaires were administered again to both groups as a post-test. They were followed up a month later. Data analysis was conducted by applying repeated measures. The results showed that teaching psychodrama-mediated optimism had a significant effect on bullying, the quality of interpersonal relationships, and mental vitality among students with oppositional defiant disorder. Therefore, this intervention can improve bullying behavior, the quality of relationships, and the mental vitality of these students.

This research was conducted with the purpose of investigating the relationship between the perception of parenting styles and optimism with the mediating role of the meaning of life in the second secondary school students of Zanjan city.

The descriptive research method is correlation type. The statistical population was 20,866 students of the second secondary school in Zanjan city in the academic year 2018-2019. According to Morgan's table, 392 people, but to increase the validity of the findings, 400 people were selected and distributed by stratified random method. To collect data, the standard questionnaires of Alabama parenting (1991), Shier and Caro's optimism (1985) and Stickerer et al.'s (2006) meaning of life questionnaires were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 statistical software and AMOS statistical software was used in structural equation modeling.

The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between perception of parenting styles and optimism (p<0.01). But there is no significant relationship between the perception of parenting styles and the meaning of life (p≥0.05). The meaning of life plays a mediating role in the relationship between parenting styles and optimism (p<0.01).

It can be concluded that the perception of parenting styles plays a decisive role in creating optimism in children and the meaning of life can lead to optimism in children.

The purpose of this study was to predict happiness, neuroticism and differentiation in obese individuals mediated by body image, and optimism.

In terms of method, this research is a descriptive-correlational research of structural equation type and the statistical population has studied the present study, including people with obesity and referring to psychological counseling centers in region 1 of Tehran in 1400. This study included 210 people from the mentioned community who were selected using sampling method. Data were collected using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Argyle and Lowe, 1990), the neuroticism component (McCurry and Costa, 1990), the Self-Differentiation Questionnaire (Skorron and Friedlander, 1998), and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relationships Questionnaire (Kash et al., 1983), and the life orientation test (Shiere et al., 1994) were obtained. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling method and Amos software version 22. Data: Body image (B=0.02; P<0.001) and optimism (B=0.84, P<0.001) has a mediating role in the relationship between happiness, neuroticism and self-differentiation in obese individuals. The coefficients obtained from path analysis indicated the significance of the relationship (P<0.05).

It can be concluded that the happiness model based on neuroticism and differentiation in obese people mediated by body image and Optimism had a fit.

Psychological capital is one of the positive psychological indicators that is defined by the characteristics of optimism, perseverance, positive self-attribution and tolerance of problems. The present study was conducted investigating Effectiveness Wisdom training on Psychological Capital and Spiritual Health in Second Period High School Students in Tehran city in 2019. The present study was applied in terms of purpose, cross-sectional in terms of data collection time and in terms of data collection method or nature of quasi-experimental research with pre-test-post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the study was all high school students in Tehran who were selected by one-stage cluster sampling method 30 people and divided into two groups of experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) experimental group under Wisdom training 8 sessions 90 sessions Minutes (based on a protocol designed by the researcher) and the control group remained on the waiting list. The main data of this study were obtained using the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (McGee, 2011). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skew-stretch, minimum and maximum) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of covariance) were used in data analysis. The results showed that micro-education increased students' psychological capital and components of resilience, self-efficacy, hope and optimism. The results also showed that Wisdom training is effective on the psychological capital of high school students in Tehran over time. The present study showed that wisdom education can be considered as an effective intervention in increasing students' psychological capital..

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on optimism and psychological well-being of mothers of children with type 1 mucopolysaccharide (Hurler syndrome). The method of this study was single subject with baseline control. The statistical population of the study included all mothers with children with mucopolysaccharide in 1397-1397 years who were selected using purposive sampling. Tools used by optimism questionnaire (LOT), psychological well-being of short form questionnaire( PWB ) and the emotion regulation training program for Allen, Mc Hag and Barlow (2009) was performed in 8 sessions of 90 minutes at once a week in 3 stages (baseline, 8-session training program and 6-week follow-up). The data from the execution of the questionnaires was analyzed using the improvement percentage formula and visual drawing method. The results of this study showed that emotion regulation training was effective on optimism and psychological well-being of mothers of children with type 1 mucopolysaccharide (Hurler syndrome). And this effect remained stable at the 6-week follow-up phase. Therefore, by using emotion regulation training, the ability of mothers with mucopolysaccharide children can be improved.

 In all societies, the behavior of children and adolescents is one of the main concerns of the education system and families and social adjustment is the most important aspect of social development that is related to different people as well as career and academic success. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-compassion and optimism in students: the mediating role of social adjustment.

 The present study was correlated in terms of the applied nature and design of the present study. The statistical population of the present study included all-female high school students in the city of Islamshahr in the academic year 2021-2022, according to Cochran's formula, 378 people were selected by available sampling to participate in the study. Data were collected using the Self-Compassion Questionnaire (2003), Gettersum Optimism (1982), and the Bell Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1961). Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis method in structural equations were used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that self-compassion, optimism, and social adjustment have a significant positive correlation (p<0.01). The social adjustment also mediated the relationship between self-compassion and optimism.

 Based on the research findings, social adjustment can be improved by designing programs based on improving optimism and self-compassion.

The aim of this study was to present a structural model for predicting psychological well-being based on family performance, optimism and resilience mediated by social adequacy and academic self-efficacy in students.

The method of this study was descriptive-correlation with structural equation model. From the students of Allameh Tabatabaei Campus in Urmia (women’s branch) and Shahid Rajaei Campus in Urmia (male’s branch) using convenient sampling method, 250 individuals were selected and psychological well-being questionnaires (Reef, 1989), McMaster family performance (Epstein et al., (1990), complemented optimism (life orientation) (Shearer and Carver, 1985), resilience (Connor and Davidson, 2003), social adequacy (Flanner, 1990), and academic self-efficacy (Patrick et al., 1997) were administered.

The results showed that the structural model has an acceptable fit with the collected data. Resilience, optimism, social adequacy and academic self-efficacy were positively and significantly and family performance was negatively and significantly (p <0.01) predicting psychological well-being. Social adequacy and academic self-efficacy mediate positively and significantly (p <0.01) the relationship between resilience and optimism, and negatively and significantly (p <0.01) the relationship between family performance and psychological well-being.

Based on the results, it can be said that the educational vitality of the educational program can be a good executive strategy to increase academic self-efficacy, psychological well-being, optimism, resilience and social adequacy of students.

This research is about the investigation of the relationship between high school teachers emotion wit and their self-control in Damavand. our population for this study is all teachers from public high school in 89-90 they are 332. With simple random sampling ,we selected 150 by using Morgan table. the instruments for this study are two standard questioners of the load of emotion wit and Rozenbam self -control,the kronbakh coefficient in emotion wit is %93 percent and self -control is %72.The research findings indicate:1.There is no meaningful relation between the emotion wit and self -control principal. 2.although there is no meaningful relation between them but. the multiple correction their principals is 0/41 and the F- test shows that this correction is meaningful. and the amount of modified coefficient is 0/89 and states that only 8.9 percent of self- control changes are related to emotion wit principal and others are as a result of some factors that are not investigated. 3.The level of self- control in this population is Upper that the theoretical average. 4.T.test shows that the position of optimistic oplomd and self -control is Lower than the average. The realism principal is as average as the society And others are upper than the average.