gender

This study examines the relationship between helicopter parenting and adolescents’ basic psychological needs and prosocial behaviors, with gender as a moderating factor. 

This descriptive-correlational study targeted all ninth-, tenth-, and eleventh-grade students in the 2nd district of Gorgan city in 2023. A sample of 320 participants was selected using convenience sampling, determined by Morgan’s table. Data were collected with the Helicopter Parenting Questionnaire (Pistella et al., 2020), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (LaGuardia et al., 2000), and Prosocial Behaviors Scale (Penner, 2002). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was employed to analyze the data. 

Results indicated that helicopter parenting significantly predicts basic psychological needs and prosocial behaviors (p < 0.05). The adjusted coefficient of determination revealed that helicopter parenting accounted for 23% of the variance in basic psychological needs and 30% in prosocial behaviors. Additionally, gender moderated the relationship between helicopter parenting and both basic psychological needs and prosocial behaviors, with stronger effects observed among girls. 

These findings suggest that helicopter parenting and gender play significant roles in shaping adolescents’ basic psychological needs and prosocial behaviors, particularly among girls, offering insights for tailored interventions.

Extensive research has explored the factors influencing bystander responses to cyberbullying, yet the relationship between the gender of the cyberbully, cybervictim, and bystander and its impact on bystander intervention remains inconclusive. This study aimed to examine the interactive effects of the gender of the cyberbully, cybervictim, and bystander on the bystander’s helping intention and tendency to blame the victim. 

This study employed an experimental design, manipulating the gender of the cyberbully, cybervictim, and bystander within a simulated cyberbullying scenario. Participants were college students from Tehran and Hormozghan Universities during the second semester of 2003–2004. A sample of 601 students was recruited via an online advertisement on social media. Participants completed post-test measures, including scales for bystander helping intention and victim blaming, through an online survey platform. Data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 27, with a significance level of 0.05. 

The findings revealed a nuanced and dynamic relationship between gender and both victim blaming and bystander helping intention. Notably, female victims received higher blame attribution, while male victims were associated with lower bystander intentions to help (p < 0.05). 

The study highlights the importance of accounting for gender-related complexities when designing prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of cyberbullying.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between Mathematical Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation with emphasis on the role of gender in students. The research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population included all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran province in the academic year 1398-1399. 300 participants were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Instruments included self-made Mathematical Self-efficacy Questionnaire and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) (Vallerand et.al, 1992). The results showed that all four components of The self-made Questionnaire were positively correlated with the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation components in Vallerand Questionnaire and negatively correlated with Amotivation at the %1 level. The results of fisher test showed that gender significantly moderated the relationship between the components of Mathematical Self-Efficacy and Mathematical Self-Efficacy Stress and Extrinsic Academic Motivation. The type of academic discipline significantly modulated the link between the components of Mathematical Stress, General Mathematical Self-Efficacy, and Mathematical Anxiety with Extrinsic Academic Motivation

The present study aimed to investigate the accuracy, bias, and severity of gender-related facial emotion recognition among normal adolescent girls. The research design was an analytical cross-sectional study. The statistical population of the present study was adolescent girls from the high schools of Lahijan city in the academic year 1402-1403, and the sample size was 243 people who were selected from public school students using the available sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research tool was the emotion recognition/perception test designed using the NimStim Set of Facial Expressions (2009). The data were analyzed using the student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square, and chi-square goodness of fit tests. The results showed that adolescent girls had greater accuracy in recognizing women's facial emotions and showed more errors when recognizing men's emotions. In addition, happiness and disgust were recognized more accurately (with less errors) in men, same as sadness, fear, and anger in women. Adolescent girls also showed bias when recognizing facial emotions in men and women. This bias was associated with a greater selection of disgust in men's faces and a more selection of surprise and fear in women's faces. Finally, adolescent girls perceived facial emotions in women more intensely than in men. In addition, adolescent girls perceived happiness, sadness, and disgust in men more intensely, and fear and anger in women more intensely. Therefore, the gender of the emotion expressers affects the perception and recognition of facial emotions in adolescent girls.

The present study aimed to investigate the interplay between gender and personality types in shaping the tendency to study physical education at university. A descriptive survey methodology was employed for this study. The sample comprised 382 candidates (238 males and 144 females) aspiring to study physical education, selected through random sampling across various examination centres. The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator (MBTI) and a bespoke physical education questionnaire were utilised to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts, and the reliability was determined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. The findings indicated that the interactive effect of gender and personality on the proclivity of candidates for physical education was statistically not significant (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed between male and female candidates in their inclination towards physical education (P>0.05), although a notable variation was found among different personality types (P>0.05). The variance in the propensity for physical education across various personality types highlights the pivotal role of personality in this regard. It is therefore advisable to consider students' personality traits in academic advising and during the selection process for physical education programmes.

Sexual satisfaction plays a crucial role in individuals' overall well-being, particularly concerning marital issues and divorce. Among the most significant factors influencing this aspect are body image concerns, self-esteem, and gender. This study investigated the simultaneous relationships among these variables within a structural model.

The research design of this study was correlational in nature. The target population comprised all married students attending universities in Tehran. The desired sample consisted of 200 individuals who were selected through convenience sampling and responded to the questionnaire items. To measure the research variables, we utilized the Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQQ), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI).

The results of the data analysis indicate that the proposed model demonstrates a satisfactory fit following the removal of a non-significant path. The fit indices of the model indicated a good fit, with the following values: AGFI, NNFI, CFI, GFI, and NFI all exceeding 0.9. Therefore, the results of the path analysis revealed that self-esteem mediates the relationship between sexual satisfaction and body image concerns (p < 0.01).

Body image concerns significantly influence sexual satisfaction. However, in this context, it is essential to thoroughly consider the significant and influential role of individuals' self-esteem. As demonstrated by the modeling results in this study, there is a correlation between sexual satisfaction and body image concerns. However, when considering the role of self-esteem in this relationship, it becomes clear that body image concerns only contribute to a decrease in sexual satisfaction by affecting individuals' self-esteem.

Internet addiction is a growing concern among adolescents, with potential negative consequences for academic performance, social development, and mental health.. The present study was conducted to investigating the relationship between conflict with parents and Internet addiction with the moderating role of coping styles and gender.

The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all male and female students of the first and second secondary level in Kashan city in the academic year 2021-2022, of which 400 people were selected by available sampling method. Participants responded to Internet Addiction Questionnaires of Young (1996), Straus Conflict Strategies (1979), and Amir Khan's Coping Strategy Index (1990).

The results of data analysis using the hierarchical regression method showed that conflict with parents directly predicts Internet addiction. The moderating role of coping styles was confirmed for all three styles of social support, problem solving and avoidance. But regarding the moderating role of gender variable, the results showed that there is no significant difference between conflict with parents and excessive use of the Internet among adolescent boys and girls.

According to the above results, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate programs to familiarize parents and children with generational differences, the type of constructive interaction with each other, and to create and maintain a positive relationship among family members.

The present study was conducted to determine the comparison of happiness and character strengths based on gender and gender role attitudes. This research was descriptive and comparative. The statistical population of all students of Tehran city was considered in 2021. The sample size in this study was 600 people (296 women) and (304 men). Sampling was done by cluster random method. Data collection using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ; Argyle, 1989), The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS; Peterson and Seligman, 2004), and Attitude Toward Gender Role Questionnaire (ATGRQ; Kiani et al., 1387) was done. Data analysis was done using multivariate analysis of variance. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between gender and happiness, as well as between gender and happiness subscales (P<0.05); Also, the results showed that there was no significant difference between gender and the total score of character strengths and character virtues (P<0.05). Other results showed that there was a significant difference between gender attitudes (traditional/egalitarian) and happiness score (P<0.05); In fact, the happiness score of traditional people was significantly higher than egalitarian people. However, there was no significant difference between the two gender attitudes (traditional/ egalitarian) in the field of character strengths and character virtues (P<0.05). Therefore, we can conclude that gender does not affect happiness and character strengths; But the traditional gender attitude can lead to more happiness.

Obsessional symptoms, as a major concern in adolescent mental health, are influenced by early maladaptive schemas. However, the distinction in this mechanism between boys and girls has not been clearly defined. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the connection between early maladaptive schemas and dimensions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adolescents, considering the moderating effect of gender.

Based on a correlational design, 300 men and women students studying in Isfahan City in 2022-2023 were selected using random cluster sampling. They were administered the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form and the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation, Fisher's Z, and multiple regression statistical tests with SPSS-26 software.

The results of the correlation test showed that there is a relationship between the early maladaptive schemas and the dimensions of obsessive symptoms in adolescents. Additionally, the results of Fisher's Z test indicated that gender can moderate the relationship between the early maladaptive schemas and dimensions of obsessive symptoms. The results of the regression analysis also revealed that the early maladaptive schemas play a more significant role in explaining the overall obsession score of boys adolescents compared to girls adolescents. Moreover, the vulnerability schema in boys adolescents emerged as the most reliable predictor of the total obsession score, whereas in girls adolescents, the dependency schemas domain was the key predictor.

In general, the results of this research not only support the role of schemas in obsessive-compulsive symptoms among adolescents but also demonstrate the moderating influence of gender on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and the dimensions of adolescent obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These findings can assist therapists specializing in obsession treatment by tailoring treatment approaches to address specific dimensions of obsessions and compulsions in girls and boys, thereby enhancing therapeutic outcomes.

This study set out to predict the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children based on character traits and irritability of mothers according to gender roles. The present study had a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all mothers of elementary school students with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Districts 5 and 7 of Tehran in the 2019-2020 school year. The sample was drawn using the purposive sampling method (N= 230). The research instruments included the Temperament & Character Inventory (Cloninger, 1994), Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (1999) and The EAS Temperament Questionnaire (Buss & Plomin, 1984). Descriptive statistics as well as multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Data analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between character traits and irritability of mothers with symptoms of ADHD in children (β= 0.56, P≤0.001). The results also demonstrated that gender in interaction with mothers' character traits and irritability could not predict the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity in children (β= 0.052, P≤0.001). Based on the results, it can be concluded that some of the personality and character traits of mothers underlie the symptoms of ADHD in children. Therefore, paying attention to the personality characteristics of parents can prove helpful in the treatment of children with ADHD symptoms.