existential anxiety

The emotional component of the relationship between parents and children plays an important role in the formation of problematic behaviors in children and adolescents and their mental health in general. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the causal model of parental meta-emotional philosophy based on emotional self-awareness, differentiation and existential anxiety. The study method was descriptive-correlation and structural equation model analysis. The statistical population included all the parents of Kermanshah city. A total of 201 parents were selected using the accessible method. The data collection tools were the Parental meta-emotion philosophy Scale, the Emotional Self-Awareness Scale, the Self-Differentiation Inventory - Short Form, and the Existential Concerns Questionnaire (Van Brugen et al., 2017). The validity of the tools was measured by using content validity in a qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 and AMOS 21 software. The results showed that the direct paths of existential anxiety to meta-emotional philosophy; Differentiation to emotional self-awareness; and emotional self-awareness to meta-emotional philosophy, as well as the indirect path of differentiation to parental meta-emotional philosophy with the mediating role of emotional self-awareness is positive and significant. In other words, the results showed that parents who have higher differentiation have more emotional self-awareness and are more in emotion coaching in meta-emotional philosophy. This finding can be used in theoretical models related to the determinants of parent's emotion coaching or in psychological interventions to help parents to increase their emotion coaching.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth is a hereditary disease in which peripheral nerves are damaged, also known as hereditary sensory and motor neuropathy. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of existentialism therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment on the resilience and existential anxiety of veterans with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

The design of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research is all the veterans with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in Tehran, and after the necessary coordination with the veterans with Charcot-Marie-Tooth who had the necessary conditions to participate, 30 people were in the experimental groups (15 people in each group) and 15 people in the experimental group. The control group was replaced and selected randomly. To analyze the questions and hypotheses of the research, univariate covariance analysis (ANCOA) was used to examine the hypotheses, as well as independent t-tests and MANOVA to compare the groups in the research variables.

The findings of the research showed that both the existentialism treatment approach and the treatment based on acceptance and commitment have an effect on resilience and existential anxiety of Charcot-Marie-Tooth veterans. (P < 0.05

According to the obtained results, it is possible to benefit from existential treatments and treatment based on acceptance and commitment for a specific group of patients and take an effective step in reducing the mental pain of these patients.

The purpose of this research is to predict existential anxiety based on meta-cognitive strategies and mindfulness. This research was conducted among the middle-aged employees of Bank Mellat branch in Tehran. The research method is correlation type. The statistical population of the present study is 429 middle-aged employees (40 to 65 years old) of branches of Mellat Bank of Tehran in 1400, and the sample size was calculated to be 205 people based on the recommendation of Hewitt and Kramer, at least 40 people for each variable in the correlational research. The statistical sample was made by multi-stage random sampling method. For this purpose, first, 10 branches were selected from among all Bank Mellat branches in one area of Tehran. In this research, tools of existential anxiety (Good and Good, 1974), meta-cognitive strategies (Wells, 1997) and mindfulness (Baer et al., 2006) were used, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. In line with research hypotheses, linear regression method was used. According to the results of the analysis, it was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between existential anxiety and meta-cognitive strategies. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between existential anxiety and mindfulness.

Marriage is seen as the initial step in starting a family, but nowadays there seems to be a fear or avoidance of this commitment among young people, particularly those who are educated. The purpose of this research was to determine the model of gamophobia among young people based on existential anxiety with the mediation of psychological hardiness.

The current study is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive correlational data collection method was used. The statistical population of the research included all students of the Islamic Azad University, Sardasht branch. The research sample was 358 students who participated in the research online and through available sampling method. Data collection tools included Richard's Gamophobia Questionnaire (2007), Good and Good Existential Anxiety Questionnaire (1974) and Ahvaz Psychological Hardiness Questionnaire (2017). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation method and path analysis through Smart-pls3 software.

The results indicated that the direct effect of existential anxiety was 0.609 and its indirect effect through psychological hardiness was 0.498 and the direct effect of existential anxiety on psychological hardiness was 0.309 and the direct effect of psychological hardiness on gamophobia was 0.320 significant (P˂ 0.01).

Therefore, psychological hardiness can play a mediating role between existential anxiety and gamophobia. In this context, counseling and psychology specialists can consider this issue in pre-marriage counseling and even formulate interventions to reduce the gamophobia.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second cause of death from cancer. This disease is associated with psychological distress, anxiety, emotional distress, and depression. Therefore, the importance of psychological interventions is revealed to reduce the stressful consequences of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of spirituality therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing existential anxiety in women with breast cancer. The research method was quasi-experimental with the pre-test and post-test design and a one-month follow-up with two experimental groups and one control group. The population included women who were referred to the specialized women's cancer center of Khatam al-Anbia Hospital, among them 45 women who had a score of 1.5 standard deviation above the mean on the existential anxiety scale were identified and randomly assigned to three groups and completed Good and Good existential anxiety scale. The first experimental group underwent eight sessions of spiritual therapy and the second experimental group underwent eight sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy. The data were analyzed using MANCOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures. The results showed that the effect of the two methods of spirituality therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing existential anxiety in women with breast cancer was significant, and there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two methods on existential anxiety. It is suggested that health psychologists use spiritual therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy to reduce existential anxiety in breast cancer patients.

The purpose of this study was to model an intervention based on psychological and spiritual dimensions in promoting Islamic lifestyle and improving existential anxiety due to the moderating role of religious knowledge levels. The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study consists of all the marital community (husbands and wives) of Tabriz city with anxiety symptoms. The statistical sample consisted of 60 couples who referred to Tabriz counseling centers, out of which 60 couples, 30 couples were selected as control group and 30 couples as experimental group. In this study, the research tools were: Goodness Existential Anxiety Scale, Islamic Lifestyle Questionnaire. Multivariate covariance was used to analyze the data. The results of statistical analysis showed Intervention Based on Psychological and Spiritual Dimensions in Promoting Islamic Lifestyle and its components (Effectiveness of prayer in life, attentiveness and practice, commitment to prayer and caring) is effective, but the intervention is not effective on the presence of the heart in prayer. Also, the results of statistical analysis showed Intervention based on psychological and spiritual dimensions is effective on existential anxiety.

Considering the excessive (traumatic) use of mobile phones in the position of a type of behavioral addiction in the modern age and its possible side effects, in the present quantitative and descriptive research (relationships) with the aim of evaluating the role of early maladaptive schemas and anxiety in predicting this disorder. Finally, 310 students studying in the first semester of the academic year of 1997-98 in the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Food Industry and Nutrition Sciences of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, who were selected by available method and after introducing the researcher in person, were exposed to Persian versions of short form questionnaires. The Young Scheme (YSQ-SF), Existential Anxiety Scale (EAS), and Excessive Use of Mobile Phones with Genaro et al. (COS), despite their relatively acceptable self-assessment validity and reliability, are associated with both sex and demographic variables. The results of data analysis in SPSS 25 statistical software, in two parts: descriptive (by evaluating common statistical indicators and necessary assumptions, by appropriate tests) and inferential, confirming the three hypotheses proposed in this study, ie the direct and significant contribution of the original design. (Especially the most intense obedience schema) and existential anxiety in predicting mobile phone usage, as well as a significant positive correlation between early maladaptive schemas (especially failure schemas with the highest computational correlation coefficient) with existential anxiety at least 95%. Reliance on multiple regression tests (after confirmation of required defaults) is indicated. Finally, some suggestions for future research projects (in line with the findings of the present study) were made available to interested parties.

This study aimed to compare the dimensions of time perspective in students with and without existential anxiety. The research method was causal-comparative. the statistical population included all students of Ardabil Islamic Azad University in the academic year 2020-2021. The research sample consisted of 80 students (40 students with existential anxiety and 40 students without existential anxiety) who were selected by the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Existence Anxiety Questionnaire (Masoudi Sani et al., 2015) and the Time Perspective Questionnaire (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the students with and without existence anxiety in terms of the past-negative, hedonistic present, and fatalistic present perspectives (P <0.01). the mean scores of students with existential anxiety in these three variables were higher than students without existential anxiety. But there was no significant difference between the positive past, future, and transcendent future perspectives in students with and without existential anxiety. Therefore, the obtained results can indicate the great importance of negative past, hedonistic present, and fatalistic time perspectives in distinguishing students with existential anxiety from normal students.

One of the most common diseases in Iran and the world is metabolic syndrome, which can be an important risk factor for other diseases such as diabetes, fatty liver, cholesterol, etc. The aim of this study was to develop a group semantic therapy program and evaluate its effectiveness on existential anxiety in female patients with metabolic syndrome.

This study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, a meaningful intervention program was developed and then in the second stage, after compiling and validating the treatment program, a semi-experimental research method with pre-test-post-experimental design with control group and two-month follow-up period was used. The research population included adult women between the ages of 25 and 60 with metabolic syndrome who referred to the health centers of Semnan city in 1397. Sampling method was selected as a sample of 30 people and individuals were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The research tool was the scale of existential anxiety (Thani et al., 2015).

The findings showed that the effect of group semantic therapy on death anxiety was also confirmed in patients with metabolic syndrome (p <0.01), but its stability was rejected over a 2-month period (p> 0.01). The effect of this training on loneliness anxiety and its 2-month stability was also rejected (p> 0.01). However, its effect on semantic anxiety and the stability of its effect were confirmed in a period of 2 months (p <0.01). Also, the effect of the training program on anxiety was rejected (p> 0.01), but the stability of its effect was confirmed in the 2-month follow-up period (p <0.01).

The results showed that the developed training program has practical features and can play a decisive and effective role in some of the variables of existential anxiety.

Introduction:

One of the most common diseases in Iran and the world is metabolic syndrome, which can be an important risk factor for other diseases such as diabetes, fatty liver, cholesterol, etc. The aim of this study was to develop a group semantic therapy program and evaluate its effectiveness on existential anxiety in female patients with metabolic syndrome.

Methods:

This study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, a meaningful intervention program was developed and then in the second stage, after compiling and validating the treatment program, a semi-experimental research method with pre-test-post-experimental design with control group and two-month follow-up period was used. The research population included adult women between the ages of 25 and 60 with metabolic syndrome who referred to the health centers of Semnan city in 1397. Sampling method was selected as a sample of 30 people and individuals were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The research tool was the scale of existential anxiety (Thani et al., 2015).

Results:

The findings showed that the effect of group semantic therapy on death anxiety was also confirmed in patients with metabolic syndrome (p <0.01), but its stability was rejected over a 2-month period (p> 0.01). The effect of this training on loneliness anxiety and its 2-month stability was also rejected (p> 0.01). However, its effect on semantic anxiety and the stability of its effect were confirmed in a period of 2 months (p <0.01). Also, the effect of the training program on anxiety was rejected (p> 0.01), but the stability of its effect was confirmed in the 2-month follow-up period (p <0.01).

Conclusion:

The results showed that the developed training program has practical features and can play a decisive and effective role in some of the variables of existential anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of narrative therapy and acceptance & commitment therapy, on quality of life and existential anxiety on elders. This study was of an experimental design with random assignment (pre-test and post-test with control group) Type .The population included older adults residing at nursing homes. Thirty of elders were selected in a form of cluster sampling. They were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 10 members. Then they passed pre-test, by using of (WHO) quality of life questionnaire and Good's existential anxiety inventory. Afterward the first experimental group received narrative group therapy and the second experimental group received acceptance and commitment group therapy, while no intervention was administered to the control group. Compared to the control group the findings of repeated measurements-MANCOVA revealed that, NT and ACT led to an improved quality of life (p<0.01) and reduction of existential anxiety (p<0.01) on elders. Both therapics, significantly had the same effectiveness in quality of life (p>0.05) and existential anxiety (p>0.05) on elders. According to the results, both narrative and acceptance & commitment therapies were suitable for increasing quality of life and reducing existential anxiety on elderly people.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of spiritual therapy training on existential anxiety in students". The method of this study was a semi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test with control Group. The statistical population of this study was all of 395 first-year high school girl students from Khorramshahr schools who were studying in the first half of 2017-2018. Using cluster random sampling, 30 subjects were selected as sample and in two groups of 15 people (control group and experimental group) were randomly divided into two groups. Teaching spiritual therapy was performed on the experimental group during 8 sessions. One hour and a half. The research tools was a Goodwood existential anxiety questionnaire. The results showed that training spiritual therapy was effective in reduced the existential anxiety of students. Based on the findings of this research ،it can be concluded that spiritual therapy can be used to reduced the existential anxiety as an effective method.

The present study was conducted to compare the brain-behavioral systems, existential anxiety and positive and negative affects among non-clinical samples of individuals with narcissistic and borderline personalitiy traits with normal people. Using an expo-facto design among 200 individuals in 18 to 30 years age range in Tehran, 90 participants (30 borderline, 30 narcissistic and 30 normal people) were selected based on their narcissism and borderline scores. The data were collected by Positive and Negative Experience Scale, Communication Skills Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Behavioral Inhibition/ Activation Systems Scale, and Existential Anxiety Scale  and analyzed by a MANOVA statistical analysis. Positive affect in the normal group was significantly higher than the borderline group,whereas  no difference observed between borderline and narcissistic groups. No significant differences were evident for the negative affect and existential anxiety between normal and narcissistic groups as well. However the mean of negative affect and existential anxiety of the borderline group was significantly higher in the both normal and narcissistic groups. No significant level of inhibition and activation system were obtained between study groups as well. In general, a higher negative affect and existential anxiety could diffenciate borderlines from narcisisistics and normal individuals. This may have important therapeutic and educational implications for clinicians.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of appreciation training program on existential anxiety among University students. The study was semi-experimental, included pre-test and post-test with the control group, having one month fallow up stage. The population of study consisted of all university students of Saqqez city in 2015-2016 academic year. 160 female students were selected by cluster sampling. Then, 20 students who achieved the standard score in existential anxiety questionnaire were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Data were collected using Good's existential anxiety scale and Adler's appreciation questionnaire. Participants were trained under the program based on Adler and Fagly’ s model, twice a week in 10 sessions of100 minutes each. The obtained data were analyzed using Multivariate Analyze of Variance and Univariate Analysis of Variance. The results showed that in post-test mean scores of existential anxiety in the experimental group significantly decreased compared with the control group. Generally, appreciation training significantly reduced existential anxiety. The findings suggest that the designed appreciation training program can be used to reduce student’s the existential anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to design a Questionnaire For Existential Anxiety(death, freedom, loneliness and meaninglessness), and evaluate it,s validity and reliability. The research project was exploratory study of instromentation and validity assessment. This study has three phases The first phase was to investigate the Existential Anxiety theoretical and its conceptual frame, The second phase was to develop a Questionnaire for Existential Anxiety and evaluate its content validity, and the third phase related to validation and reliability of questionnaire. In order to validation and reliability of the questionnaire, 505 students and staffs from 5 University of Tehran were selected using multiphase cluster sample and response to Demoralization scale(translated by Naghiyayi and Bahmani, 2013) and Collett- Lester Death Anxiety scale(1990) to estimate concurrent and convergent validity and Questionnaire for Existential Anxiety as a main tool. Results show that: content validity according to 10 experts rating was 0/95. Concurrent validity and convergent validity was obtained 0/82 and 0/55. Furthermore Questionnaires theoretical structure consist of 4 factor according to Exploratory Factor Analysis and Varimax rotation. So that factors nominated according to theoretical base. Confirmatory factor analysis also indicates the goodness of fit for this factors. Moreover the Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability was 0/82 and 0/86. according to results achieved so far, can be say that 29 item questionnaire with 4 subscale is available to assess Existential Anxiety in Persian language.