forgiveness

The present study aimed to predict executive functioning in elementary school girls based on their mothers’ psychological characteristics, including forgiveness, personality traits, and rumination.

The statistical population consisted of all elementary school girls in the city of Falavarjan and their mothers. The sample included 165 randomly selected elementary school girls, and all relevant questionnaires were completed by their mothers. The research instruments included the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia, 2000), the Forgiveness Scale (Thompson, 2005), the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and the Rumination Questionnaire (Yousefi, 2007).

The data were analyzed at both the descriptive level (mean and standard deviation) and inferential level (Pearson correlation and multiple regression using stepwise and enter methods). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. The findings indicated that, among the predictor variables, all except maternal extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness had significant relationships with executive functioning. Additionally, maternal rumination significantly predicted the executive functioning of elementary school girls.

Based on the results, it can be concluded that changes in maternal forgiveness, neuroticism, and rumination are associated with changes in the executive functioning of elementary school girls.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of self-conscious emotions between believing in a just / unjust world and forgiveness. The research design was descriptive. The sample consisted of 411 people randomly sampled from the population of health centers in Karaj in 1397 and the questionnaire of belief in a just world (Rubin & Peplau, 1973) the third revised version of the Self-awareness Emotion Scale for Adults (Tangney) , Dearing, Wagner & Gramazow, 2000) and the Forgiveness Scale (Rye, Loiacono, Folk, Olszewski, Heim & Madia, 2001). To analyze the results using path analysis by AMOS program, direct and indirect effects of variables were obtained. The results showed that belief in a fair / unfair world significantly predicts forgiveness and indirect path coefficient between belief in a fair world and positive forgiveness. And was significant (P <0.01, β = 0.055) and this indicates the mediating role of conscious emotions. The conceptual model of the research was confirmed using the data and the indicators of the model fit the confirmation of this. The results of this study show that belief in a just world leads to cognitive reconstruction and thus acts as a coping mechanism and as a positive behavioral output, can be the result of structural interaction.

The aim of the present study was the mediating role of forgiveness in the relationship between relational masters and marital quality of women faced with breaking the contract. The research method was correlation and structural equations. The statistical population of the current study includes all women who were faced with breaking the contract of their husbands in the city of Tehran, who were living with their husbands in 1402 in this city and did not get divorced and had access to the Internet, among them 300 people Available sampling methods were selected. To collect data, Bradbur et al.'s Marital Quality Scale, Ray et al.'s Forgiveness Questionnaire, and Fincham and Bradbury's Relational Documentation Scale were used. To check the validity of the scales, confirmatory factor analysis was used, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for reliability, and the results indicated that the validity and reliability were favorable. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation test were also used to analyze the data. The findings showed that relational documents have a significant effect on forgiveness. Forgiveness also has a significant effect on marital quality. Relational documents also have a significant effect on marital quality. Examining indirect relationships also showed that forgiveness plays a mediating role in the relationship between relational documents and marital quality of women faced with breaking the contract. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that relational documents and forgiveness are two of the main factors for the antecedents of marital quality.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of Guttman's couple therapy on sexual intimacy and forgiveness caused by infidelity. The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control and follow-up group. The statistical population includes all betrayed women who refer to counseling centers in Hamadan city. The sampling method was purposeful. For this purpose, 100 sexual intimacy and forgiveness questionnaires were distributed, then based on the scores, 30 women who scored between 30 and 50 in the sexual intimacy test and scored less than 198 in the forgiveness test were randomly divided into two experimental groups. and control (15 people in each group) were divided. The research tools included couple therapy program (Gutman and Gutman, 2017), sexual intimacy (Batlani et al., 2019) and forgiveness (Enright and Santos, 1994). The experimental group underwent 10 training sessions and one 90-minute session every week under Gutman's group couple therapy training. The control group was not subjected to intervention. After the end of the intervention, a post-test and a follow-up test were conducted after one month from both groups. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that couple therapy has increased forgiveness and sexual intimacy scores in the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the control group. Based on this, it can be concluded that Gutman method couple therapy can be effective in solving marital conflicts of couples.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between spiritual intelligence and interpersonal forgiveness with the mediating role of resilience in the spouses of methadone maintenance patients. This descriptive-correlational study was of the structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of this study was the spouses of people undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in the city of Rodsar in 2023. 219 people participated in this study using the available method, and they used the self-report questionnaire of spiritual intelligence (SISRI; King, 2008), the interpersonal forgiveness scale (IFS; Ehtsham Zadeh et al., 2019), and the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Connor and Davidson, 2023) And in total of 219 questionnaires were analyzable. The data were analyzed by the structural equation modeling method. The findings of the research showed that the proposed model was a good fit. The results showed that the direct effects of spiritual intelligence on interpersonal forgiveness, spiritual intelligence on resilience, and resilience on interpersonal kindness were significant. (P<0.05). The results of Bootstrap showed resilience played a mediating role in the relationship between spiritual intelligence and interpersonal agreeableness (P<0.05). The results indicate that spiritual intelligence has a direct and mediating role in resilience in increasing interpersonal forgiveness.

The present study was conducted to determine the mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between self-compassion and forgiveness and marital burnout in married people.  This descriptive-correlation research was of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of this research was the married people of Isfahan city in 1402. The final sample size was considered to be 220 people. Sampling was done in an accessible manner based on an online survey. To collect data, self-compassion scale (SCS; Neff, 2003), forgiveness scale (FS; Rye et al, 2001), marital burnout questionnaire (CBM; Pines, 1996), and level of self-criticism scale (LOSC, Thompson and Zurof, 2004) were used. The results showed that the proposed model is a good fit. The findings of the research showed that self-compassion has a negative and significant relationship with marital burnout and self-criticism, also there is a negative and significant relationship between forgiveness and marital boredom, and self-criticism has a positive and significant relationship with marriage (P<0.05). Boredom (P<0.05). Other results showed that self-criticism plays a mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and forgiveness with marital burnout (P<0.05). Based on this, it can be concluded that self-pity and forgiveness directly or mediate self-criticism on marital burnout.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a positive intervention program based on the components of resilience and forgiveness in the emotional autonomy and emotional processing of victimized students. The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test type with a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The research population included all male and female students being victims of bullying in second secondary schools in Bostan Abad, Iran in the academic year of 2023-2024. A sample of 30 students were selected using the convenience sampling method and were. randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Bullying Victims Questionnaire, Emotional Autonomy Scale, and Emotional Processing Scale were used to collect the data. The intervention program was implemented in the 8th session of 45 minutes in groups and with gender separation for the experimental group and the control group did not receive any training. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that the positive psychology intervention based on resilience and forgiveness components significantly increased the emotional autonomy and improved the emotional processing process of victimized students. This continued in the follow-up period. Therefore, the results of this research can be used to improve the professional skills of teachers, school counselors, and educational psychologists in order to properly face the problems of students and to improve the connection and communication with teenagers.

Self-compassion refers to the degree of compassion one feels towards oneself in response to shortcomings or failures, and it is linked with reduced anxiety and increased life satisfaction. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of various psychological therapies in influencing levels of self-compassion, forgiveness, and marital conflict among married women. However, there is a research gap in the area of solution-focused single-session therapy and psychological issues affecting married women, who constitute a significant segment of society.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of solution-focused single-session therapy on levels of self-compassion, forgiveness, and marital conflict among married women.

This was an applied research using a single-subject experimental design, specifically the Multiple Baseline Across Subjects (ABA) design. The research population comprised all married women experiencing marital conflicts in Tehran in the year 2023. Participants were recruited voluntarily through announcements. After applying screening criteria, five individuals were selected and underwent baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases. Participants completed the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), the Interpersonal Forgiveness Scale (Paleari et al., 2009), and the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Senaie et al., 2008).

The results of this study indicated that solution-focused single-session therapy led to a significant increase in the average percentage of improvement in self-compassion and forgiveness, as well as a decrease in the average percentage of improvement in marital conflict among married women at a significance level of 0.05.

The changes in the average percentage of improvement observed with solution-focused single-session therapy suggest that this intervention can lead to immediate improvements in self-compassion, forgiveness, and marital conflict among married women. These findings underscore the potential importance of this type of therapy in enhancing marital relationships and improving the psychological well-being of married women.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy (EFCT) on forgiveness and sexual intimacy of women affected by marital infidelity. This study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest & follow-up control group design. The statistical population consisted of women affected by marital infidelity in Tabriz city in 2023. In total, 30 people were selected by the purposeful sampling method and randomly divided into two groups (15 people in each group). Members of experimental group received their treatment in 10 sessions of 1.5 hours; however, the control group did not receive any treatment. The measurement tools include were Rye et al's forgiveness and Bagaroozi's sexual intimacy questionnaires. Analysis of findings through repeated measures analysis of variance test. The results showed that, compared to the control group, EFCT forgiveness and sexual intimacy of women affected by marital infidelity in the post-test. The effect of EFCT on forgiveness and sexual intimacy was lasting in the follow-up phase. It seems that emotion-focused couple therapy can increase the forgiveness and sexual intimacy of women affected by marital infidelity, so it can probably be a useful therapeutic strategy to improve the marital relationship of women affected by marital infidelity.

This study aimed to predict marital satisfaction based on conscientiousness, marital empathy, and marital forgiveness in married women. This research was basic, and regarding the procedure, it was a descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population of the present study was all the married women of Lorestan province in the spring of 2023, from whom 840 people were selected as a sample by available sampling. Research tools included: Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS, Olson et al., 1987), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI, Costa & McCrae, 1992), Marital Empathy Scale (MES, Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006), and Marital Offence-Specific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS, Paleari et al., 2009). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression. The research results showed that there is a significant correlation between marital satisfaction with conscientiousness, marital empathy, and marital forgiveness (p<0.01). Additionally, the regression analysis outcomes indicated that 38.1% of the variance in marital satisfaction can be explained by predictor variables, wherein forgiveness emerges as the strongest predictor variable, followed by empathy and then conscientiousness (p<0.001). It can be concluded that conscientiousness, marital empathy, and marital forgiveness play a key role in women's marital satisfaction, and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interaction with each other in intervention programs designed to increase women's marital satisfaction.

Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and a chronic and debilitating disease that causes devastating psychological effects in sufferers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of resilience and forgiveness in predicting the psychological well-being of patients with multiple sclerosis. This research was descriptive research of the type of correlation and predictive equation. The statistical population of the present study included all multiple sclerosis patients who referred to the Rasht MS Association in 2021. From this population, 150 qualified volunteers were selected by available sampling method. The instruments used in this research were the psychological well-being questionnaire (Reif and Keys, 1995), resilience questionnaire (Connor and Davidson, 2003), forgiveness scale (Ray et al., 2001). To analyze the data, the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis methods were performed in SPSS22 at a significance level of 0.05. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between resilience and psychological well-being (r = 0.367, p<0.001), and between forgiveness and psychological well-being (r = 0.315, p<0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that by increasing resilience and forgiveness in multiple sclerosis patients, their psychological well-being can be improved.

Life satisfaction is one of the components of psychological well-being, the decrease or increase of which has positive and negative effects on people’s well-being. the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of forgiveness in predicating life satisfaction.this research was descriptive, based on the nature of quantitative data, is a meta-analysis type. In this research, data anlysis was done using cma2 software. In this regard, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample groups consisting of 54 studies (including 49 articles, 1 book and 4 thisis) was selected for analysis. the results showed that the effect size in random models for the relationship between forgiveness and life satosfaction is 0.275, which is significant at the p.<0.05 level, and th effect size is medium based on Cohen,s index. Forgiveness can predict life satisfaction. investigating the role of moderating varlables showed that the relationship between forgiveness and life satisfaction was influenced by the variables such as the type of publication and statistical population. based on the findings of the present meta-analysis, it can be stated that by increasing forgiveness and encouraging people to desire forgiveness, life satisfaction can be strengthened in them and psychological well-being in individuals and society can be strengthened.

Marriage provides an opportunity for experiencing love and affection with a life partner, but various factors can jeopardize the strength and stability of a marriage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotionally focused couples therapy on interpersonal forgiveness and cognitive flexibility in couples. The research design was applied in terms of its practical objective and semi-experimental method, in the form of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The population of the study consisted of all couples seeking psychological counseling in the city of Semirom, due to marital conflicts in the year 2023. After initial screening 30 couples were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90-minute emotion-focused couple therapy, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Interpersonal Forgiveness Questionnaire by Eshtemzadeh et al. and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory by Dennis & Vander Wal. Ultimately, after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 couples were subjected to repeated-measures analysis of variance.The findings of the study indicated that Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy using the "Hold Me Tight" technique significantly increased interpersonal reactivity and cognitive flexibility. These effects were found immediately after the intervention. Furthermore, the results remained stable during the follow-up period.Therefore, the use of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFCT) "Hold Me Tight," is recommended for couples experiencing marital problems and conflicts. Additionally, it is suggested for professionals in the field to utilize this approach in therapy and counseling centers.

Happiness is an emotional state characterized by a feeling of happiness and satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between emotional security and emotional response with forgiveness and happiness in families with one or two children. The statistical population in this study includes 150 people from families with one or two children. Sampling method is available. The age range of the participants is between 20 and 50 years. The tools of the current research included Davis et al.'s Emotional Security Questionnaire (2002), Thompson et al.'s Forgiveness Questionnaire (2005), Hills and Argyle's Happiness Questionnaire (2002), and Knock et al.'s (2008) Emotional Response Questionnaire. The data analysis of this research was analyzed through descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The research findings showed that emotional security has a significant relationship with forgiveness with coefficients of 0.639 and 0.743, and emotional response has a significant relationship with happiness with correlation coefficients of 0.430 and 0.607. The regression results also showed that the variables of emotional security and emotional reaction explain more than 44% of the variable of forgiveness and 67% of happiness. The results indicate that paying attention to the two factors of emotional security and emotional response can be effective in the lives of families with one or two children and can affect the forgiveness and happiness of family members

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of intervention program based on resilience and forgiveness in irritability and learning behavior in Bullying Victims. The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test type with a control group and a three-month follow-up period.  The research sample included 30 bullying victims’ students, in the second secondary school in Bostan Abad city (Iran) in the academic year 2024-2023, which were selected through the purposeful sampling method. The measurement instruments included the Bullying Victim Questionnaire, Irritability Scale, and Learning Behavior Scale. The intervention program based on resilience and forgiveness was implemented in eight 45-minute sessions, during eight weeks in a group separated by gender for the experimental group, and the control group did not receive any training. Analysis of variance with repeated measure and Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the intervention program based on resilience and forgiveness significantly reduced irritability and increased the learning behavior of bullying victims’ students. Therefore, given these findings using such comprehensive programs by education authorities at the schools is recommended.

The present study aimed to examine and compare perceived parenting styles with intimacy and forgiveness in university students. 

 Methods and Materials:

 The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population consisted of university students, from which 400 students were selected using a cluster random sampling method. The tools used in this study were the Parenting Styles Questionnaire, Miller Social Intimacy Scale, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Results from correlation and stepwise regression tests showed a significant relationship between students' intimacy and their parents' authoritative parenting style.  

The results indicated that none of the parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful—had a significant relationship with students' forgiveness.  

Therefore, considering the findings of this research, which showed that the perceived authoritative parenting style significantly contributes to the development of intimacy, it is recommended that parents adopt democratic and authoritative parenting styles, considering their children's perceptions and understanding, to foster positive personality traits such as intimacy in their children.