children of divorce

Divorce of parents is a fateful and risky incident in a child's life. The present study seeks to identify and classify the psychological injuries of divorced children. For this purpose, 3296 documents were retrieved from the Iranian scientific databases including Magiran, SID, Noormags, and Ensani from 2006 to 2023. Then, using the CASP evaluation checklist, 26 documents were selected and analyzed. The findings led to the extraction of 42 criteria to explain the psychological damage of children of divorce, and its classification in the form of 2 intrapersonal (26 criteria) and interpersonal (16 criteria) dimensions. Among the identified criteria, children of divorce are more likely to face a decrease in mental health and self-esteem and an increase in anxiety, anger, and aggression, and they suffer from problems such as incompatibility, depression, sadness, isolation, and loneliness. These psychological injuries are the source of many social problems and dysfunctions, and lack of attention can cause double risks. The continuation of the alarming, exponential and sometimes exponential trend of divorce statistics and the continuation of the current approaches, decision-making, decisions, and actions, which are mainly formal, passive, reactive, insular, and fragmentary, can not only face serious risks to individual and family health but also the foundation of Islamic culture. It brings double damage to Iran in terms of public and national security. It seems that the continuation of this dangerous trend is the biggest soft threat to society, which seriously threatens the foundation, health, growth, and stability of Islamic-Iranian culture.

Adapting to the divorce of parents is one of the challenges that the children of divorce face, the absence of which can cause adverse consequences for the children of divorce and the society. The current research was conducted with the aim of qualitatively studying the process of children's adaptation to parents' divorce, in 1401 using the grounded theory method. The participants of the research are children of divorced girls living in Tehran who were between 20 and 30 years old and at least 5 years have passed since their parents' divorce. The findings from the semi-structured interview with 12 participants were based on the principle of theoretical saturation, and the findings were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method. Analyzing the data obtained from the interview in the field of qualitative study of the process of children's adaptation to parental divorce, led to the identification of 11 core codes of "resilience", "support networks", "favorable economic situation", "quality of parenting", "acceptance of divorce by parents","getting away from stressful situations","environmental and peripheral factors", "effective coping", "maintaining dynamism", "cognitive reframing", "growth after trauma" and "active self-care" were selected. The results of this research, while increasing insight into the process of adapting to parental divorce, provide sufficient ground for developing educational and practical programs with the aim of increasing adaptation to parental divorce and can greatly reduce the harm caused by parental divorce.

The aim of this study was to investigate the perceived stress of divorced adolescent girls. The research method was phe- nomenological qualitative. The study population consisted of 17 girls under 18 years of age who were selected based on purposive sampling for semi-structured interviews and continued until data collection was saturated. The Colaizzi method was used to analyze the data. Data analysis led to the identification of 3 main themes and 53 sub-themes. The results showed that the sources of stress, positive and negative coping strategies, and the consequences of high stress in girls as the three main themes have a wide range. Therefore, divorce, while disrupting the psychological-emotional balance of family members, causes stress about the future lives of people. In such a way that negative strategies and consequences can overshadow their future and endanger their physical and mental health. According to the results of the research, the need for supportive counseling interventions for this spectrum is felt

This research was conducted with the main purpose of investigating the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on positive thinking skills and interpersonal conflicts in children of divorce. The research design was semi-experimental (pre-test and post-test). The statistical population of the present study included all the children of divorce who referred to Darala Karam charity institution in Qom city in the spring of 1402. The sample size was targeted, 30 people were selected from the statistical population, who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Ingram and Visnicki's positive thinking questionnaire and Jen's interpersonal conflict questionnaire were used to collect data. Then cognitive behavioral therapy according to Beck's cognitive and behavioral therapy protocol during 8 sessions of 90 minutes (once a week) was provided to the experimental group and the control group did not receive any intervention. After the meetings, a post-test was taken from the two groups. The results of the multivariate covariance analysis test showed that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective on positive thinking skills and interpersonal conflicts in children of divorce. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that cognitive behavioral therapy courses be held by counselors in counseling centers and schools in order to reduce the interpersonal conflicts of children of divorce.

This study aimed to investigate the experience of spouse selection in children of divorce.

The present study was a qualitative phenomenological type. The present study's statistical population included 6 women and 4 men who wanted to divorce and had experienced the divorce of their parents in Kermanshah in 2022. The participants were selected by the available sampling method and the sampling continued until data saturation. The data were first recorded and coded to analyze the data, and then they were analyzed using the thematic analysis method.

The results of the research included 6 main themes and 19 sub-themes of the participants' experiences. The sub-themes included negative social attitude, problems of not being distinguished from the family, psychological problems, communication problems with the spouse and the spouse's family, feeling valuable as a person different from the parents, and adapting and building a life different from the parents.

The results of the research showed that the children of divorce have negative experiences during the formation of life and marriage, which can lead to wrong choices or incompatibility and mental health problems in them. On the other hand, they also have positive experiences that make them learn from their parent's mistakes and seek education and counseling services to improve their marital life satisfaction and lead a better life than their parents.

Divorce is one of the most important phenomena of human life, which disturbs not only couples' mental balance, but also children's mental balance. Based on this, it becomes important to study the psychological status of children of divorce in adulthood, with the understanding of this importance, the present study was conducted to investigate the psychological status of children of divorce in adulthood.

This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants included the children of divorce in Tehran, who had been divorced for 10 years, and 18 people were selected as key informants through the purposeful sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of review by participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding.

The research findings showed that the psychological status of children of divorce has positive and negative indicators in both childhood and adulthood dimensions.

The positive aspect of childhood is companionship and empathy with the guardian parent, support and warmth of the guardian parent, liberation and satisfaction of the guardian parent. Among other positive indicators, we can mention the feeling of satisfaction with life without conflict and conflict, support from others (family and friends). Negative indicators such as loss of family, fear of telling the truth because of people's judgments, children experience a kind of fear and apprehension after the divorce and following the events that happened during the separation process and after; Not having or lack of intimate relationships, being rejected, losing a supporter, having difficulty in arranging the daily affairs of life, creating contexts according to personal values and needs.

The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the children of divorce intervention program on children's perceptions of parental divorce. The research method was single subject (A-B design) and the statistical population of this study consisted of all female children of divorce in Bumehen, among them three children were selected through convenience sampling. A 31- item researcher-made questionnaire on children's perception of parental divorce (CPPDQ) was used to collect the data. The face and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was reported to be 0/86 for the whole questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After one baseline session for each child, an intervention program was presented to each child individually through the 8-week program. Each session lasted for 45 minutes. Also, in the follow-up phase, the data were analyzed using visual analysis and descriptive statistical indicators. The results of the study indicated that CODIP was effective to increase children's positive feelings and attitudes towards their parental divorce, reduce children's negative feelings towards their parental divorce, improve children's relationships with their parents and peers, and increase the feeling of competence in children. The children of divorce intervention program for children of divorce can be considered as an effective way to improve children's perceptions in response to their parents' divorce and can be used in counseling and educational centers.

The tensions caused by the onset of the corona epidemic and the significant changes that have taken place in the family cause many problems for the children of divorce. Divorce and separation of parents are the cause of many problems, including disorders in the educational performance of children. The aim of the present study was to compare the academic motivation, attitudes toward school of divorced children with normal counterparts in the corona epidemic. The statistical population of the study included all high school students in the academic year 2020-2021, of whom 25 were normal families and 25 were divorced families by simple random sampling. The design of the present study was comparative and all subjects completed the tools used: Abdolkhodaei (2008), attitudes toward McCouch School (2001). The results were analyzed using SPSS software and covariance test between the experimental and control groups. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control components in all components of academic motivation and attitudes toward school.

Divorce is a reality in the lives of many people around the world. This phenomenon is affecting people's lives in many ways and is the origin of complex emotional, cognitive and physical changes in the family, especially children. In this regard, this study was conducted to explore the lived experience of children of divorce about their emotional experiences. In this qualitative study, a phenomenological framework was adopted. The population under study was 17 adolescents aged 12-18 years old; who had experienced the separation of their parents. The participants were selected purposively, and selection continued until data saturation. Data collected by semi-structured and face-to-face individual interviews. The data were analyzed using the Colaizzi`s proposed stages. The thematic analysis resulted in three sub-themes for emotional experiences including anger and hate, fear and feeling of defenseless. According to findings, the adolescents participating in the study faced with a variety of emotions and experiences during the divorce and thereafter. Based on the results, children of divorce have numerous mental and environmental perceptions and experiences which in some cases can affect their well-being and mental health. The results emphasize the need for a deeper explanation of the lived experience of these people by psychologists and social workers and implementing therapeutic interventions based on the content derived from the present study, focusing on improving their emotional states.

Background and There are several consequences of divorce increases. Of the consequences of the damage biological, psychological, social, community figures on children who will build the future. So researchers are looking for ways to reduce injuries in children have this dilemma. This study reviews the literature related to psychological first aid for children of divorce is done. Search research is presented in three parts. These are the children of divorce definitions injuries, first aid proper and effective outlines the most effective measures to reduce damage to children of divorce.
analysis This study is descriptive (the review).For a comprehensive review of research in the field of psychological injuries and first aid to children of divorce were analyzed several sources. In this regard, in addition to external sources of information, resources and databases inside Iran are also investigated. In the first phase, a total of 25 articles, 35 articles in English and Farsi recorded, saved. Article 30 of the articles were selected after a final review that took 17 articles in Persian and English Article 13.
Studies show that children of divorce damage in individual functional areas (academic, cognitive, emotional, etc.), interpersonal, family been made. If the investigation continues into adulthood. In this regard, the effectiveness of self-segregation interventions such as education, differentiation, life skills training, cognitive-behavioral family therapy, bibliotherapy and play activities centered on reducing the damage has been effective.
Although divorced multiple injuries to children. But psychological intervention approaches, especially with higher efficiency can be profound and lasting impact these injuries are preventable.

This study aimed to investigation effects of parental divorce on psychological empowerment in boys. The nature of present research is qualitative. The study population consisted of boys with divorced parents who are located in Shahryar. Purposive sampling was performed. Depth interviews were conducted with a total of 13 boys from families who live with their mother and had experienced divorce five or less years. Reduction and Interpretation which developed by Marshall and Rossman were utilized. This method includes sorting data in different classes and encode them. psychological empowerment was coded in five components: Sense of competence, sense of meaning, sense of belonging, , self- concept, sense of trust . also, factors affecting the psychological empowerment in boys who experienced parental divorce were classified in five dimensions. Includes: witnessed and / or were victims of parental violence either for many years prior to the separation, severe economic decline, their relations with parents after divorce, change in social network, theire perception of parents explelanation about divorce. It however seems reasonable for one to conclude that the negative impact of divorce on children can be large if they are exposed to parental arguments, conflicts and violence if they lack support from family and social network members, if they experience a sharp decline in their standard of living if they experience negative changes in relationships with their parent.

Aim: The aim of this research was assessment Effectiveness of Children of divorce intervention program to improve self-control strategies in 8-12 years old children of divorce.
The method of research was semi experimental with experiment and control groups and pri-posttest with 3 month follow-up and population was 143 children from divorce family that 40 children (23 girls and 17 boys) that had entrance standards were selected in convenience sampling and randomly assigned in two experimental group (20 children) and control group (20 children). The research tool was Children perceived self-control inventory of Humphrey (2000) and Children of Divorce Intervention Program.
Administration of Children of divorce intervention program improve average scores of self-control in participants, this improvement in self-control was more in boys in comparison with girls. The results in follow up showed consistence in effectiveness of program.
This intervention program, can used in institutions that involved with divorce issues in order to help to children`s welfare, prevention from personal and social damages and decrease of crime and delinquency ground by increase of self-control indexes.

Divorce is one of the most stressor events in children and parents life. Divorce is a major changes and reorganization in life that influence on children`s adjustment The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effectivness of Children of Divorce Intervention Program on improvement of self-concept and enhancement of resilience in 10-12 years old chidren of divorce.  For this purpose , 25 children that com from divorced family were selcted and randomly assigned to experimental (N=13) and control (N=12) groups .After 15 sessions of CODIP SEARS and CSCS in pre-post test format admistrated. analyze of data indicated that CODIP result in no change in children of divorce`s self-concept , whereas influences their resilience .females have more enhancment of resilience in comprison with male. .Attention to group programs and training of problems solving skills is important for divorce children.

Aim: Purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention program designed to improve self-concept and resilience in children of divorce.
In this quasi experimental research with pre and posttest and a control group, 25 families who had 10-12 years old children were selected by convenience sampling. These families were selected from among 143 couples who had been referred to the family court branch in the city of Kashmar in Iran in 2012. A condition for participation in the study was that children of divorce had to live permanently with one of the parents. For 13 children in the experimental group, 15 sessions of the intervention program was administrated during a period of five weeks and three days per week. Twelve children were placed in a no intervention control group. The social emotional assets and resilience scale by Merrell, 2010 and the Piers-Harris’ children self-concept scale 1969 were used as research tools. ANOVA with repeated measures was used for analyzing the data.
Result indicated that intervention program did not change children`s self-concept but increased their resilience. Results of a three follow-up showed that this effect remained constant.
Children of divorce intervention program can be considered as an effective way to improve resilience of children and can be used for teaching single parents whose child lives with them in counseling and planning centers.