زنان نابارور

This study aims to explore infertile women adaptation methods to infertility ambiguity during the treatment process. It employs a qualitative approach using descriptive phenomenology. After infertile women in 1402 completed the McLean Tolerance of Ambiguity Questionnaire—having undergone artificial insemination at least twice—12 participants were selected based on purposive sampling. They were interviewed using semi-structured in-depth interviews until data saturation was achieved. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the Colizzi seven-step method. The data analysis led to the production of 6 main themes and 14 subthemes. These themes are: Trying in the shadow of ambiguity and successive failures (multiple attempts, managing treatment-related experiences, and adjusting expectations).  Controlling psychological reactions to ambiguity and treatment (controlling emotional reactions, cognitive reactions, and behavioral reactions). Obtaining support to face ambiguity (creating a personal support network and creating a social support network). Applying psychological strategies for disambiguation (internal coping methods and external coping methods). Managing social pressures (balancing personal pressures and balancing social pressures).  Expanding perspective and trusting in the shadow of ambiguity (planning for the future and entrusting to God and fate). In conclusion, the study highlighted how infertile women were able to adapt to the ambiguity related to treatment and continue their journey steadfastly on the path of ups and downs of treatment. In this regard, psychologists and counselors are advised to focus on improving the tolerance of ambiguity in infertile women to improve their adjustment and quality of life.

The present study was to investigate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in the context of infertile women’s emotional expression and sexual function. The study was a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and control group design, with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included infertile women who submitted referrals to the infertility clinics at Mother and Child Hospital and Samar infertility clinic in Shiraz during the winter of 2021. The experimental and control groups were randomly assigned to 36 infertile women who were selected through the voluntary sampling procedure. Over the course of two and a half months, the experimental group was subjected to ten sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy. In this study, the Emotional Expression Questionnaire (EEQ) (King, Emmons, 1990) and the Sexual Function Questionnaire (Keraskian, Mojembari, and Kaiballah, 2014) were implemented. The SPSS23 software was used to analyze the collected data using mixed ANOVA. The findings indicated that acceptance and commitment therapy has a substantial impact on the emotional expression and sexual function of infertile women (p<0.001). Through the development of psychological resilience and mental acceptance, acceptance and commitment therapy can be employed as an effective approach to enhance the emotional expression and sexual function of infertile women, as indicated by the study’s results.

The present study was conducted in order to compare the effectiveness of Emotion-focused therapyand schema-therapy on the feeling of loneliness and emotional divorce of infertile women.

The research method was semi-experimental which was implemented with two experimental groups, a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all married women who had infertility problems and had referred to the Milad Infertility Center of Mashhad in the winter of 1400. 45 people were selected as available and randomly replaced in 3 groups of 15 people. The instrument used in this study was the loneliness questionnaire .The emotional divorce questionnaire answered in the pre-test. The experimental groups were then trained in eight 90-minute sessions with anEmotion-focused therapy and schema therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention. After completing the sessions, the post-test was performed.

Data were analyzed using 26spss software and analysis of variance method was repeated. The results showed that in the post-test and follow-up stages, there was a significant difference between the experimental groups, Emotion-focused therapy and schema therapy with the control group (P < 0.001). The effectiveness of the schema-therapy approach has had a greater effect on women's loneliness and emotional divorce than schema therapy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of life therapy on life satisfaction, life expectancy and quality of life in infertile women. The statistical population of the research included all infertile women who referred to the specialized gynecology and obstetrics clinic in Sari city in 1401 with the number of 37 people. For sample selection, 30 people who have been diagnosed with infertility were selected by non-random sampling method and randomly placed in two groups of 15 people, control and experimental. Then both groups were given the questionnaires of enthusiasm for life, life expectancy and quality of life in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The data was analyzed using mixed variance analysis by SPSS software. The findings showed that life therapy in infertile women was better for the variables of passion for life (p=0.000, F=20.045), hope for Life (p=0.000, F=31.190) and quality of life (F=12.556, p=0.001) were effective, so it can be concluded that life therapy increases passion for life, hope for life. And the quality of life affects infertile women.

Infertility is a major problem among many families, especially in Iranian families. The phenomenon of infertility, having the conditions of a critical event, ie duration, complex conditions, unpredictability, and uncontrollable conditions, creates a comprehensive crisis in the life of infertile couples and causes various injuries. Therefore, infertile women can be expected to suffer from various psychological and social problems. The psychological impact of infertility on the marital life of infertile women is often associated with family conflicts. Infertile women often consider infertility as the most stressful event of their lives and describe repeated and successive periods of treatment as periods of crisis and negative psychological responses such as anxiety, depression, lack of control, guilt, sexual problems, and lack of self-confidence. Shows that these negative emotions and stress caused by infertility can even lead to treatment discontinuation or affect treatment outcomes. According to this, the present study was conducted to offer a model of predicting psychological distress according to emotional regulation with the mediation role of adaptation to infertility in infertile women.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and pathway analysis.The statistical population of the present study included infertile women who were referred to the Royan Infertility Center in the city of Tehran in the summer of 2020. The statistical samples included 350 infertile women who were selected through a convenient sampling method. The applied questionnaires included the Psychological-Social Adaptation to Disease Scale (PSADS) (Drogits, 1986), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) (Garnefski, et.al, 2001), and Psychological Distress Questionnaire (Kessler, et.al, 2002). The data analysis was conducted via pathway analysis and Bootstrap test. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and Amos 23 software.

The results showed that positive and negative emotional regulation and adaptation to infertility have a significant relationship with the psychological distress of infertile women (p<0.01). Moreover, positive and negative emotional regulation and adaptation to infertility have a direct significant effect on the psychological distress of infertile women (p<0.01). Moreover, the results of Bootstrap showed that the adaptation to infertility has a significant mediation role in the relationship of positive and negative emotional regulation with the psychological distress of infertile women (p<0.01). Finally, the model enjoyed an appropriate goodness of fit.

Considering the significant mediation role of adaptation to infertility clinical therapists must improve the infertile women’s psychological-social adaptation through applying efficient psychological therapy methods. Because adapting to infertility can bring psychological and emotional relief to infertile women. This process also allows infertile women to follow their treatment process without stress and anxiety.

Infertile women face a lot of anxiety in life, and it seems that treatments derived from the third wave of psychotherapy can be effective in reducing their anxiety. As a result, the aim of this study was comparing the effectiveness of compassion focused therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the anxiety of infertile women.

The present research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was semi-experimental with a pretest, posttest and two month follow-up plan with the control group. The research population consisted of infertile women who referred to clinics with a fertility specialist of Tehran city in 2022 year. The research sample was 45 people who were selected by purposive sampling method after checking the inclusion criteria and randomly divided into three equal groups including two experimental groups and one control group. Each of the experimental groups underwent eight sessions of 90-minute the therapies of compassion focused and mindfulness-based cognitive, separately and the control group during this time did not receive therapy. The data were collected with Beck et al's anxiety inventory (1988) and analyzed with mixed variance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software.

The analyzes showed that both compassion focused therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in compared to the control group reduced the anxiety of infertile women, and the effectiveness of compassion focused therapy in compared to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was more effective in reducing their anxiety (P<0.001).

According to the results of the present study and considering the greater effectiveness of compassion focused therapy in compared to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing the anxiety of infertile women, it is suggested that therapists in their interventions used from compassion focused therapy.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of unified trans-diagnostic treatment on the emotional expression and sexual function of the infertile women. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and control group design. Two-month follow-up period was administered too. The statistical population included infertile women who referred to Infertility Clinic at Mother and Child Hospital and Samar Infertility Clinic in the city of Shiraz in the winter of 2021. Thirty six infertile women were selected through voluntary sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received ten sessions of unified trans-diagnostic treatment during two-and-a-half-months. The applied questionnaires in this study included Emotional Expression Questionnaire (EEQ) (King, Emmons, 1990) and Sexual Function Questionnaire (Keraskian, Mojembari and Kaiballah, 2014). The collected data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software. The results showed that unified trans-diagnostic treatment has significant effect on the emotional expression (F=39.82; Eta=0.54; P<0001) and sexual function (F=31.88; Eta=0.49; P<0001) in the infertile women. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that unified trans-diagnostic treatment can be used as an efficient therapy to improve emotional expression and sexual function in the infertile women through employing techniques such as identifying emotions, emotional awareness, cognitive reassessment, and identifying patterns of emotion avoidance.

the aim of The present study was comparing the effect of Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) & Mindfulness-Based cognitive therapy on ambiguity tolerance in infertile women. Research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post- test, three-month follow-up with control group. The statistical population consist of 30-40 years old infertile women resident in Tehran city in 1400 years. Sampling method was Convenience Sampling. 45 available students selected and replaced randomly in group 5. The ambiguity tolerance Inventory (Simons & Gaher, 2015) was administered pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The training packages were Compassion Focused Therapy package (Gilbert, 2015) and Mindfulness-Based cognitive therapy package (Sadeqhi, Sajjadian & Nadi, 1400). CFT and MBCT applied on experimental groups (ninety minutes each session) weekly and the control group did not receive any training. The data analyzed by mixed analysis variance.

Results showed that both of Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on & Mindfulness-Based cognitive therapy were affected the same on increasing to ambiguity tolerance, in infertile women (p<0.005). Three- month follow-up confirmed these results. Then by use to CFT and MBCT (especially CFT) can to increase to ambiguity tolerance in infertile women.

Then, CFT and MBCT (especially CFT) affective to raise the ambiguity tolerance and is necessary for using from these methods to improve ambiguity tolerance and psychological health of these infertile women.

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of personality traits, mindfulness and gender role attitudes on the post-traumatic growth of infertile women in Ahvaz. The research was a correlational study and the statistical population was all infertile women in Ahvaz who referred to the obstetrics and gynecology clinics of this city in 1400. The sample was 150 infertile women who were selected by available sampling method. The five-factor short form personality questionnaire of NEO (1992), Bem Gender Role questionnaire (1976), Baer et al (2006) Mindfulness questionnaire and Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996) post-traumatic growth questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. The results of multiple regression analysis test showed that the neuroticism component was negative and the extroversion, agreeableness  components and Mindfulness were positive and significant in predicting post-traumatic growth. In addition, the results of one-way analysis of variance test showed that women with an androgynous gender role attitude had the highest post-traumatic growth and women with a female gender role attitude had the lowest growth. The traumatic experience of infertility can be turned into a growth experience by training of mindfulness and reducing the attitude of the traditional female gender role.

Infertility led to personal and social problems among women. The present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, body image and resilience of infertile women.

The method of the current study being quasi-experimental, was with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the study included all infertile women who had referred to Ghadir Hospital of Shiraz in 2019. Using purposeful sampling method, a total of 30 infertile women were selected and were randomly categorized as experimental and control groups. In the pre-test and post-test stages, Resilience Scale, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the body Image Concern Inventory were conducted. After performing the pretest, the experimental group received ACT for 8 sessions of 60 minutes and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSS-22 software.

The results showed that by controlling the effect of pre-test, there was a significant difference between the mean post-test of the two groups in the variables of adaptive emotion regulation strategies (F=18.173), maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (F=16.163), body image (F=17.593) and resilience (F=16.826) at the level P = 0.01.

According to the results of this study, we can make use of ACT for the improvement of emotion regulation strategies, body image and resilience of infertile women.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of couple therapy based on theory of  choice with eis couple therapy with EIS model on marital conflicts of coexistence and marital disruption in infertile women during quarantine -related Kuwavid 19 diseases. The present study was a semi -trial type and the pre -test and post -test design with the evidence group. The statistical population of the study is formed by all women with infertility problems referred to the offices of gynecologists and gynecologists in Kermanshah. 120 of them (40 people under the theory of  choice therapy, 40 were trained by EIS and 40 Certificate Group) were identified as the number of available sampling methods. Marital Conflict Scales (MCQ R), Connectors and Davidson's (2003), Marital Disaster Questionnaire (CBM), and EIS Model Theory Therapy (Empathy, Intimacy, Sexual Satisfaction) were used. The data is analyzed by the Multi -Incorrect Cooring Analysis Test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the theory of  choice and EIS couple therapy on marital conflicts and its components, marital distress and infertility flexibility (P \u003C0.05) and couple therapy training with The EIS model has had a greater effectiveness on the variables studied. Therefore, it can be concluded that despite the difference between the two approaches based on the theory of  choice and EIS couple therapy, both are effective in marital conflicts, marital distress and flexibility, but given the more effectiveness of couple therapy training with the EIS model It can be used on infertile women as a more efficient way to reduce marital conflicts, marital distress, and increase action flexibility along with other care.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of couple therapy training with eis model on marital conflict and marital boredom in infertile women during quarantine due to COVID-19.

The present research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test with a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study consists of all women with infertility problems referred to the offices of obstetricians and gynecologists in Kermanshah. 80 of these people (40 people undergoing couples therapy training with EIS model and 40 people in the control group) will be selected as a sample, and this number will be selected using the available sampling method. The inclusion criteria of the subjects in this study included the age range of 30 to 40 years, having at least 5 years of infertility and infertility. Marital Conflict Scales (MCQ R), Marital Boredom Questionnaire (CBM) and couple therapy training model EIS (empathy, intimacy, sexual satisfaction) were used. For data analysis, mixed model repeated-measures analysis of variance was used using SPSS23 software.

The results showed that EIS couple therapy training has been effective on marital conflicts and marital boredom of infertile women (P<0/05) and their rate has decreased in marital relationships and this effect has remained lasting until the follow-up stage (P<0/05).

Participating in EIS couple therapy training sessions improves marital conflict and marital boredom and is a good way to reduce marital conflict and marital boredom in marital relationships.

Female infertility has devastating psychosocial consequences in the family and the use of psychological intervention to deal with this stressful situation is of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of family-based problem solving training on mental well-being of infertile women in Kermanshah. The quasi-experimental method was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included infertile women referring to infertility centers in Kermanshah; they were selected by purposive sampling method of 30 people and randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group (15 people). Data was gathered through mental well-being measures including life satisfaction (Diner, 1985) and positive and negative emotions (Watson, 1988). First, the tools were completed by two experimental and control groups, then the experimental group received ten one-hour sessions problem-solving training, after the training, the post-test was performed and the data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. The results showed that the pretest-posttest values in the experimental group were significantly different compared to the control group. The findings of this study showed that problem solving training increased life satisfaction and positive emotion and decreased negative emotion in infertile women. Therefore family-based problem-solving education as coping strategy is effective in promoting the mental health of infertile women

The issue of infertility, especially in Iranian culture and considering the role of parents and others in couples' lives, has a deep dimension. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of education based on choice theory and education based on cross-analysis approach on mental impatience. And the sexual function of infertile women was in the family.

This research was applied and quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test with unbalanced control group). The present study population was infertile women who referred to Kermanshah Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in 1398-99. After selecting the subjects by available non-random sampling method and observing the inclusion criteria, 50 people were randomly replaced in the first three experimental, second and control groups. In the pre-test and post-test stages, the groups answered the KazemiHaghighi Psychological Impatience Questionnaire (2017) and the Sexual Function Scale (Fergusten and D. Augustine, 2000). Then, the first experimental group underwent 8 60-minute sessions based on cross-analysis and the second experimental group underwent 7 60-minute sessions based on selection theory. Data were analyzed by statistical methods of correlation and analysis of covariance.

The results showed that education based on cross-analysis approach and education based on choice theory significantly reduced mental impatience (f = 34.36 and P <0.001) and sexual function (36 = 36.106). f and P <0.001 were effective. Comparison of the means obtained indicates that education based on cross-analysis approach compared to education based on choice theory has a greater impact on changes in mental impatience and sexual function of infertile women.

From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that for men and women, sexual satisfaction is significantly associated with the level of psychological impatience due to infertility and psychological training promotes relationship satisfaction and fertility of couples.

Numerous studies have examined early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction and psychological distress. But there is research on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction and the psychological distress of infertile women.

the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction and psychological distress of infertile women.

The method of this study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all infertile women in Tehran in 2019. A total of 260 infertile women were selected from two infertility centers in Tehran using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, the short form of Yangchr('39')s initial maladaptive schema questionnaire(1998), Questionnaire 47 Enrich Marital Satisfaction Question (1989), and Kesslerchr('39')s psychological distress questionnaire (2002) were used. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis.

There is a significant relationship between incompatible schemas of abandonment, defect, dependence, obedience, emotional inhibition and unrelated criteria with marital satisfaction (P< 0/05). There is also a significant relationship between maladaptive schemas of abandonment, dependence, underdeveloped self-development, emotional inhibition, unrelated criteria, insufficient self-control, and entitlement to psychological distress (P< 0/05).

Early maladaptive schemas are among the factors that lead to a decrease in womenchr('39')s marital satisfaction during the infertility period and increase psychological distress.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship between stigma infertility and psychological distress with quality of marital relationship, as well as the indirect relationship through meta-emotion in infertile women. The statistical population of this study was all infertile women referred to Ahwaz University Jihad Infertility Center during the months of September to November 2018 that among them, 170 were selected by purposeful sampling. In this research, the subjects completed Faye Infertility Questionnaire (2014), Kessler's psychological Distress Questionnaire (2003), Gloomborg-Right Marital Status Questionnaire (GRIMS-1988) and meta-emotion Mitmensgarre et al. (2009). The analysis was based on modeling Structural equations were obtained. The results of modeling the structural equations the fitness of the proposed model were supported by data. The result showed the effect of stigma infertility on quality of marital relationship, positive meta-emotion and negative meta-emotion and effect of psychological distress on negative meta-emotion, as well as effect of positive meta-emotion and negative meta-emotion on quality of marital relationship and indirect effect of stigma infertility and psychological distress through. positive meta-emotion and negative meta-emotion on quality of marital relationship (p<0/05). However, the direct path of psychological distress with quality of marital relationship and positive meta-emotion were not confirmed and the final model was removed. Based on results meta-emostion Based on the results, meta-emotion can be effective in controlling and managing the negative emotions caused by infertility and the resulting psychological distress and ultimately leads to improved quality of marital relationship.

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of group reality therapy on positive and negative affect and marital satisfaction of infertile women in Isfahan.

The study was quasi-experimental and had a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a 45-day follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of 240 infertile women in Isfahan in 2016, among whom we selected 30 women using convenience sampling and randomly assigned them to experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group received Glasserchr('39')s Reality Therapy intervention for ten 90-minute sessions, while the control group did not receive any therapy. At the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages, both groups completed the Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) (Enrich et al., 1989) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) (Watson et al., 1988). We used the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze data.

The results indicated that group reality therapy training affected marital satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up (p=0.002, F=12.27). Furthermore, group training had significantly increased in terms of positive affect (p=0.001, F=13.91) and significantly decreased in terms of negative affect (p=0.000, F=16.34).

The results supported the effectiveness of group training programs by reality therapy in the prevention of marital conflicts.

The main aim of present study was to determine the effectiveness of group counselling based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on increasing psychological flexibility and marital intimacy in infertile women.

This study was a semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. The Statistical population of this research includes all the infertile women who referrd to Omid Infertility Center in Tehran. 50 infertile women were selected by convenience sampling method from the statistical population. Then 30 infertile women were chosen by simple random sampling and were assigned to the intervention and controle group. Then both groups were evaluated using Bagarozzi Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (2001) and Bond Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (2011) in posttest. The data were analyzed by MANCOVA method.

Statistical data analysis illustrated Group Counselling based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy that amounts of Psychological flexibility and marital intimacy were significantly increased in experimental than control group (P<0/05).

The results of this study indicate that group counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an effective psychological intervention on the psychological flexibility and marital intimacy of Infertile Women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs in infertile women. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women referred to the fertility and Infertility Center of District 3 of Tehran during the first six months of 2018. 30 infertile women who scored higher than average in dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs tests, were selected as a sample group and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15cases) and control (15 cases). Cognitive-behavioral therapy was performed on individuals in the experimental group for nine sessions of 90 minutes (per biennial weekly) individually; the control group was placed on the waiting list for two months.  Weisman and Beck’s ineffective attitudes questionnaire and wrong ideas questionnaire of Jones were used to collect information in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the research data. The results showed that with the control of the effect of pre-test, there is a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that this type of treatment use as a psychological therapy for psychological empowerment and reduction of dysfunctional attitudes and correction of irrational beliefs in infertile women in and infertility treatment centers and clinics.