anxiety

Studies have shown that gastroesophageal reflux is one of the most common disorders of the gastrointestinal system, which can have a negative effect on the mental health of patients. The effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment has been investigated for many psychological disorders in various strata, but in internal studies, the effectiveness of this approach in patients with gastroesophageal reflux has not been investigated.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on anxiety, alexithymia and adherence to treatment in adolescent girls with gastrointestinal reflux.

The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre test-post test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all adolescent girls suffering from gastroesophageal reflux who referred to Thar-Allah Karaj Hospital in 2023, Among them, 30 people were selected by the purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in 8 sessions of therapy based on acceptance and commitment, but the control group did not receive any intervention. In order to collect data, Beck Anxiety Questionnaire (Beck & Steer, 1990), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 1994) and the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (Morisky et al., 2008) were used. One-way analysis of covariance and SPSS-22 software were also used for data analysis.

The results of the present study showed that after adjusting the pre-test scores between the groups, the post-test scores had a significant difference between the test and control groups (P< 0.05). Also, the results showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment significantly reduced the level of anxiety and alexithymia in the participants (P< 0.05). Also, the results showed that the treatment used led to an increase in adherence to the treatment in the members of the experimental group (P< 0.05).

According to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that specialists (doctors, psychiatrists, and psychologists) use this method of treatment along with drug therapy in order to reduce psychological pressure on people with psychosomatic disorders, especially Gastroesophageal reflux.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of semantic cognitive reconstruction on depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with gender dysphoria. The present paper is a quasi-experimental investigation of the “pretest-posttest with control group design.” The statistical cohort comprised all gender dysphoric patients who were referred to the Ardabil Welfare in 2022. The statistical sample included 30 gender dysphoric patients according to the psychiatrist's diagnosis, who were selected in the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The Depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-42) were used to measure research variables in the stages before and after treatment. The experimental group underwent nine sessions of semantic cognitive reconstruction therapy, each lasting 90 minutes, following the pretest. The post-test was administered at the conclusion of the treatment. The data were analyzed using the covariance analysis procedure and SPSS-24 software. The analysis results indicated that the experimental group's patients experienced a decrease in tension, anxiety, and depression as a result of this therapeutic intervention (P<0.001). For patients with GD, semantic cognitive reconstruction may serve as an effective treatment strategy for alleviating emotional disturbances. It is recommended to conduct training courses in this area.

The objective of this study was to identify patients' experiences with neuroscience-based cognitive therapy methods and examine their impact on various psychological, emotional, cognitive, and physical aspects.

This research used a qualitative approach and a semi-structured interview design. The sample included 23 patients from Tehran, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted through individual interviews using a structured interview protocol, and data analysis was performed using Nvivo software and thematic analysis.

The results indicated that neuroscience-based cognitive therapies led to significant improvements in patients' emotional and psychological experiences. Participants reported reductions in stress, increased relaxation, and improved relationships with their therapists. Additionally, physical changes such as reduced chronic pain, improved sleep quality, and increased energy levels were reported. Cognitively, patients experienced increased self-awareness and improved problem-solving and decision-making abilities.

This study demonstrates that neuroscience-based cognitive therapies can have positive effects on improving patients' psychological and physical conditions. Patients' experiences highlight the effectiveness of these methods in reducing stress, enhancing cognitive and physical functioning, and improving overall quality of life.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotional dysregulation in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and mother's perceived parenting styles with anxiety in pregnant women. The current research was a descriptive-correlation type of path analysis. The study population was all pregnant women referring to health centers, midwifery centers, and gynecology offices in Tehran in 2022, who were in the early months of pregnancy until the seventh month. Among them, 397 people were selected as samples. Research tools included: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), Difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS, Gratz & Roemer, 2004), Young Parenting Inventory (YPI, Young, 1999), and Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ, Young, 1990). The data were analyzed using the path analysis method. The results of path analysis indicated the appropriate fit of the model. The findings showed that impaired autonomy and performance, vigilance and inhibition, and inhibitions and other orientations were able to directly predict anxiety (p<0.001). Also, disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance vigilance and inhibition, and the mother's perceived parenting styles can indirectly predict anxiety in pregnant women through emotional dysregulation (p< 0.001). These results show that disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance over vigilance and inhibition, and the mother's perceived parenting styles can explain anxiety in pregnant women due to the important role of emotional dysregulation.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group intervention on self-efficacy in hearing-impaired students with anxiety symptoms. The research is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted as a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all deaf students of Bojnourd and Shirvan cities in 2021. The research sample included 24 anxious deaf students (12 people in each group) who were identified as having anxiety symptoms based on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (cut-off score of 26). Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI, 1988) and Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children(SEQ-C, Muris, 2001) were used to collect data. The experimental group received cognitive behavioral group intervention for 12 sessions of 45 minutes once a week. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis. The results showed that cognitive behavioral group intervention effectively increased students' self-efficacy with anxious hearing loss (p<0.001). This finding states that group cognitive behavioral therapy can effectively improve hearing-impaired students' quality of life. It is recommended as a useful therapeutic intervention for them in welfare and educational centers.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most complex developmental disorders, affecting children's cognitive, emotional, and social abilities. Emotion regulation and attachment styles are critical factors that can directly influence social skills and anxiety levels in children with this disorder. Despite numerous studies on ASD, significant gaps remain in understanding the mediating role of emotion regulation in these relationships.Amis: The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between attachment styles, social skills, and anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder.

This correlational study utilized structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all children with ASD in Kermanshah during the academic year 2023-2024. From this population, 200 children were selected through convenience sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Middle Childhood Attachment Questionnaire (Ronaghi et al., 2013), Social Skills Questionnaire (Bellini & Hopf, 2007), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Shields & Cicchetti, 1997), and Anxiety Scale (Rogers et al., 2016). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-24 and Amos-24 software.

Results indicated that more secure attachment styles were associated with increased social skills (β= 0.382) and decreased anxiety (β= -0.138) in children with ASD. Additionally, emotion regulation mediated the relationship between attachment style and social skills (β= 0.067) and between attachment style and anxiety (β= -0.029) (p< 0.05).

It is recommended that appropriate intervention programs be designed by specialists and implemented in exceptional centers and schools for children with autism spectrum disorder. Additionally, family education workshops (especially for mothers/caregivers) should be organized, focusing on the role of attachment styles in social skills and anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of moral intelligence training based on storytelling on anxiety in elementary school girl students. The research method was a semi-experimental type and a pre-test-post-test research design with a control group. The statistical population included all the sixth grade female students of Semnan city in the academic year of 2023-2024 in the number of 569 people, of which 30 people were randomly selected by purposeful sampling into two groups (experiment 15 people and control 15 people) were placed. To collect the required information, March and et al's anxiety questionnaire (1997) was used. For 12 sessions, the experimental group was subjected to the intervention of moral intelligence training protocol in the storytelling method of Frank and Burba (2014). The analysis of covariance statistical test was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that teaching moral intelligence through storytelling was effective in reducing students' anxiety (P<0.001). Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that using the content and instructions of teaching moral intelligence in the way of storytelling is useful for reducing anxiety in students.

 Resilience through successful adaptation to challenging situations can improve psychological characteristics. As a result, the aim of this research was determine the effectiveness of resilience training on anxiety and psychological well-being of athlete students.

Methods and Materials:

The present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental and control groups. The population of this research was all athlete students of public universities of Tehran city in the 2020-21 academic years. The sample of this research was 30 student athletes who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (each group 15 people). The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of 90 minute by resilience training and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. The research instruments were included the anxiety inventory (Beck et al., 1988) and psychological well-being revisited questionnaire (Riff and Keyes, 1995). The data of the present study were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance method in SPSS-20 software.

 The results of the present study indicated that there was a significant difference between the athlete students of the experimental and control groups in terms of both anxiety and psychological well-being variables. In the other words, resilience training reduced anxiety (F=13.06, P=0.001) and increased psychological well-being (F=9.96, P=0.004) of athlete students.

 The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of resilience training in reducing anxiety and increasing psychological well-being. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use resilience training along with other training methods to improve the psychological characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of depression and anxiety in the relationship between experiential avoidance and the tendency to use drugs in students. The descriptive research method was the correlation type (structural equation model). The statistical population included the students of schools in the 5th district of Tehran in the academic year of 2023-2024, of which 320 were selected using available sampling. The tools used in this research included Substance Abuse Questionnaires, Anxiety and Depression Questionnaires, and Experimental Evoidance Questionnaires. In order to analyze the research model, the structural equation model was used. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between experiential avoidance and the desire to use drugs, and depression and anxiety play a mediating role in the relationship between experiential avoidance and the desire to use drugs. Overall, the results showed that the model had a good fit. According to the obtained results, experiential avoidance, depression and anxiety play an important role in predicting the tendency to use drugs in students. Therefore, the design of interventions based on improving depression and anxiety and reducing the levels of experiential avoidance is suggested as a basis for reducing the tendency to use drugs in this group of people

The purpose of this research was to predict students' anxiety Students' Anxiety based on Marital Satisfaction and Parents' Early Maladaptive Schemes. The present research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population in this research included all students from the second to sixth grades of the 1st and 2nd districts of Yazd city in the academic year of 2022-2023 and their mothers, which, according to Morgan's table, numbered 384 by multi-stage cluster sampling method. They were chosen randomly. The students responded to the SPAS Primary School Children's Anxiety Questionnaire (SCAS, 2003) and their mothers answered Questionnaires the Enrich Marital Satisfaction  (ENRICH, 1989) and Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas  (YSQ-SF, 1988). The results of multiple regression showed that among the predictor variables, marital satisfaction was able to predict students' anxiety in a negative and significant way, and the schemas of emotional deprivation, abandonment, entitlement, obedience, and emotional inhibition were able to predict students' anxiety positively and importantly (p<0/05). In total, these variables explain 90/7 percent of students' anxiety. According to the obtained results, the lack of marital satisfaction and the presence of primary incompatible schemas (Emotional Deprivation, Abandonment, Entitlement, Obedience, and Emotional inhibition) in mothers lead to anxiety symptoms in their children.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the social competence group training program on the social adjustment and anxiety of Female students with social anxiety disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population includes all 10 to 12-year-old female students who were referred to the counseling and psychological services center for children with behavioral and learning disorders in Sanandaj City for counseling services in 2022. Using the sampling method, 30 people were available. They were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group), and the experimental group underwent 16 sessions of 45 minutes under the social competence training program. The measurement tools in this research were the Social Adjustment Questionnaire (CSAS) (1993) and the Anxiety Questionnaire (SCAS) (1998). Statistical data analysis was done using the repeated measurement variance analysis method. The findings showed that there was a significant difference at the level of 0.001 between the pre-test and the post-test of social adjustment and anxiety in the two experimental and control groups, and Also, there was no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up averages in the experimental group at the 0.001 level, and the results were maintained in the follow-up period. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that the social competence training program is a suitable intervention method to improve the social adaptation and anxiety of Female students with social anxiety disorder.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the unified transdiagnostic package and Cognitive behavioral therapy on the executive functions of anxiety children. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up group. The statistical population of the research included all anxious girls aged 10 to 12 who were referred to education counseling centers in Yazd in the academic year of 1402, of which 45 were purposefully selected based on the manifest anxiety questionnaire and clinical interview and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one group. Witnesses (15 people in each group) were included. The first and second experimental groups were each subjected to unified transdiagnostic and cognitive behavioral intervention during 16 sessions twice a week. Research participants were evaluated before and after the intervention and also during the follow-up period by the Executive Functions Questionnaire (EFQ) (Coolidge, 2002). Data analysis was done with the variance analysis method with repeated measurements and the Bonferroni test. The obtained results showed that the scores of executive functions in both intervention groups increased significantly compared to the control group (p<0.05). The effect of both intervention methods had a lasting effect until the follow-up stage. Also, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two methods (p>0.05). In general, both interventions are suitable for improving the executive functions of anxious children.