مقیاس

This research aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the moral intelligence scale of adolescents. The research was a descriptive survey. The statistical population was the first and second high school students of Isfahan province in 2024-2023. Based on the multi-stage cluster sampling method, 400 students were selected in the first stage and 900 students were selected in the second stage of the research. The data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its halving coefficient, and its validity using the convergence method and dependent on the criterion with the moral intelligence questionnaire of Abadian and Rabat Milli) MIQAR  ((2020). Each of the confirmatory factor analysis indices of the mentioned scale, including RMSEAI, PCFI, TLI, and CFI, had a suitable value. The alpha coefficient and the halving coefficient of the whole scale were also 0.96 and 0.93. The results of exploratory factor analysis led to the extraction of 7 factors (respect, responsibility, conscience, kindness, self-control, honesty, and forgiveness). Factor loadings of all components were higher than 0.4 and statistically significant (P<0.001). Criterion-dependent validity with the ethical H. scale was reported as 0.52 and significant (P<0.001). Due to the favorable state of validity and reliability, the scale of the moral intelligence of adolescents can be used as a valid and useful tool to check and measure the moral intelligence of adolescents.

Bullying is a serious and worrisome problem that has been on the rise all over the world in recent years. However, there are inconsistent results in the definition, measurement, and prevalence of bullying. The current study aimed to review traditional bullying and cyberbullying scales in educational contexts. Therefore, in a systematic review study based on the PRISMA, quantitative research on bullying published from 2003 to 2023 through online databases  (Magiran, Noormags, SID) using a combination of the keywords including "bullying" or "aggression" or "harassment" and "scale" or "questionnaire" or "instrument" were searched. Out of 300 published articles, 25 studies were extracted based on the inclusion criteria in the categories of general characteristics, conceptualization of bullying, study sample characteristics, sample size, time frame, subscales, reliability, and validity. The results indicated a great variety in the conceptualization of the bullying construct in the literature. In addition, only 11 studies followed the recommended guidelines on the development and validation of instruments. Although most bullying instruments reported moderate to high reliability, a significant number of validity indices were not measured. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of a precise and standardized definition of bullying, which can be the most important factor in measuring bullying behaviors.

The death of a loved one, especially when it happens tragically or prematurely, could rock the foundations of our hypothetical world and our relationship with God and the world (Neimeyer, 2019) and cause deep challenges (Neimeyer, Prigerson& Davies, 2002). Complicated spiritual grief is a crisis during bereavement that endangers the bereaved person’s sense of relationship with God or the religious community as they struggle to re-establish spiritual balance after the loss of a loved one (Holland, Burke, Neimeyer et al., 2014). As for complicated spiritual grief in Iran, there has been no scale to determine the psychometric properties thereof, nor has such a scale become normative in the country. The Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief (ICSG) is a 5-point scale that is used to measure post-grief meaning.  The ICSG has been used and validated by Neimeyer et al. (2014) and Holland Burke. However, the scale has not been investigated or psychometrically tested in Iranian society. The present research aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ICSG in relation to the Iranian sample.
The research sample included 215 bereaved women in the Iranian city of Ardabil who were selected on an available basis. Then, they responded to the research tool. In the study, the ICSG (Holland, Burke and Neimeyer et al., 2014) and the Grief Experience Questionnaire (Barrett and Scott, 1989) were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24 software tools. The SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis, and the AMOS software was used for combined reliability (CR) and factor analysis.
 
The face, content and structure validity of the research showed that the ICSG has appropriate validity and reliability. The scale’s convergent validity was confirmed to be (AVE>0/50). The internal consistency reliability of the ICSG was assessed using composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and an alpha coefficient of 0.73-0.81 confirmed the reliability of the dimensions of the scale. In addition, the correlation results pertaining to the variables of the research showed that the ICSG has a significant correlation with the grief experience scale (p<0.01).
 
Overall, the findings of the research indicated that the 18-item Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief has strong internal consistency and convergent and incremental validity, and that the scale supports a two-factor model for measuring doubt in God and impairment of the person’s religious faith. Thus, the results of the present research showed that the ICSG has good validity and reliability for the Iranian sample.

Effectiveness of educational and therapeutic programs in interventional studies, need the initial evaluation of the program which is provided in the feasibility study. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed review of the feasibility study and its components, as well as to provide a scale for researchers to evaluate the feasibility of psychological programs and protocols.

First, according to the feasibility components, a checklist was prepared in the form of 54 questions. After compiling a checklist to examine the content validity ratio and content validity index, 12 experts were selected using the purposive sampling method and scored the appropriateness and necessity of each question.

The appropriateness of the questions was obtained from 0/83 Up to 1, and the results of S-CVI/ UA and S-CVI/ Ave and Cronbach’s alph showed that the present checklist has a high content validity index and reliability.

Feasibility studies are critical to the successful implementation of randomized controlled trial interventions as one of the important studies to support the effectiveness of the intervention and provide strong evidence for the acceptability of an intervention and its implementation in the long term.

The present study was conducted with the aim of validating the "psycho-social and behavioral effects of covid-19" scale (PSBECS-OR) among parents of secondary school students in Tehran at the beginning of the academic year 2022-23 (October).

The statistical population of this research included parents of second high-school students of Tehran city and a selected sample of 250 parents (father or mother) of second-high school students (girls and boys) from district 3 of district 11 of Tehran city, and the instrument used was the scale of "psycho-social and behavioral effects of covid-19" (2022) has been.

The findings of the CFA showed that items related to 5-factors had a T value higher than 1.96 and a standardized load value higher than 0.3. The fit indices were also obtained at favorable values and since the RMSEA is less than 0.08, the relative chi-square is less than 3, and the RFI, CFI, IFI and NNFI fit indices are more than 0.9, so the 5-factor model is presented. It has been confirmed in the CFA and is reported to be appropriate for the culture of Iranian teenagers aged 14 and older. Also, all 5-factors have an alpha value higher than 0.7, which indicates the existence of proportional reliability.

This scale is valid instrument for assess the change of covid-19 on psycho-social and behavioral characters of parents of secondary school Students.

The purpose of this study was to design and characterize the psychometric properties of the scale of tendency towards marital infidelity and qualitative-quantitative method was used. According to the statistical society, three types of multi-stage cluster sampling (randomized) were used in interviews with couples (28 people) (targeted) in interviews with experts (14 people) and clustering in the study of lavage characteristics (528 From secretaries). According to interviews, the three factors of individual, marital and social are factors of tendency toward betrayal. Based on interviews, the initial scale of marital infidelity was 79, and after reviewing the content validity and content, Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis, the number of questions was 45. The results showed that there are three personal, familial and social factors on the scale. Calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was the basis for the internal consistency of the questionnaire (0.9). The findings indicate that the questionnaire for marital infidelity with 45 phrases and the existence of features such as tool design based on the concept of tendency to betrail from the viewpoint of family specialists and secondary school teachers of Tabriz based on their experiences, the explanation of all forms of marital infidelity, Simplicity, reliability, and validity are a suitable tool for investigating the tendency toward marital infidelity.

The aim of this study was to construction and validation a scale for measuring the personality features of entrepreneurs in Iranian society. This research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, we studying researches and articles published in the field of entrepreneurship and the personality features of entrepreneurs. Then we extracte the items appropriate with entrepreneurs features personality. The prepared items were then provided to the experts in two stages and their opinions on all items were received and applied. The result of the first stage was 136 items. In the second stage, the items approved by the experts were prepared in the form of an electronic scale along with demographic questions using Google form facilities. The study population in the first phase of the study included Iranian and foreign articles and researches published on the subject of personality features of entrepreneurs, which were published between 2000 to 2021 in scientific databases. The sample of eligible articles included 83 articles that were studied and topics related to the research topic were extracted from them. The study population in the second phase of the study included all Iranians aged 18 to 75 years of cyberspace users. The sample consisted of 2239 people who were eligible to participate in the study and the results were analyzed using SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3.3.3 software. The results showed that among the items of the implemented scale, 45 items had validity and reliability to prepare the final scale. The final scale had been composed by 5 factors, to measure the personality features of entrepreneurs. According to the obtained results, the prepared scale has a high validity and reliability for measuring the personality features of entrepreneurs.

The purpose of this study was to develop the Multiple Intelligences Scale for Iranian elementary school students - the Parent Form - and evaluate the psychometric properties of the proposed scale. The present study had a descriptive design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all parents of primary school students in Tehran in 2019-20 school year from among whom 554 individuals were selected by convenience sampling method. A perusal of 83 items led to the conclusion that all of them were valid enough to be included in the scale. Results of explanatory factor analysis showed that the eight-component structure based on principal component analysis and varimax rotation, explaining 40 percent of the total variance, was the best structure. Based on the findings, eight factors were identified which were as follows: interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, visual-spatial intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, naturalistic intelligence and verbal or linguistic intelligence. Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that explanatory factor analysis had better fit indexes than one-factor structure. In addition, the subscales had sufficient internal consistency which ranged from 0.53 (logical-mathematical intelligence) to 0.81 (naturalistic intelligence). Based on research findings and regarding the optimal psychometric properties of the Multiple Intelligences Scale for Iranian Primary School Students - the Parent Form, it can be utilized for identifying multiple intelligences of Iranian students in educational settings and for therapeutical and clinical purposes.

Urban social health as a healthy condition of society is one of the indicators of welfare and dynamism of societies. In order to promote urban social health, it is necessary to propose a unique indicator according to the conditions of each community. In Iran, several indicators have been designed to promote social health, which are considered in urban management plans, but so far no scale has been provided to assess the status of urban social health.

The purpose of this study was to construct and investigate the psychometric properties of the Urban Social Health Scale.

This research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was all citizens of Tehran, the sample size was 562 residents of Tehran who were selected through available sampling. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis.

The results of exploratory factor analysis identified six factors of urban social cohesion, citizenship rights, urban justice, urban attachment, urban identity and urban sustainability for urban social health. The reliability of the whole scale was obtained using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha in the initial implementation of 0.89 and in the final implementation of 0.91, which indicates the optimal reliability of the scale. The scale also had good content and factor accuracy.

The Urban Social Health Scale has good validity and reliability in initial validation and can be used as a valid tool for measuring urban social health

The aim of this study was validating the Infidelity Proneness Scale among the married individuals. In the present correlative/descriptive study, the statistical population consisted of 5100 married male and female students from Islamic Azad University of Urmia. Participants were 268 married students with the age range of 20-46 years old who were chosen using cluster random sampling method based on gender and educational groups. Data were collected by attachment styles questionnaire (Van Oudenhoven, Hofstra & Bakker, 2003), and infidelity proneness scale (Fricker & Moore, 2006). The obtained data were analyzed using correlation and confirmatory factor analysis. The results confirmed the single-factor structure of scale and it was found that the criterion validity (p<.01), internal consistency, and combined reliability were suitable. Also, the results showed there is no significant difference between male and female married students in the scores of marital infidelity proneness (P=.29(. The Infidelity Proneness Scale is reliable to measure infidelity proneness since it has construct, criterion validity and internal consistency. This instrument is suitable in the field of education and research as well as the youth studying of both genders.

One of the challenges for premarital counselors and couples’ therapists is to study Mate Selection Criteria and its evolution during the marital period. This research was conducted with the aim of designing, constructing and examining the psychometric characteristics of Scale of Mate Selection Criteria: before and after marriage. For this purpose, the initial version of the scale was compiled with the help of Islamic and psychological researches, and eventually the final form of the scale was obtained by completing the study of Islamic sources and customer feedback in premarital counseling sessions. This form was implemented along with a questionnaire for prioritizing the criteria for choosing a spouse and a short form of Enrich marital satisfaction among 491 students of Qom, Isfahan and Najafabad universities and Qom Seminary students. The findings confirmed the reliability and validity of this 55 items, 13-factor and 4-part scale. Using this scale can pave the way for assessments of premarital counseling and therapeutic couples.

Working memory (WM) plays a central role in cognitive functions, and learning and its capacity predicts and determines other cognitive and academic functions. One of the most famed working memory theories is the Allan Baddeley’s multicomponent model with four components. In this model, there are two slave systems that  save information without manipulating them and two clever systems that can process and save information simultaneously. The positive point in Baddeley’s model is accessible parts for working memory that can study more easily in experimental investigations. However, there is no specific scale that includes all four components of the multicomponent theory of Baddeley in children. Therefore, this study aims to create a 4-components scale of working memory in children (WM-4CSC).

This study was  experimental and developmental research. First of all, based on the theoretical background, all assessment tools of working memory were gathered (all computerized and paper-basedtools). Then, they were established on experts’ opinions and their agreements (CVR and CVI scale), two tasks for each component were selected and translated and coincided with the Persian language and matched to the age of the samples. For the present study, 80 typical children (50 female, 30 male) and ten children with WM deficits in 4-6 grades (8-12 years) with normal IQ participated. All the students were selected from non-profit schools in 1-3 regions in Tehran, Iran. The subjects were divided into three groups: 4th grade, 5th grade, and 6th grade.  For all participants, the examiner explained each task, and when they got the instruction, the test was conducted. Data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Test in SPSS-26.

Results showed significant differences in all  scale tasks between three school grades and between typical and atypical children. Nevertheless, there were no differences between the two genders. There was a high correlation between test-retest scores and convergent and diagnostic validities. Cronbach’s alpha was acceptable in all tasks. Moreover, a medium correlation was found in concurrent criterion validity.

with respect to results, it was indicated that a 4-components Scale of working memory has reasonable developmental, retest, diagnostic, and convergent validities and good reliability. Therefore, based on the appropriate validity and reliability of this scale, it can be used by other researchers and more studies. For the future, ​​​​ it is suggested to use this scale in more studies with a more excellent sample to normalize it. Also, it can use in more different ages in children. Moreover, it is suggested to use this scale in different types of developmental disorders and detemine the strengths and weaknesses of each disorder in children.

The Purpose Of This Study Was To Construct And Validating Of The Iranian Personality Factors Scale (IPFS) Based On Joint-Point Centered Marital Therapy (JPCMT).

The Present Study Was Fundamental-Developmental Research That First Based On Principles And Concepts Of (JPCMT) Theory About Personality 237 Questions Designed In 16 Factors.So After Content Validation And First Performance, Selected 203 Question. Then Selected 439 Inhabitants From Khorasan Razavi That 92, 9 Percents Were Townspeople And Others Were Agrarian With The Voluntarily Sampling Method And They Answered The Final Questionnaire On The Site That Designed For This Purpose. Data Analyzed With Amos24 Software.

The Result Of Exploratory Factor Analysis, Identify 7 Personality Factors Included: Confirmative Quest, Blamer, Tool Tropism, Responsible, Controller, Religious-Oriented, And Headmaster. Reliability Results With Alpha, Spearman-Brown, And Guttman Coefficient For A Total Of Scale Very High, And Sequential Was 0.95, 0.81, 0.81. Correlated Coefficient between A Total of the Scale Was 0/83 and Between 7 Factors Together Was Positive Significant. Criterion Validity Of Scale With Neo Consisted Of High Convergent And Divergent Validity Between Two Scales. The Independent T-Test Shows That Males And Females In 4 Factors Are Similar And In 3 Factors Were Different.

The present study was performed with the aim of designing and determining the psychometric properties of the scale of marital infidelity proportional to indigenous cultural criteria. In this research, qualitative-quantitative research method has been used. According to the statistical population, three types of sampling method (multi-stage cluster sampling by random method) in the interview with couples (28 people), (targeted sampling) in the interview with experts (14 peoples) and cluster sampling were used in the review of the features of lavage (528 teachers). According to the finding obtained from the interviews, three factors of individual, marital and social factors are the factors of people's tendency towards marital infidelity. According to interviews, the initial scale of the marital infidelity tendency was formulated with 79 questions. After reviewing the face value and content, the number of questions reached 69 sentences. Then, the obtained scale was performed on 51 high school principals in the first period. In the Cronbach's alpha, 11 questions that resulted in low reliability of the scale were eliminated and 58 remaining questions were performed on 528 secondary school teachers in Tabriz. After the exploratory factor analysis, 6 other questions were deleted. The results showed that there are three personal, familial and social factors on the scale. Calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was the basis for the internal consistency of the questionnaire (0.9). The findings indicate that the questionnaire with the title of tendency to marital infidelity with 45 phrases and the existence of features such as tool design based on understanding the concept of tendency to betray from the viewpoint of family specialists and secondary school teachers of Tabriz-based period their experiences, the explanation of all forms of marital betrayal, simple scoring, reliability, and validity are appropriate tools for examining the tendency towards marital infidelity.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the diagnostic checklist for disintegration readings. The studied population consists of 3rd, 4th and 5th grade students of Ilam city in the academic year of 2010-2010. A sample group of 310 students (136 boys and 174 girls) from elementary school students in Ilam and the suburbs selected by multi-stage sampling method. The research tool is a student reading questionnaire which has 33 questions and is completed by teachers. The coefficient of validity of the test was obtained by using Cronbach's alpha of 0.93. The implementation of the analysis of the main components of the test in this study shows that the test materials are generally correlated with one factor

Social perspective-taking is one of the essential skills for social relationships and is rooted in cognitive abilities. There is no scale to measure this skill exclusively and the available tools only measure social perspective-taking as a sub-scale. One of the major barriers to basic research in psychology fields is lack of standardized tests; therefore, the main aim of this study was introducing the social perspective taking and the codification and validation of its scale.
To accomplish the aims, 750 undergraduate students of Kurdistan province filled out the researcher made questionnaire of Social Perspective Taking. They also filled out The Oxford Happiness Scale and Beck Anxiety scale for assessing the discriminate validity. Data were analyzed by Pearson Correlation coefficient, Cronbach alpha and factor analysis.
The results showed that there is significant positive relationship between happiness and social perspective taking and significant negative relationship between anxiety and social perspective taking. These results indicated the concurrent validity of the scale. Also, reliability of the social perspective taking scale measured by Cronbach alpha was 0/78. Factor analysis of social perspective taking extracted 4 factors including: cognitive prediction of others, understanding others perspective, put him/herself on others place, and respecting differences.
Preliminary estimates showed that the Social Perspective Taking Scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing social perspective-taking skills.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to validate the substance use risk profile scale (SURPS) and introduce the personality based approach in the assessment of addiction susceptibility.
In the present correlation/descriptive study the statistical population consisted of 40190 male and female undergraduate students, with an age range of 18- 41, studying in West Azarbaijan Islamic Azad Universities. A total of 592 subjects were selected using cluster random sampling method, with 6 subjects from each class according to field (5 fields), years of education (4 years) and gender. Substance use risk profile scale (Woicik, Stewart, Pihl, & Conrod, 2009) was used to collect data. Data were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis.
The results showed the factor structure (anxiety sensitivity, hopelessness, sensation seeking and impulsivity) and reliability of internal consistency of the substance use risk profile scale was suitable.
The substance use risk profile scale is a reliable tool to measure addiction susceptibility through non-overlapping personality traits in youth due to its favorable psychometric properties and it is recommended it be used in both genders for prevention, treatment, education and research in the youth.

Positive and negative parental attitude towards children with special needs not only cause related emotional states in these children, their parents and other family members, but also can affect, both directly and indirectly, the process of tracking and receiving the educational, counseling, and rehabilitation services. Hence, assessment of parental attitude towards children with special needs and also presentation of a program for improvement of the attitude are of great importance. The present research aims to study the validation and revision of parental attitude towards children with special needs. This was a survey research with a descriptive method. The statistical population included all the parents with children with special needs, who had enrolled their exceptional children in rehabilitation centers and exceptional elementary schools in the educational year 2011-2012. Using cluster sampling method, 400 subjects were selected. The data were analyzed the methods of descriptive statistics (including mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentile) as well as inferential methods (including Pearson’s correlation, and confirmatory factor analysis via SPSS and LISREL software). The results showed that the scale of parental attitude towards children with special needs was a reliable and valid scale. Therefore, applying this scale can help specialists and researchers in the area of education and rehabilitation to evaluate the parental attitude towards children with special needs.

The aim of this study was assessing psychometric properties of Antonovsky's "life orientation" scale. In pilot study 50 and in main study 400 employees from Shiraz University of medical sciences were selected via stratified random sampling. The measures of research were included the Persian version of "life orientation" scale and Kees's "social health" scale. In pilot study, test – retest coefficient with one week interval were 0.81 and alpha coefficient was 0.94 for life orientation scale. Pearson correlation coefficient between "life orientation" scale and social health scale was 0.65. Alpha coefficient in main study was 0.89. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale has three factors that explain 45.8 percent of total variance. Moreover the relationship between demographic variables and scores of scale, confirmed predictions that were made based on theoretical and empirical evidences. In sum, psychometric characteristics of "life orientation" scale were acceptable and it is recommended to researchers who interested to this domain of study.