life expectancy

The present study aimed to predict marital satisfaction and life expectancy based on psychological hardiness and forgiveness tendencies. In a correlational design, 100 couples were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling from married individuals in Tehran. Data were collected using the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS), Snyder Hope Scale (SHS), Ahvaz Hardiness Inventory (AHI), and Heartland Forgiveness Scale(HFS). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between psychological hardiness and forgiveness with life expectancy (P < 0.01). However, the relationship between psychological hardiness and marital satisfaction was not significant (P > 0.05). Regression analysis indicated that marital satisfaction was predictable only based on forgiveness (β = 0.39), while life expectancy was predictable based on psychological hardiness (β = 0.31) and forgiveness (β = 0.30). It appears that couples' levels of commitment, control, and challenge-seeking, along with their tendency to forgive themselves and others, can significantly enhance life expectancy and marital satisfaction. The findings of this study can be utilized by couples therapists.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of meaning therapy approach on life expectancy.

This research determined the effect size of the meaning therapy approach by using the meta-analysis technique and by integrating the results of different research. The statistical population included all the articles in the field of the effectiveness of the meaning therapy approach on life expectancy, which were 15, and a total of 12 methodologically acceptable studies were selected and meta-analysis was performed on them. The sources of data search included the scientific information database, the Noor specialized journals database, the Iran Journals Information Bank, and the comprehensive humanities portal. Data analysis and effect size calculation were done using CMA3 software and g-index.

The results of this meta-analysis showed that the effect of meaning therapy approach on life expectancy is (1.76) (P<0.001), which is evaluated as a large effect size according to Cohen's table.

It seems that the meaning therapy approach can be used as a suitable method to improve life expectancy in medical and educational centers.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the causal relationship between perceived stress and sense of coherence with Corona anxiety with the mediating role of life expectancy in nurses in Ahvaz hospitals. The statistical population of this research included all the nurses of the public hospitals of Ahvaz city. Considering that the research method was path analysis, the number of sample people  is 30-50 for each variable, and in this research, 200 people were selected from the mentioned community, and available sampling method was used to select them; And the questionnaires were distributed among the nurses. The research design was correlational. The tools used in this research included: Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (2019), Cohen et al.'s Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983), Antonovski's Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (1987), and Schneider's Life Expectancy Questionnaire (1991). Structural equation method and Spss and Amos software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant effect between perceived stress, sense of coherence and anxiety of corona disease with the mediating role of life expectancy in the nurses of Ahvaz hospitals for all direct and indirect relationships

Adolescence is an important period of human development that is associated with neurological, hormonal, physiological and social changes. During this period, teenagers cope with many stressful factors. Self-injurious behaviors appear in different ways. He has divided self-injurious behaviors into three categories: 1. severe self-injurious behaviors that are observed in mental patients and because of which a person causes serious damage to his own body tissue, such as cutting off a limb from the body. 2- Stereotyped (involuntary) self-harming behaviors that are observed in mentally retarded people with autism or Tourette syndrome. In such a situation, the person involuntarily and repeatedly hits himself (such as banging his head against the wall). 3- Self-harm behaviors are the most common type and are done under the influence of fashion or other factors, such as scratching and cutting the skin, picking wounds, nail-biting, cosmetic surgery, and skin carving. One of the most common problems among teenagers today is self-injurious behavior, which is found to a large extent in all cultures. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on the coefficient of difficulty, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-harm.
 

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the second secondary level of Bushehr 2019-2020 academic year who had a history of self-injury. And the sample size includes 40 people; 20 people were randomly placed and selected in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group. The experimental group underwent dialectical behavior therapy intervention, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools were the self-injurious behavior questionnaire (Sanson et al., 1998), response to difficulty profile (Stoltz, 1997), Miller Hope Scale (1986) and emotional processing questionnaire (Baker et al., 2010).
 

The results showed that the intervention has increased the difficulty coefficient, life expectancy, and reduced maladaptive emotional processing in adolescents (p<0.05). Also, the research findings indicated that dialectical behavior therapy is an effective method in emotional processing (p<0.001). It shows the results of the univariate analysis of covariance to investigate the effect of the independent variable on each of the dependent variables. The F value obtained for all dependent variables is significant at the P<0.05 level. Therefore, it can be said that dialectical behavior therapy influences emotional processing variables, difficulty coefficient and life expectancy.
 

According to the results of the research, this intervention can be used to improve the difficulty factor, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-injury, along with other therapeutic interventions. Also, the focus of dialectical behavior therapy on mindfulness, which is done to observe and describe events non-judgmentally, and awareness and alertness focused on the present moment, leads to the natural development of distress tolerance, and the person learns to deal with emotions without evaluating and trying to change or control them and without arousal. Or experience distress and thereby learn the skill of coping with adverse events, which leads to an increase in the level of difficulty in facing adverse and stimulating life events. Dialectical behavior therapy, by providing a platform for adolescents to participate in educational groups, attempts to bring the individual to a kind of synthesis through the confrontation of thesis and antithesis. Therefore, by participating in dialectical behavior therapy sessions, adolescents learn to observe the natural cycle of their emotions and clearly see their ups and downs as new emotions replace previous ones. On the other hand, the adolescent learns that he is able to tolerate his intense emotions without avoidance or resistance. Finally, in the skill of facing emotions, if the adolescent wants to get rid of the emotion he is experiencing or wants to turn his emotion into action (for example, to engage in self-injurious behavior), he experiences facing his emotion by learning the skill of staying with the emotion. In fact, by learning the concept of emotion, the individual realizes that initial discomfort in facing life's adversities is a natural human characteristic, and this inevitable process should not be considered a sign of incompetence or weakness of oneself or others. Also, the focus of dialectical behavior therapy on mindfulness, which is done in order to observe and describe events non-judgmentally and to be aware and alert in the present moment, leads to the natural development of distress tolerance, and the individual learns to experience emotions without evaluating them, trying to change or control them, and without arousal or distress. In this way, the individual learns the skill of coping with adverse events, which leads to an increase in the difficulty factor in facing adverse and arousing life events.

Successful intelligence training can contribute to a healthier lifestyle by fostering lifelong cognitive and emotional skills. Therefore, this research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of successful intelligence training on the happiness and life expectancy of students. The study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population includes all female students in the third grade of elementary school in the 4th district of Isfahan city in the academic year of 2023-2024. 30 people were selected as a sample through available sampling and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics methods (frequency, percentage, graph and average) were used to describe and classify the information, Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires, and multivariate covariance analysis was used to test the research hypotheses. The findings showed successful intelligence training has an effect on the happiness and life expectancy of female students in the third grade of elementary school in district 4 of Isfahan city (p<0.001). Successful intelligence training has an effect on the happiness of students (p<0.001). Successful intelligence training has an effect on the life expectancy of students (p<0.001).

This research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of educational meaningfulness training packages with academic vitality training on the life expectancy of Isfahan University students in the academic year 1401-1402. The research method was semi-experimental in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. In this study, 45 students of Isfahan University were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group) through available sampling based on the entry criteria. Then, the educational package group based on educational significance for students underwent 11 sessions of 90 minutes the educational vitality training package group underwent 12 sessions of 70 minutes, and the control group did not receive any treatment. All three groups were evaluated with a life expectancy questionnaire before, after, and three months after the intervention. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. The results show a significant difference in life expectancy between the two groups of meaningful academic training the group of academic vitality training and the control group. There is no significant difference in life expectancy between the control group and academic vitality training; However, the results showed that educational meaningfulness education is more effective. Therefore, only the educational meaningfulness education method has been effective on life expectancy and agentive thinking, and the academic vitality education method has not significantly affected life expectancy and agentive thinking.

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of treatment based on death thoughts on quality of life, life expectancy, and depression in prisoners.

The research method is quasi-experimental, using a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population studied in this research was male prisoners in counseling unit 3 of the central prison of Mashhad (825 people). Among them, 24 people who met the entry criteria were selected as the research sample and randomly assigned (12 people in the experimental group and 12 people in the control group) and at the end of the intervention, 24 people were analyzed. To collect data, the quality of life questionnaire (short form of World Health Organization, 1998), the Beck depression questionnaire (1996), and Schneider's life expectancy scale (1991) were used as research tools. Both experimental and control groups completed the mentioned questionnaires as a pre-test and then the experimental group was treated with the provided intervention model for 15 sessions, but the control group did not receive the intervention model during the research period. Then both groups completed the research questionnaires as a post-test and finally, the research data were analyzed using univariate covariance analysis and multivariate variance analysis and using SPSS-21 software.

It showed that death thoughts lead to improved quality of life, increased life expectancy and reduced depression in prisoners.

This study examined the relationship of goodness and life expectancy and happiness of one Sari region's education staff. The present study is descriptive in nature and in terms of correlation.

The statistical population of this study consisted of all men and women employed in the Sari area of 180. The sample was determined by 118 people based on the Karaji and Morgan table, which were selected by the gender of 31 women and 87 men. The content validity of the questionnaires was also approved by professors and experts of the University Psychology Department, and their reliability was more than 0.7 using Cronbach's alpha method. In a descriptive sector of transcription tables and charts; Central and Distribution Indicators including average, standard deviation, standard error of mean, variance, zebra and tensile and in the inferential sector of normal testing tests (Colmogorov Smirnov; Shapiro Wilk), Parametric Test of Pearson Correlation, Homaging Test (Leon), T -test of independent groups was used.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between goodness and the happiness of the region's education staff.

Happiness facilitates social relations, boosts political-social participation, provides maintaining emotional, mental, physical, and hopeful health. Happiness of a society is a good indicator of the distribution of economic resources and its environmental and political conditions.

This research has been implemented with the aim of comparing metacognitive skills and life expectancy of parents of normal children and deaf children. In order to reach the above goal, parents of deaf elementary school students were selected using available sampling method (number of 34 people) and normal subjects were selected by random sampling method (number of 49 people) to answer the research questionnaires. became The current research is a descriptive research of causal-comparative type. The research tool is spiritual and spiritual metacognitive skills questionnaires of Pour (2004) and the life expectancy questionnaire of Ashnaider et al. (1991). The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the t-test for independent and paired groups. The results showed that the life expectancy of parents of normal children is higher than that of deaf children, among the dimensions of metacognitive skills, only the planning of parents of normal children and deaf children has a significant difference, and there is a significant difference between the factor dimension of parents of normal children and deaf children. There is also a significant difference between the strategic dimension of parents of normal children and deaf children. Keywords: metacognitive skills, life expectancy, parents of normal children, parents of deaf children.

Few studies have investigated how positive psychology can be applied for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of positive psychological intervention on self-efficacy, resilience and life expectancy mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. The semi-experimental research method was a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. A sample of 20 mothers of children with intellectual disabilities were selected in a purposeful way and assigned to two experimental and control groups (10 people each group). The required information was collected through three questionnaires: Sherer General self-efficacy, Hope Schneider et al., and Connor and Davidson's resilience questionnaire. Participants were evaluated before the intervention, then positive psychological intervention was implemented for the experimental group in 6 sessions, and re-evaluated in the post-test and follow-up stage. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The Results showed that positive psychological intervention improved self-efficacy, resilience and life expectancy in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, it is suggested to use this intervention to improve self-efficacy, resilience and life expectancy in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional therapy on life expectancy and self-efficacy in depressed women with suicidal thoughts. The method of the present research was an experimental object and of the pre-test and post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female clients with depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts who were referred to two counseling centers in Arak City in the fall and winter of 2022, and 30 of these people were selected by convenience sampling and by simple random sampling in two The experimental group (15 people) and the control group (15 people) were placed. Participants responded to Snyder et al.'s life expectancy scale (1991), Scherer et al.'s (1982) self-efficacy questionnaire, and Beck's suicidal ideation scale, and the experimental group underwent emotion-oriented intervention in 8 60-minute sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate covariance analysis using SPSS-26 software.  The results showed that emotional therapy increased life expectancy (path and agency) and self-efficacy in the participants in the post-test phase (p<0.05).  Therefore, this treatment method can be used in the treatment of depression symptoms and its effects such as reduced life expectancy and self-efficacy.

Chemotherapy, as one of the common treatments for breast cancer, is associated with many side effects including pain, which negatively affects the physical and psychological health of patients. Some studies have shown that mindfulness-based interventions can lead to a reduction in cancer patient’s pain and life expectancy. However, some studies reported conflicting results.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness integrated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MiCBT) on the pain and life expectancy of women with breast cancer during chemotherapy.

The current research design was a semi-experimental pre and post test with a control group ans a one-month follow-up. For this purpose, 28 breast cancer patients aged 19-70 in 2022 were purposefully selected from medical centers in Shiraz city and randomly assigned to two groups of intervention and control (14 patients for each group). The intervention group received six-week sessions (90 minutes) of MiCBT group therapy (Cayoun et al., 2018), while the control group used the common chemotherapy method. Both groups were evaluated using a Brief Pain Inventory (Cleeland, 1991) and Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991). In addition, multivariate analysis, variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc was used to analyze the data with SPSS26 software.

The intervention group had significantly lower pain scores (F(1,25)= 72312, p< 0.01, η2= 0.73) and higher life expectancy scores (F(1,25)= 9.62, p< 0.01, η2= 0.72) in the post-test. In addition, the differences remained significant in follow-up (p< 0.05).

Based on the findings, MiCBT moderated pain and life expectancy of breast cancer patients. Further studies are required to assess the efficacy of the MiCBT intervention in larger randomized trials.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group logotherapy training on life expectancy in colon cancer patients. 

This research followed a semi-experimental design, employing a pre-test-post-test and follow-up approach with both control and experimental groups. The statistical population comprised all cancer patients who sought diagnosis and treatment in cancer centers in Tehran in 2022. The study sample consisted of 30 patients with colon cancer, randomly assigned to experimental and control groups of 15 individuals each through available random sampling. Both groups completed Schneider et al.'s (1991) life expectancy questionnaire before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS22 software. 

Covariance analysis revealed a significant effect of group logotherapy on life expectancy in colon cancer patients in Tehran (p < 0.05). 

The findings suggest that group logotherapy increases life expectancy in colon cancer patients. Therefore, group logotherapy holds promise as an intervention for enhancing the well-being of cancer patients, warranting further research in this area.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of life therapy on life satisfaction, life expectancy and quality of life in infertile women. The statistical population of the research included all infertile women who referred to the specialized gynecology and obstetrics clinic in Sari city in 1401 with the number of 37 people. For sample selection, 30 people who have been diagnosed with infertility were selected by non-random sampling method and randomly placed in two groups of 15 people, control and experimental. Then both groups were given the questionnaires of enthusiasm for life, life expectancy and quality of life in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The data was analyzed using mixed variance analysis by SPSS software. The findings showed that life therapy in infertile women was better for the variables of passion for life (p=0.000, F=20.045), hope for Life (p=0.000, F=31.190) and quality of life (F=12.556, p=0.001) were effective, so it can be concluded that life therapy increases passion for life, hope for life. And the quality of life affects infertile women.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented group counseling and Lyubomirsky's happiness education on life expectancy in adolescents with a history of suicide. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up period of two months period. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male students in the first and second year of high school in the 20th district of Tehran in the academic year of 2022-2023 who had a history of suicide attempts and were referred to the education counseling center. 45 people were selected purposefully and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The tool of research was Miller's Life Expectancy Questionnaire (MHS, 1988). The intervention of emotion-oriented group counseling and Lyubomirski's happiness training was implemented in 8 sessions of 120 minutes twice a week as a group for the first and second experimental groups. The data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in the post-test and follow-up of life expectancy (P<0.05) and Lyubomirski's happiness education significantly affects the life expectancy of adolescents with a history of Suicide was more effective and a significant difference was observed between the two treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant difference between Lyubomirski's happiness training and emotion-oriented group counseling.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Workplace Climate and life expectancy with job adjustment with mediating role of the need for achievement of Bonab Steel Complex employees. 

This study was a descriptive-correlational type. The statistical population of the research was the employees of Benab Steel Company. 284 employees were selected by simple random sampling method as the research sample. The instruments included service environment, job adaptation, life expectancy, and need for achievement questionnaires, which were validated by academic experts and reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha test. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling were used using Lisrel and SPSS statistical softwares. 

Quantitative findings from testing the research hypotheses showed that there are positive and significant relationships of workplace climate and life expectancy with job adjustment of employees. The results showed that the need for achievement play a mediating role in the relationship of workplace climate and life expectancy with job adjustment. 

The managers of the work units evaluate them and provide their performance feedback due to the complete supervision they have over their employees. The existence of a friendly atmosphere among employees and the use of flexible organizational hierarchies makes employees respect the organizational rules, and this procedure creates a strong work culture in the company.

The study aimed to examine the role of religious commitment and life expectancy in predicting post-traumatic growth in patients with types of cancer. This research was a descriptive-analytic study. The statistical population consisted of all patients with all types of cancer referred to hospitals of Imam Khomeini and Shariati, District 6, Imam Hossein (PBUH), District 7, and Super Speciality Clinic of Women's Breast Disease of Jahad Daneshgahi, District 11, Tehran, 2020. The research sample consisted of 219 people with cancer who were selected by purposive sampling. The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) by Tedeschi & Calhoun (1996), the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (LEQ) by Snyder & et al. (1991), and the Religious Commitment Questionnaire (RCI) by Worthington & et al. (2003) were used to collect data. Pearson correlation and concurrent regression analysis were used to analyze data. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between religious commitment and life expectancy with post-trauma growth, and religious commitment and life expectancy can predict post-trauma growth by 6.7% (p<0.005). According to findings, religious commitment and life expectancy play a role in predicting post-traumatic growth in patients with different types of cancer.

Cancer in adolescence can have a long-term impact on the physical, mental and social life of people in adulthood. As a result, the present research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of health promoting lifestyle education on distress tolerance and life expectancy in adolescences with cancer.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design along with the control group. The research population was adolescences with cancer that referred to the Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Babol city in the winter season of 2022 year. The research sample was 30 people who were selected by the purposive sampling method, after checking the inclusion criteria and were replaced with the lottery in two equal groups, randomly. The experimental group was educated 8 sessions of 90 minute with the health promoting lifestyle method and during this period the control group was not trained. The research tools were included the demographic information form, Simmons and Gaher distress tolerance scale (2005) and Snyder et al life expectancy scale (1991). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-19 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The findings showed that 8 sessions of health promoting lifestyle education increased distress tolerance and life expectancy in adolescences with cancer (P<0.001).

The results of this study indicated the effectiveness of health promoting lifestyle education on increasing distress tolerance and life expectancy in adolescences with cancer. As a result, counselors and psychologists can use the mentioned method to improve the psychological characteristics of different groups, especially adolescences with cancer.

 The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of Zekr therapy in Islam with mindfulness therapy on anxiety and life expectancy of mothers with mentally disabled children in Meybod city. 

 The design of the present research was applied in terms of its purpose and the method of conducting it was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population of the research is all mothers with mentally disabled children in Meybod city. Among the statistical population, 45 mothers with intellectually disabled children were selected in a targeted and available manner and randomly divided into three groups in the form of two groups of 15 experimental people (30 people) and control group (15 people). Beck's anxiety questionnaire was used to collect and measure mothers' anxiety, and mothers' life expectancy was measured with Snyder et al.'s questionnaire. Then exercise protocols (remembering therapy and mindfulness) were implemented. To answer the research hypotheses, the covariance tests were performed at the five percent error level using SPSS software version 26. 

 The results of covariance analysis for mindfulness treatment showed that 62.2% of life expectancy scores of mothers with intellectually disabled children are explained. Also, 55.6% of the anxiety scores of mothers with mentally retarded children are explained based on the mindfulness model. Also, 59.9% of Zekr therapy protocol scores are explained on the variable of life expectancy of mothers with mentally retarded children. Finally, according to the eta squared value (0.746), 74.6% of the scores of the Zekr therapy protocol are explained on the variable of anxiety of mothers with mentally retarded children. From the analysis of Shefe's follow-up test, it can be concluded that the mean of anxiety in the dhikr therapy and mindfulness group has decreased significantly compared to the control group, but the two experimental groups have no significant difference from each other (α=0.05). It can also be concluded that the average life expectancy in the Zekr therapy and mindfulness group has decreased significantly compared to the control group, but the two experimental groups have no significant difference from each other (α=0.05). 

 The obtained results indicated that both the mentioned treatment courses were equally effective in reducing anxiety and increasing the life expectancy of mothers with mentally disabled children.