کمال گرایی

The objective of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy in enhancing the perfectionism and psychological coherence in married, childless women. The study was quasi-experimental in nature, utilizing the control group method, pre-test, and post-test. The statistical population of the research consisted of married women who were childless and residing in the city of Isfahan during the spring of 2022. The purposive sampling method was employed to select thirty-five married women who were infertile. The women were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups, with 18 women in the experimental group and 17 in the control group. Ten ninety-minute sessions of positivist psychotherapy were administered to the women in the experimental group over a period of two and a half months. The applied questionnaires in the study included Perfectionism Questionnaire (PQ) and Psychological Coherence Questionnaire (PCQ) were implemented in the investigation. The SPSS23 software was used to analyze the data from the study using a mixed ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test. The results showed that positivist psychotherapy has significant effect on the perfectionism (F=60.20; Eta=0.64; P<0.0001) and psychological coherence (F=39.66; Eta=0.54; P<0.0001) of married childless women. According to the findings of the study it can be concluded that positivist psychotherapy can be used as an efficient method to decrease perfectionism and improve psychological coherence of married childless women through employing techniques such as positive vision toward the life, training optimism and hope to the future.

The aim of this study is to identify and model the academic procrastination pattern based on the grounded theory. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and a sequential-exploratory design. In the qualitative phase, the grounded theory method was used for data analysis. The participants of the study were undergraduate students at the University of Tehran who, based on their self-reports, were experiencing academic procrastination. Participants were selected using theoretical sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews.The results of the data analysis indicated that psychological factors, perfectionism, experiential avoidance, internet addiction, and cultural-social factors were identified as the main causes of academic procrastination according to the interviewees. Additionally, the most important core and peripheral factors affecting academic procrastination included delay, indifference, laziness, impulsivity, and lack of concentration. Regarding coping strategies, self-actualization and time management were identified as the main strategies for reducing academic procrastination by the interviewees. Contextual factors influencing the application of these strategies included emotion management and behavior modification. Furthermore, strategic and macro-level interventions were identified as significant intervening factors in the process of coping with academic procrastination. Ultimately, the outcomes of these coping strategies included increased academic self-efficacy and improved students’ mental health

The purpose of this research was to explain the structural model of the relationship between perfectionism and the tendency to practice beauty with the mediating role of perceived social support in people who refer to beauty clinics in Qom. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The result of the structural equation analysis showed that the structural model of the relationship between perfectionism and the tendency to practice beauty with the mediating role of perceived social support in people referring to beauty clinics in Qom has a good fit. 40% of the dispersion of the scores of tendency to beautify practice is predicted through perfectionism and perceived social support. Also, 24% of the dispersion of perceived social support scores is predicted through perfectionism. Also, the results showed that there is a relationship between perfectionism and tendency to cosmetic surgery in people who refer to beauty clinics in Qom. There is a relationship between perceived social support and tendency to cosmetic surgery in people who refer to beauty clinics in Qom.

The aim of the present study was to construct and validate a suitable scale to measure maladaptive perfectionism in female high school students. The research method was a descriptive instrument construction type. The statistical population of the study included female high school students in Birjand in 2020-2021, of whom 315 were selected through purposive sampling and responded to the research questionnaires. In order to examine the validity of the scale, content validity methods using CVI and CVR indices, and construct validity through exploratory factor analysis were used. The results of principal component analysis with Equimax rotation showed that the scale consists of four subscales: worry and fear of making mistakes, high expectations, academic dissatisfaction, and irrational beliefs (academic rumination). Also, in order to examine the convergent validity, the correlation coefficients of the components of the maladaptive academic perfectionism scale with the academic procrastination questionnaire (Solomon and Rothblum, 1984) were calculated and were statistically significant (P<0.05). The internal consistency of the total scale and subscales was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method and was acceptable. Overall, the findings showed that the present scale has appropriate reliability (stability, internal consistency) and validity for measuring maladaptive academic perfectionism of students and can be used by researchers and counselors.

Students of any country are considered as the intellectual and spiritual assets of that country, and therefore examining the specific issues of students and ensuring their physical and mental health is one of the most important goals of educational planners. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and perfectionism and mental health of undergraduate students. 

Research method:

 240 students (140 girls and 100 boys) were selected from among the students who were studying in the academic year 1402-1401 using stratified random sampling method. The research tools included three questionnaires of emotional intelligence, perfectionism and mental health, which were distributed among the sample and the necessary information was collected and analyzed. In the inferential statistics section, Pearson's correlation coefficient, multivariate regression analysis, multivariate variance analysis and independent t-test were used.

The findings showed that there is a positive relationship between the emotional intelligence dimension of general mood and mental health. No relationship was found between dimensions of perfectionism and mental health. There is a negative relationship between all dimensions of emotional intelligence and all dimensions of perfectionism. Emotional intelligence predicts 2% of the variance of mental health. Also, no difference was found between boys and girls in terms of emotional intelligence, perfectionism and mental health.

Therefore, it is suggested to create conditions for the education of students to improve their self-awareness while familiarizing themselves with the principles of increasing mental health and coping with anxiety and stress.

 Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic and debilitating disorder. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comparing the effectiveness of emotional efficacy therapy and exposure and response prevention therapy on perfectionism in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Methods and Materials: 

The current study was a semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and three month follow-up design with a control group. The research statistical population was all people with obsessive-compulsive disorder who referred to counseling centers of Tehran city in 2021 year (about 500 people). The research sample was 51 people who were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups. The first and second experimental groups underwent 8 sessions of 60 minutes, respectively by emotional efficacy therapy and exposure and response prevention therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for therapy. The tools of the current research were the perfectionism inventory (Hill et al., 2004) and the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Goodman et al., 1989). The data of this research were analyzed with the methods of analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS-22 software.

 The results showed that both intervention methods of emotional efficacy therapy and exposure and response prevention therapy in compared to the control group led to decrease the perfectionism in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and the results were maintained in the follow-up stage (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up stages and between the two intervention methods in reducing their perfectionism (P>0.05).

 According to the mentioned results, counselors and therapists can use both methods of emotional efficacy therapy and exposure and response prevention therapy to reduce perfectionism in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Drug addiction has been recognized as a global problem for many years, substance use disorders in families are increasing day by day, and violence against women has become a serious problem. Therefore, The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rumination and perfectionism on violence against women with the mediating role of resilience among women with addicted husbands. The current research was a descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with husbands suffering from substance abuse disorder in Mashhad. The sample size was determined to be 132 people using G-power software, and 165 people were tested in order to meet the possible future dropouts. The questionnaires used were the rumination scale of Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow, the positive and negative perfectionism scale, the Connor and Davidson resilience scale and the violence against women. Resilience directly predicts violence against women (p<0.01, β=0.30). In addition, rumination (p<0.05, β=0.08) and perfectionism (p<0.05, β=0.08) were two variables that were indirectly influencing violence against women through resilience. This means that less rumination and perfectionism increase resilience in the individual and thus reduce violence against women. Women who have higher resilience can better distinguish between their positive and negative emotions. This ability of women makes them better able to control difficult situations when faced with the violence of their husbands. This causes the relationship of such couples to be less challenged and violent.

The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the causal relationship between motivation for progress and academic self-concept with the level of academic engagement and the mediating role of perfectionism. The participants included 300 first high school students of Semnan in the academic year 1400-1401, who were selected by random cluster sampling method. In order to measure the variables of the research, the questionnaires of Hermans progress motivation, Dr. Delaware's academic self-concept, Rio's academic conflict, identity perfectionism and Felt were used. Imus software and path analysis method were used to evaluate the proposed model. The findings showed that according to the values of the indicators obtained, progress motivation, academic self-concept, and perfectionism positively predict the level of students' academic engagement. Therefore, according to the obtained results, it indicates that increasing and strengthening the level of self-concept and positive coma, as well as creating the motivation for progress in students can increase the academic engagement of students, and there is a positive relationship between the motivation for progress and academic engagement, also the results indicate the relationship There was a positive relationship between academic self-concept and academic engagement.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is one of the disorders that affects all aspect of life and leaves destructive effects in patients' lives in the long term. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy along with exposure and response prevention with schema therapy along with exposure and response prevention on perfectionism and experiential avoidance of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. It was semi-experimental research that had pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in 2023 in Isfahan city. After the clinical interview, 60 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned in two experimental groups and one control group (20 people in each group). The experimental groups received eight 60-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy with exposure and response prevention and schema therapy with exposure and response prevention. Frost's perfectionism questionnaire and acceptance and action questionnaire second version were used in this research. The results were evaluated through the statistical method of multivariate analysis of covariance. The findings data showed that the effectiveness of both treatments on perfectionism and experiential avoidance were statistically significant. Schema therapy with exposure and response prevention is more effective on experiential avoidance and the effectiveness of both treatments on perfectionism was the same. It is suggested to use schema therapy or acceptance and commitment therapy along with exposure and response prevention.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in perfectionism of patients with migraine headache. Using pretest-posttest based quasi-experimental design, with a three-group design. Using quasi-experimental design based on pre-test and post-test, three groups of patients with migraine headaches referring to Mashhad neurology clinic were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group, each group 15).  The perfectionism questionnaire was used to collect information. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MONCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Based on the results, both cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly reduced perfectionism in patients with migraine headache. The results also showed that mindfulness based cognitive therapy has a greater effect on reducing perfectionism in patients with migraine headache. In general, interventions based on mindfulness and cognitive behavioral principles can play a fundamental role in ensuring the psychological health of patients with migraine headache.

The current study aimed to explore the mediating role of trait anxiety in the relationship between physical self-description and negative perfectionism with sexual performance among women diagnosed with Vaginismus. A sample of 280 women with Vaginismus was selected via convenience sampling. The data was collected using the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ), the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Female Sexual Performance Index (FSFI). Path analysis was employed to analyze the data. The results revealed that both physical self-description and negative perfectionism exert a direct and substantial influence on the sexual performance of the participants (P < 0.01). Moreover, the indirect effects of physical self-description and negative perfectionism on sexual performance, mediated through trait anxiety, were also found to be significant (P < 0.01). The findings indicated a relationship between physical self-description and negative perfectionism with sexual performance in women with Vaginismus. Furthermore, trait anxiety functions as a mediating role in this relationship. It appears that these findings could assist therapists in aiding patients suffering from Vaginismus.

The purpose of this study was to modeling structural test anxiety based on perfectionism with mediating role fear of negative evaluation in students. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male students in the first year of middle school in Tehran in the year 2021 Using a convenience sampling method, 500 individuals were selected as the sample size. To measure the variables, test anxiety inventory (TAI) of Abolghasemi and et al (1996), multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS) of Hewitt and Flett (1991) and brief fear of negative evaluation scale (BFNE) of Leary (1983). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modelling with using SPSS-24 and AMOS software was investigated. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between perfectionism and fear of negative evaluation with test anxiety (P <0.01). The results also showed that most of the direct paths of this study were significant and the indirect paths of perfectionism were significant through the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation on test anxiety. Also, proposed model had an acceptable fitness to the data (RMSEA=0/058, P-value<0/05). These findings emphasize the importance of considering perfectionism and fear of negative evaluation as significant factors in the development of exam anxiety, and they may assist in designing intervention programs aimed at reducing anxiety in students.

The escalating importance of physical attractiveness, concerns regarding body image, and fear of bodily appearance can significantly influence the decision to undergo cosmetic surgery. While the efficacy of various interventions on variables such as body shame and signs of body dysmorphic disorder has been examined, the effectiveness of schema therapy has not received sufficient attention from researchers. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the impact of this intervention on improving the psychological status of individuals seeking cosmetic surgery.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on perfectionism, body shame and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder in women seeking cosmetic surgery.

This study employed a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all women seeking cosmetic surgery at the Fatemeh Zahra Beauty Clinic in Tehran during the first 9 months of 2021. Among them, 30 participants were selected based on the study's inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group received schema therapy sessions (Yang et al., 2006) for ten 90-minute sessions. All participants were evaluated using multidimensional measures of perfectionism (Hewitt & Flett, 1991), body image shame (Davard et al., 2014), and fear of physical deformity (Littleton et al., 2005). Data were analyzed using SPSS-24 software and multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The results indicated the effectiveness of schema therapy on reducing perfectionism, body shame and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (p< 0.05). Also, the results related to the interaction effect between time and group show that this effect is significant in all variables (p< 0.05). Therefore, there is interaction between different levels of time and groups.

Considering to the effectiveness of schema therapy it is suggested to focus on this therapy as one of the auxiliary, supportive and rehabilitation therapy along with drug treatment in reducing the consequences of perfectionism, body shame and the symptoms of dysmorphic disorder.

 This study investigated the The mediating role of happiness: the relationship between perfectionism and anxiety academic achievement in seminary students of Babol. Structural Equation Modeling was used for the analysis and interpretation of the data. A total of seminary students (220 boys) were selected by convenience sampling. Perfectionism, Academic Achievement Anxiety, Academic Procrastination Scale(Solomon & Rohblum) and Happiness Questionnaires were used to collect data. Results showed that happiness had mediator role in relationship between perfectionism on academic achievement anxiety. So with decrease of perfectionism and increase of happiness can decrease academic achievement anxiety in seminary students and improve their academic achievement.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between mindfulness and acceptance with perfectionism in married people. The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this research was all non-clinical married people living in Mashhad in 1401. Based on Cochran's formula, 400 people were considered as the sample number from among the target population. The sample individuals were selected by available sampling method. The tools used in this research are the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire of the second edition of Bund, Hayes-Bayer Carpenter, Gino et al. . The data was analyzed with the statistical method of structural equations. The results showed that psychological well-being has a mediating role in the relationship between mindfulness and acceptance with perfectionism (p<0.5). Also, according to the collected information, the correlation coefficients between the studied variables in the correlation matrix show. Correlation matrix, at the significance level of 0.05, there is a significant and positive correlation between all variables (p<0.05).

Due to the spread of the virus and the closure of educational centers, the followers of education were forced to provide education in the context of virtual education systems. The aim of the research was to investigate the perfectionist experiences of Shiraz primary school teachers of virtual education. For this purpose, the qualitative method of phenomenology has been used. The participants in this research were all primary school teachers in Shiraz city in the academic year of 1401. The selection of the interviewees was done with a targeted approach and criteria method. Ten people were finally selected based on theoretical saturation. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews, the interviews were analyzed using the Colaizzi model and thematic analysis method. After extraction and thematic categorization, the teachers' perfectionist experiences were classified into nine basic themes and three main themes, including interactive lesson design, cooperation and grouping, and variety and attractiveness in the content. Data validity was determined by using verifiability techniques through researchers' self-review and reliability by carefully directing the flow of information collection and alignment of researchers. By using their perfectionist experiences in virtual education, primary school teachers try to attract their cooperation and encourage them to learn by designing lessons containing diverse and attractive contents and grouping students in the process of virtual education.

Academic procrastination is one of the psychological characteristics of students that causes emotional, behavioral and academic problems for them.The present study was conducted to determine the mediating role of perfectionism dimensions between Ego Strength and Academic Procrastination levels of students.

The type of research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the research included students of different grades of Kharazmi University who were studying in the academic year 2023-2024. In recent research 300 students filled out ESS (Ego Strength Scale), TMPS (Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale) and APS (Academic Procrastination Questionnaire) questionnaires as data collection measures. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-29 and Amos-28 software and the statistical method of structural equation modeling.

The findings of the research showed that Ego Strength directly and significantly predicts students' academic procrastination with an effect coefficient (β= 0.21*); In addition, ego strength had an indirect and significant effect on academic procrastination with a coefficient of -0.08, indirectly and through the mediation of perfectionism dimensions.

It can be concluded that personality traits such as ego strength and perfectionism dimensions can play a role in the variance of students' academic procrastination and should be taken into account in programs to improve performance and reduce procrastination.

The present study aimed to investigate the structural relationships between alexithymia and perfectionism with the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in predicting obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in students. The design of this study is quantitative in nature. The research method is descriptive-correlational and was conducted through structural equation modeling. The statistical population in this study included all high school students in Khorramabad during the academic year 2023-2024. The sampling method used was cluster random sampling. The research instruments included the Revised Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R), the Perfectionism Inventory (PI), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Descriptive findings were analyzed using SPSS26 software and inferential findings were analyzed using AMOS24 software. The direct effect of maladaptive perfectionism (β=0.36, p<0.001) and alexithymia (β=0.31, p<0.001) on obsessive-compulsive disorder was significant. Additionally, the direct effect of maladaptive perfectionism (β=0.43, p<0.001) and alexithymia (β=0.48, p<0.001) on anxiety sensitivity was significant. The indirect effect of maladaptive perfectionism and alexithymia on obsessive-compulsive disorder through the mediation of anxiety sensitivity was also significant (β=0.15, p<0.03 and β=0.168, p<0.001, respectively), and the model fit was confirmed. The results showed that maladaptive perfectionism and alexithymia significantly predict OCD symptoms through anxiety sensitivity. The conceptual model of the study had a good fit (CFI=0.98, RMSEA=0.05), indicating that the hypothetical structure of the model effectively explained the relationships between the variables. Therefore, psychological interventions aimed at reducing anxiety sensitivity and managing perfectionism and alexithymia can be effective in reducing OCD symptoms.

The aim of this study was to examine the structural relationship model between suicidal behaviors (suicide ideation, committing suicide) and perfectionism with the mediation of hopelessness, interpersonal needs (perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness) and suicidal crisis syndrome of from cultural perspective. The statistical population included all the women living in Bastak city in 2022. 317 females who refereed to Health Centers were selected as the sample by a convenience sampling procedure. The research method was descriptive of correlation one.   Data were collected through implementing the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) of Hewitt & Flett (1991), Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire of Hill & Pettit (2014), Hopelessness Scale (Beck & Steer, 1988), Suicide Crisis Inventory of Bloch-Elkouby et al. (2021) and Osman et al. (2001). Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Data was analyzed via applying structural equation modeling procedure and using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that the proposed model had an acceptable goodness of fit. The findings also indicated existence of direct and significant relationships between perfectionism and hopelessness, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness; hopelessness with suicidal crisis syndrome; perceived burdensomeness with suicidal crisis syndrome; and thwarted belongingness with suicidal crisis syndrome. In addition, the suicidal crisis syndrome had a positive and significant relationship with suicidal ideation and committing suicide. The results of indirect paths analysis also revealed that there existed  positive and significant relationship between perfectionism and suicidal crisis syndrome, through hopelessness, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and also between hopelessness and suicidal ideation  through suicidal crisis syndrome; between the perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation through suicidal crisis syndrome; between the thwarted belongingness and suicidal ideation through suicidal crisis syndrome; and also between hopelessness and committing suicide through suicidal crisis syndrome; between the perceived burdensomeness and committing suicide through suicidal crisis syndrome; between thwarted belongingness and committing suicide through suicidal crisis syndrome.