exposure

 Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic and debilitating disorder. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comparing the effectiveness of emotional efficacy therapy and exposure and response prevention therapy on perfectionism in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Methods and Materials: 

The current study was a semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and three month follow-up design with a control group. The research statistical population was all people with obsessive-compulsive disorder who referred to counseling centers of Tehran city in 2021 year (about 500 people). The research sample was 51 people who were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups. The first and second experimental groups underwent 8 sessions of 60 minutes, respectively by emotional efficacy therapy and exposure and response prevention therapy and the control group remained on the waiting list for therapy. The tools of the current research were the perfectionism inventory (Hill et al., 2004) and the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Goodman et al., 1989). The data of this research were analyzed with the methods of analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS-22 software.

 The results showed that both intervention methods of emotional efficacy therapy and exposure and response prevention therapy in compared to the control group led to decrease the perfectionism in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and the results were maintained in the follow-up stage (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up stages and between the two intervention methods in reducing their perfectionism (P>0.05).

 According to the mentioned results, counselors and therapists can use both methods of emotional efficacy therapy and exposure and response prevention therapy to reduce perfectionism in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The present study aimed to compare of effectiveness the exposure and response prevention therapy with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on guilt feeling. This was a semi-experimental study with two experimental groups and one control group. The design was conducted using the pre-test, post-test and two months follow-up method. Based on this, 45 people with obsessive-compulsive disorder who referred to counseling and psychotherapy service centers in Tehran in 2023, were selected on purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three groups (15 people in each group). In order to collect information, Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale and guilt feelings questionnaire were used. At first, the participants were pre-tested, then, the experimental groups underwent 10 sessions of 90 minutes of exposure and response prevention therapy and 8 sessions of 90 mins mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The post-test was conducted on all participants. Two months later, the follow–up test was completed by 3 groups. The analysis of variance with repeated measurements were applied to data. The results showed that both methods were suitable, but the exposure and response prevention therapy had a greater and more meaningful effect.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic mental disorder that requires different treatments due to its complex nature. Schema therapy (ST) and exposure and response prevention (ERP) are two treatments that have been studied in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and previous studies have shown them to be effective. However, few studies have investigated the effectiveness of integrating these two methods in comparison with other methods.

The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the ST and the integration of schema therapy with the exposure and response prevention technique (STERP) in treating distress tolerance in women with washing compulsions.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a 2-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women with obsessive-compulsive disorder referred to counseling centers in the north and center of Tehran from the beginning of November to the end of February 2020. Forty-five people were selected by a convenience method based on inclusion criteria. The first intervention group (ST) received 12 sessions, and the second intervention group (STERP) received 14 sessions. The research instrument included the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) (Simmons & Gaher, 2005). Data were analyzed by mixed-design analysis of variance and Bonferroni test in SPSS-23 software.

The results showed that ST and STERP interventions increased distress tolerance in women with washing compulsions at the end of interventions and follow-up period (P<0.0001), but STERP was more effective in treating distress tolerance compared to the ST.

The results showed that using exposure and response prevention methods integrated with schema therapy for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder allows the them to analyze different dimensions of anxiety-inducing stimuli and provides a more appropriate answer to it.

The present study investigated the effectiveness of schema therapy combined with exposure and response prevention methods on the distress tolerance and Severity of Obsessive Symptoms of women with washing obsession. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a 2-month follow-up. Its statistical population included all the women referred to counseling clinics under the supervision of the Psychological System Organization in the north and center of Tehran between November 2020 and February 2021 and received a definite diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder by a psychiatrist. In this regard, 30 people were included using a purposeful sampling method and assigned to two experimental and control groups of 15 people. Then, the experimental group received individual intervention for 14 sessions. The research tools included the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS, Simmons & Gaher,2005) and the Yale-Brown Obsession-Obsession Scale (1989, YBOCS). Data analysis using repeated measurement tests and Bonferroni's post hoc test revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding distress tolerance and obsessive-compulsive disorder in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.01). It means that the integration of schema therapy with the exposure and response prevention technique increased distress tolerance and reduced the symptoms of obsession. This effectiveness remained significant until the two-month follow-up stage. According to the results, it can be stated that integrating schema therapy with exposure and response prevention technique is effective in increasing distress tolerance and reducing obsessive symptoms in women with washing obsessive disorder.

ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder is the existence of repeated and very intense Obsessions or Compulsions that disrupts occupational, social and interpersonal activity. The purpose of this study was comparison of effectiveness of Exposure and Response Prevention by Self-Treatment Method and Narrative Therapy on reduction symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

This study design was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Therefore, among all patients with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder in psychiatric and psychological centers of Esfahan in 2021, 30 patients were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned in 2 experimental groups and 1 control group. An experimental group received Exposure and Response Prevention by Self-Treatment Method (6 weeks), and other experimental group received Narrative Therapy, in base on the White (1995) and Monk (1997). The results analyzed by MANCOVA in SPSS-26.

The results showed the effect of Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy by Self-Treatment and Narrative Therapy on significant reduction symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and so 4 sub-scales, especially doubting and slowness on the post-test and on the one-month follow-up (P<0.01).

It seems that Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy and Narrative therapy can be used alongside other treatments in OCD treatment.

Previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of schema therapy and exposure and response prevention methods on obsession symptoms. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy(ST) and its combination with the exposure and response prevention method(STERP) on the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms

The method of this study was semi-experimental research with a control group. The statistical population included all women with washing obsessive-compulsive disorder referred to counseling centers in the north and center of Tehran from November to the February of 2020. A total of 45 were selected as research samples using a convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into two intervention groups and one control group(15 in each group). The first and second intervention groups were treated with schema therapy and a combination of schema therapy and exposure and response prevention methods during 12 and 14 sessions, respectively. Data were collected using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale. To analyze the data, the analysis of covariance and the Bonferroni test was used.

Both intervention methods ST and STERP were effective in reducing the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in women with washing obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.001). Also, STERP was more effective than ST in reducing the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in women with washing obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.001)and the results of the 2-month follow-up of the intervention showed the stability of treatment (P<0.001).

STERP may be a feasible and potentially effective treatment for prior non-responders among OCD patients and thus worth further investigation in randomized controlled trials.

Introductoin:

 Considering the role of cognitive and environmental factors in the occurrence and maintenance of self-injury the aim of this study is to predict non-Suicidal self-injury based on the exposure, outcome expectancies, and avoidance self-efficacy in students

This research is a descriptive correlational study. The research sample was 264 students of the University of Guilan in the academic year 2019-2020 who were selected by convenience sampling. In order to collect data Sanson's et al. (1996) Self-Harm Inventory, Zelkovich & Cole's (2014) Social Exposure to Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Scale, Hasking and Rose's (2016) Non-suicidal Self-injury expectancy Questionnaire and self-efficacy scale of avoiding NSSI by Czyz et al. (2014) were used. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis.

The results of multiple regression analysis showed that 44.3% of the variance of non-suicidal self-injury is predicted by exposure to non-suicidal self-injury, outcome expectancies, and avoidance self-efficacy, and among those, avoidance self-efficacy and outcome expectancies had the highest share with a prediction of 24.8% and 23.8% of non-suicidal self-injury variance, respectively.

Given that exposure to non-suicidal self-injury, outcome expectancies, and avoidance self-efficacy can predict non-suicidal self-injury, the findings of this study can greatly help prevent this behavior and planning educational and treatment programs so that students are less exposed to the damage caused by this behavior.

The aim of this study was to study the efficacy of integrated exposure and response Prevention and acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT + ERP) in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The study population consisted of all male patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who were referred to the clinic of Shafa Hospital in Rasht in 1400 and based on a Structured Clinical Interview for Disorders- I axis  (SCID-I), they received a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, of which 3 were selected by purposeful sampling. Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) was used to measure the intensity of the obsession and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-2) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression, respectively. Chart analysis, percentage of recovery, and reliable change index have been used to analyze the data. The results showed that the severity of the obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and anxiety of patients decreased significantly (statistically and clinically) due to the use of an integrated exposure and response Prevention and acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT+ERP). Therefore, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy integrated exposure and response prevention (ACT+ERP) can be used to reduce obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Various studies have investigated the effectiveness of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) on obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression, but few studies have examined ERP in a competitive trial with other methods such as mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (MBCBT).

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two methods of mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (MBCBT) and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) on obsessive-compulsive disorder and comorbid depression in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

This study was designed as an “applied and quasi-experimental research” with pretest-posttest and follow-up design with two experimental groups 1 and 2 and control group. The statistical population in this study included all women in the age group of 20 to 45 years who referred to Amina and Rayen Psychological Services and Counseling Center in Tehran in 2018, 36 of whom were selected through purposeful sampling and were divided into three groups: 1) MBCBT group (n = 12), ERP group (n = 12) and control group (n = 12). Research tools included the Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Questionnaire (Goodman, 1986) and the Beck Depression Inventory 2 (Beck, 1979). Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance test by SPSS-21 software

In the post-test phase, both interventions had a significant effect on obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression (p >0.05). In the follow-up phase, two interventions significantly reduced obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression, but MBCBT was more effective.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that MBCBT and ERP can be used to reduce the rate of obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Numerous researches have been done on the effect of two exposure and response prevention and acceptance and commitment-based treatment on depression and quality of life in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder but compared the effect of these two treatments on reducing the severity of symptoms. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder There is a research gap.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of exposure therapy and prevention of response and group acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing the severity of specific symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group. Statistical population included all patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder referring to counseling centers in Shiraz in 2018. Sixty subjects were selected by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups (20 persons), two experimental groups and one control group. Research instruments include: Obsessive-Compulsive Disability Test: Hodgson & Rachman (1977), Commitment and Acceptance Therapy Sessions (Narimani et al., 2016), and Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy Sessions (Narimani et al., 2016). The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

There was a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test in all specific symptoms (infection, examination, suspicion and impulse control). Both groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. However, exposure therapy and response prevention group had a significant and significant decrease compared to the intervention (P< 0/001).

Two treatments, exposure and response prevention and treatment based on acceptance and commitment, reduced the symptoms of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most common and disabling psychological disorders. Many studies have investigated the effectiveness of mindfulness and exposure on the improvement of obsessive-compulsive disorder, but the key question is which of the two combinations of exposure, mindfulness, and mindfulness of exposure is most effective on obsessive-compulsive disorder in women?

To compare the effects of exposure, mindfulness and mindfulness-exposure consciousness on combined obsessive-compulsive disorder in Arak women.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with 3-month follow-up and control group. The statistical population consisted of 25-40 year-old women in Shahrak, 64 were purposively selected, 16 in the exposure group (Fua, Yadin & Leicner, 2012), 16 in the consciousness group (Sears, 2015), 16 in the integrated group (16). Strauss et al., 2015) and 16 control groups were randomly assigned. Research instruments include: Yale Brwan Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Dadfar, Bouhalari, Malekouti, and Bayanzadeh, 2001), Clinical Interview (Shadloo & Shahrivar, 1396), Psychiatrist's Diagnosis and Beck Depression Inventory (Rajabi and Karjouxmaee, 2012). Data analysis was performed using two-way mixed designs test.

Mindfulness, exposure and integration methods were significantly effective in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms compared to the control group (P<0/05). Exposure and consolidation methods were significantly more effective in improving OCD symptoms than mindfulness and no significant difference was observed between exposure and mindfulness ((P<0/05).

Exposure was effective in improving OCD symptoms and symptoms).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment on experiential avoidance, cognitive emotion regulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and its comparison with exposure and prevention response therapy

The present study is a pre-test and post-test semi experimental design. The study population in this study was all obsessive compulsive patients referring to Qazvin psychological services centers in 2018. 40 patients were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to 2 groups of 20 (the first group was treated with transdiagnostic treatment and the second group was treated with ERP). In this study, variables such as age and sex were controlled. The tools used in the present study were: Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsory Inventory (YBOCS), Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I), Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire, , Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance QuestionnairQ( and cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire (CERQ). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and with using covariance analysis and paired t-test.

The results showed that transdiagnostic treatment significantly decreased experiential avoidance and also improved, cognitive emotion regulation, in patients with OCD (p <0.001). On the other hand, the effectiveness of frat diagnostic therapy on these variables (except obsessive thoughts) was different in ERP patients (p <0.05) and transdiagnostic treatment in reducing and experiential avoidance and improvement in, cognitive emotion regulation, are more effective than ERP treatment.

The results of the present study were discussed with regard to the studies conducted in this field and the content of the transdiagnostic treatment protocol and ERP treatment

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy (ERP), Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Third-Wave Behavior Therapies on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Iranian population. The research method was a meta-analysis and the statistical population of all researches conducted in Iran between 2005 and 2017 was 58 studies that among them, 34 studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria as the research sample and finally reported 13 effect sizes for ERP, 19 effect sizes for CBT and 12 effect sizes for Third-Wave Behavior Therapies. The effect size index was the standardized mean difference also statistical analysis was done by comprehensive meta-analysis software. The results showed that ERP (d= 1.815, P= 0.05), CBT (d= 1.542, P= 0.05) and Third-Wave Behavior Therapies (d= 1.688, P= 0.05) had been effective for OCD. In addition, study of type of treatment as a moderating variable didn’t show significant difference. Based on the findings of this meta-analysis, it can be concluded that exposure is the most important therapeutic process in the treatment of OCD which it is an essential component in all three therapeutic approaches, and probably adding cognitive, mindfulness and acceptance components will not significantly contribute to the efficacy of behavioral therapy based on ERP in Iranian patients with OCD.

Treatment of Exposure   and   Response    Prevention is known as a therapeutic approach to the physical and psychological needs of individuals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Exposure   and   Response    Prevention on obsessive-compulsive disorder and marital satisfaction. The statistical population included all married women aged 25-45 years in Tehran in 1395. Using a randomized controlled trial, samples of 60 married women were selected using available sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of 30 control and experimental groups.  The research tools included Enrich's marital satisfaction questionnaire and Madsely's obsessive-compulsive Inventory (MOCI) all subjects first completed the Madsely obsessive-compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The experimental group participated in the Exposure   and   Response    Prevention therapy (ERP), but the control group had simple appointments with the therapist.  Data were extracted from questionnaires and analyzed by covariance analysis. the results of covariance test showed that Exposure   and   Response    Prevention therapy (ERP) reduced the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and increased marital satisfaction compared with the control group.  The results showed that the slowest component had the highest reduction, the control component had the lowest reduction and Exposure   and   Response    Prevention to decrease obsessive-compulsive symptoms and increase marital satisfaction

The present research aimed to examine the effectiveness of combination therapy exposure and response prevention with religious preferential encoding correction in reduces symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD).This research was performed in the framework of the single case of the type of AB design on the three participants with obsessive-compulsive disorder voluntarily sampling . All participants, for evaluating the effect of treatment filled Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI).The treatment showed a significant reduction in the symptoms of contamination-impurity, checking, slow-repetition except scale doubt duty that shows intervention was not effective in this variable.The percentage change for all the symptoms of OCD indicate the significant effect of the intervention on the obsessive-compulsive symptoms.According to these findings, exposure and response prevention with religious preferential encoding correction was suggested as an effective intervention in reduction of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

General anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most prevalent anxiety disorders in clinical centers and general population that mostly is chronic. The purpose of this study is investigating of the combined intervention based Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with exposure techniques efficacy on GAD symptomsintensity.
This experimental study was performed in congruent multiple baseline single case study design with six week fallow-up. Four women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) were selected from patients referred to Mahabad university counseling and psychiatric service centers by diagnostic interview and DSM-V Structured Clinical Interview along with using purposeful sampling method. Patients participated in this study after obtaining treatment requirements. The efficacy of treatment Protocol was evaluated in three phase (Baseline, 12 session treatment and 6 weeks follow-up) by using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) and Anxiety Sensitivity revised questionnaire (ASI-R). Data analyzed with visuals inspection, improvement percentage and reliable change index (RCI) strategies.
Results showedthat combined intervention based Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with exposure techniques is both clinically and statistically (p Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with exposure techniques has appropriate efficacy in reducing of GAD symptom severity.

This study aimed to appraisal of effectiveness and comparison of exposure and response prevention therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based training on improving of obsessive and compulsive disorder patient's components of life quality.
This study was quasi-experimental with pretest- posttest and control group. The statistical population included all obsessive and compulsive disorder patients aged over 18 years old who referred to private counseling centers and urban and rural health centers in Rasht in 2014. 45 patients with obsessive and compulsive disorder were selected from those who referred these centers and were divided into the experimental groups and the control group randomly. The experimental groups received eight sessions of 45-minutes. Yale-Brown Obsessive and Compulsive Scale and brief form of World Health Organization quality of life assessment were used to collect data.
The results of multiple analysis of covariance indicated that there was a significant difference among three groups in posttest scores of physical, psychological, social and environmental quality (P ≤ 0.01). The Results of Tuky test showed that the mean score for acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based training was significantly more than the mean score for exposure and response prevention in all components. Likewise, the mean score of both experimental groups were significantly more than the mean score of the control group (P ≤ 0.05).
According to the results of this study, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based training more increased in quality of life. Thus, mental health experts can use this therapy for increasing patient's quality of life.

The purpose of this study was to investigate of Effectiveness of group therapy based on exposure and response prevention on severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. To this purpose، 20 vulnerable clients، were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to one experimental (N=10) and one control (N=10) group. 12 weekly sessions of group therapy based on exposure and response prevention was administrated to the experimental group، but control group was not receiving any intervention. Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale used as instrument of study in pre-test، post-test and follow up. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and ANCOVA. Results showed that group therapy based on exposure and response prevention has a significant reduction in obsessive-compulsive symptoms and signs of experimental group comparing control group. Also، the improvement was observed in followed three months later. Based on the results of this study، group therapy based on exposure and response prevention can consider as an effective intervention to improvement of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and signs.

the purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of three cognitive – behavioral methods of treatment¡ including problem solving¡ exposure and combined method (formed by combining two methods of problem solving and exposure)¡ on quality and other aspects of the veterans’ life who suffering from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
The research sample consisted of 100 veterans suffering from post traumatic stress disorder due to war. They were divided randomly in the three experimental groups by using an quasi-experimental design with pre test and post test. These groups included: 1 - problem-solving group 2- exposure group 3- combined group¡ and a control group. Each of mentioned groups contained 25 members. The measurement tool in this study was SF36.
The results showed that all of three cognitive – behavioral methods of treatment were significantly effective in improving quality of life among Veterans with PTSD. Although there were slight differences in life quality components¡ but total scores for all groups were similar. Furthermore¡ life quality in problem solving group had been more improved after three months of treatment.
Findings of this study¡ in line with previous works¡ show that cognitive – behavioral methods of treatment are effective in treatment and improving life quality of veterans with PTSD.