social well-being

Abstract
The present study aimed to predict social well-being and sense of social security based on perceived parenting styles in children of remarriage and to compare it with a normal group. The research method was predictive-comparative. The statistical population included all female high school students in the 10th, 11th, and 12th grades in Shahreza County during the 2022-2023 academic year. The sample consisted of 106 students, with 53 students from “remarried families” and 53 from the “normal group,” selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. To collect data, the following questionnaires were used: the Social Well-Being Scale by Keyes, the Social Security Scale by Gilbert et al., and the Perceived Parenting Styles Questionnaire by Baumrind. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software through descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis). The results showed that perceived parenting styles in children of remarriage and normal children have a significant relationship with the variable of social well-being, but no significant difference was found between the two groups. Additionally, perceived parenting styles in children of remarriage and normal children do not have a significant relationship with the variable of social security, and there is no significant difference between the two groups. More clearly, the style of parenting is not related to remarriage or normal family structures, and both children from remarried families and normal families have similar levels of social well-being and social security in their homes and communities. Furthermore, perceived parenting styles play a role in predicting social well-being (p < 0.001) but do not play a role in predicting social security (p > 0.136). The findings of this study can serve as a basis for designing educational and therapeutic programs aimed at couples who have remarried, which can help strengthen social well-being and sense of social security in their children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of school climate on students' social well-being with the mediating role of social capital. The research method was descriptive-correlational based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all vocational high school students in Hirmand city (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) in 2021-2022 academic year (N= 622). A number of 238 students were selected through random stratified sampling method (by gender) and were given the Social Capital Questionnaire for ‎ Adolescent Students (Paiva et al., 2014), School Climate Measure–Student (Lee et al., 2017) and Well-being Social Inventory (Keyes, 1998).The  Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data using SPSS and SmartPLS software. Correlation coefficient results showed a positive, significant relationship between school climate, social well-being and students’ social capital. The results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that the direct effect of school climate on students' social well-being was positive and significant. Moreover, the indirect impact of school climate on students' social well-being through the mediation of social capital was positive and significant. Hence, it can be concluded that improving the school climate not only directly boosts students’ social well-being but also enhances their social well-being by increasing students’ social capital.

The current study aimed to investigate the canonical correlation between personality traits and social well-being among university students. This research is descriptive-correlational and uses canonical correlation analysis. The statistical population consisted of undergraduate students in one of the higher education institutions in Mashhad. A sample of 200 students was selected using convenience sampling and completed the online questionnaires. Data were collected using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the Social Well-being Scale-short form (SWS-SF). Pearson's correlation coefficient and canonical correlation were used for data analysis. The results showed that the correlation between personality traits and social well-being was r= 0.67. The squared correlation was R2=0.45 and showed that knowing the personality traits could predict 45% of the changes in social well-being. The results of this study confirm the fact that social well-being is influenced by personality traits; therefore, to interpret the perception of social well-being it is necessary to pay attention to people's personality traits.

The social well-being of social media users is one of the important issues in which there is a need to investigate the role of psychological factors. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the need for online social feedback and social health and consider the mediating role of basic public needs in social network users.  

The research method was descriptive and correlational. According to Kline's (2011) sample size determination method, 380 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. Data collection tools included the Internet Social Feedback Need Scale (NfOSF; Doradooni et al, 2023), Keyes and Shapiro's (2004) social well-being Scale, and the General Basic Needs Satisfaction Scale (BNSG-S; Genieh, 2003). The data were analyzed using the structural equation model method.

The results showed a significant and positive correlation between all variables (p<0.01). Based on the results, the need for social feedback in social networks is 46% directly (p=0.001, β=-0.46) and 32% indirectly (p=0.001, β=-0.32) β) explains the variance of social well-being. Also, the need for social feedback in social networks is 62% (p=0.001, β=0.62) of the variance of satisfaction of basic public needs and satisfaction of basic public needs explains 52% (p=0.001, β=0.52) of the variance of social well-being.

The need for social feedback in social networks is related to the lack of satisfaction with basic public needs. The need for online social feedback and failure to satisfy basic public needs predict low social well-being in social network users.

Retirement is a challenging and unavoidable step in the working life of people, which is associated with adverse consequences for their mental health and well-being. Social well-being is one of the dimensions of well-being that can be affected by retirement. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological capital in the relationship between the meaning of life and social well-being in middle-aged retirees.

The present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of all middle-aged retirees who are members of the Education Retirees Association and the Khorasan Razavi Social Security Retired Workers Association. A sample of 382 people was selected from the study population. Research data were collected using questionnaires of social well-being, meaning of life and psychological capital. SPSS and Lisrel software were used to analyze and obtain descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and path analysis.

The findings of the study indicated that the meaning of life directly affects social well-being. Also, the meaning of life indirectly by mediating hope and optimism affects the social well-being of retired middle-aged people.

According to the findings of the study, the meaning of life, hope, and optimism as positive psychological strengths playing role in increasing the social well-being of retired middle-aged people. Results of the study help to identify the factors which play role in increasing social well-being and the results can be useful in increasing the social well-being of this group of people.

The purpose of the present study was to predict post-traumatic growth based on spiritual and social well-being in women affected by extramarital relationships. The current research method was descriptive-correlation type. The research population included all women who referred to Shahriar health assessment centers, of which 282 women who met the criteria for entering the research were selected by purposive sampling; Then they were evaluated by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996) post-traumatic growth questionnaire, Palotzin and Ellison (1982) spiritual well-being questionnaire, and Keyes (1998) social well-being questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that spiritual well-being and social well-being significantly predict post-traumatic growth in women (p<0.01). The examination of the obtained multiple correlation square showed that spiritual well-being and social well-being explained 24.4% of the variance of post-traumatic growth in women affected by extramarital relationships. Also, spiritual well-being has a greater contribution in predicting post-traumatic growth of women affected by extramarital relationships. Therefore, it can be concluded that based on spiritual and social well-being, post-traumatic growth can be predicted in women affected by extramarital relationships.

Place attachment is the emotional bond that a person forms with a place. This concept influences people's life experiences in three domains: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. The aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of the length of residence on the relationship between place attachment and mental health and social well-being in women living in Tehran. This was a descriptive-correlation study and the sample consisted of 241 women living in Tehran. They were selected by the convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Safarinia's place attachment scale (2011), Besharat's mental health scale (2009), and Keys' social well-being scale (1998). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS v.20 and Smart PLS v.3 software. The results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between place attachment and mental health, as well as between place attachment and social well-being. Although there was a positive and significant relationship between the length of residence and place attachment, the length of residence did not moderate the relationship between place attachment and mental health and social well-being. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that place attachment has a significant role in enhancing women's mental health and social well-being.

Inspecting the first-year students' mental health reveals that most of them cannot adapt emotionally, and they experience mental health problems comprising irrational beliefs, emotional, motivational, communication, and social issues and learning, along with a significant failure in academic performance. Nonetheless, none of the interventions has been based on the lived experience of the students who have the most problems adapting to the university.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the educational program based on the comprehensive model of the lived experience of adjustment (CMLEA) on the academic, psychological and social well-being of maladjusted first-year students.

The present research was conducted with a quasi-experimental design of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The sample consisted of 40 freshmen who scored lower than the average in the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (Baker & Siryk, 1986). The convenience sampling method was used to select the students. Then they were assigned to two experimental and control groups. In the present research, academic well-being (Tuominen-Soini et al., 2012), social well-being (Keyes, 1998), and psychological well-being (Ryff, 1989) scales were used. After the pre-test, the experimental group received 18 one-hour sessions of university adaptation training. After two months, a follow-up study was done. The data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance method.

The results revealed that the intervention program significantly impacted students' academic, psychological and social well-being (P<0.01) so that the scores of the well-being components significantly increased in the post-test stage and remained stable in the follow-up stage.

Results from the intervention indicated that the educational program based on the CMLEA with amending students' problems in adapting to the university leads to an increase in their well-being components in the first year.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of training of emotionally focused Therapy in a group way on depression and social well-being of women affected by marital infidelity. The method of this study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study was "all women referring to counseling centers in 17th district of Tehran in2019 with problem of social well-being and depression due to infidelity".  The study sample consisted of 20 participants divided into two groups (experimental and control). Both groups completed Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I I) (1961), and Keys Social Welfare Questionnaire (1998). Subjects in the experimental group were then trained for ten sessions according to the Emotional Approach Protocol (Ranjbar, 1393). After training, both groups were re-evaluated. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance through SPSS software. The findings of the study showed that the training of emotionally focused approach significantly reduced depression (p=0/000) and increased social well-being (p=0/000) of women affected by marital infidelity. Describing primary and secondary emotions and paying attention to emotions, were reasons to reduce negative emotions and overcome stressful relationships.

School-based positive education is a new structure that its Prophetic mission is to modify and institute the positive concepts as hope, happiness, forgiveness, empathy and self-regulation via training the students in school as an appropriate setting for learning values and norms. The aim of this study was to design a school-based positive education package and its effectiveness on the social well-being levels of sixth grade elementary school boys in District One of Tehran.

Sixth grade male students in District 1 of Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The research method was quasi-experimental with unequal control group design. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 40 minutes of school-based positive education training. Subjects answered the Keys Social Well-being Questionnaire (1998) before and after training.

The results of analysis of covariance showed that social well-being scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group. Therefore, positive school-based education has a positive effect on students' social well-being (P <0.001). Also, positive school-based education increased %93 of students' social well-being changes.

Therefore, due to the effectiveness of teaching the concepts of positive school-based education on the social well-being of elementary students, adolescents are advised to use these concepts to improve well-being and interpersonal relationships.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy training on psychological, emotional and social well-being among women in the family of martyr with persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD). The statistical population of the study included all the wives, mothers and daughters of martyr who referred to the Sari martyr Affairs Foundation in 1400, from which 30 women who met the inclusion criteria were selected by random sampling method. The 15-member experimental and control groups were selected. The experimental group received 10 sessions of emotional schema therapy training and the control group did not receive any intervention. Participants were assessed with the Keyes & Magyar-Moe(2003) Mental Well-Being Scale. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS23 software. Findings showed that the intervention was effective in changing psychological, emotional and social well-being scores. Differences from post-test to follow-up were not significant (P <0.05). This means that the therapeutic effects have been stable over time. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on the psychological, emotional and social well-being of women in the family of veterans with PCBD has been effective and is stable over time.

Family is the most fundamental institution in the society which plays a basic role in producing healthy individual and consequently healthy society. It goes without saying that a proper and coherent emotional atmosphere in a family leads to the growth and self-development of individuals and makes them capable to solve problems effectively, thereby creating a coherent society. This study aims to investigate how the Social Problem-solving ability mediates between the Emotional Family Atmosphere and Social Well-being.

The Statistical population includes all students in the provincial capitals of the western provinces in Iran. The statistical sample of the study consists of 377 students from 4 cities across the country. The sampling was conducted based on a multi-stage clustered random method. Following questioners were sued to collect the data: The Emotional Family Atmosphere (Hill Bern 1964), the Social Well-Being (Keyes 2004), and the Social Problem-solving Ability (D’Zurilla, et al. 2002). The analysis of the data, based on the formation of the casual model in the Smart PLS 3.2.8 software, shows that the general model of the project matches the collected data.

The results of the validity and reliability factors in studying the external model are optimal. In the internal section of the model collinearity criteria, the amounts of t, R2, F2, and Q2 are acceptable. The results of the direct effect of the Emotional Family Atmosphere on the Efficient and Ineffective Problem-solving, the direct effect of the Efficient and the Inefficient Problem-solving on Social Well-being, and also the indirect effect of the Emotional Family Atmosphere on Social Well-being are all meaningful (P≤0/01).

The results of the analysis of the effect size and the importance-performance matrix analysis indicate that it is of fundamental importance for psychologists to discourage individuals from applying the “Inefficient Problem-Solving’’ while promoting the ‘’Emotional Family Atmosphere’’ which has a significant role on social well-being.

The present research was conducted with the aim of determine the effectiveness positive mindfulness education on marital happiness, hope and social well-being of women on the verge of divorce. This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with experimental and control groups. The research population was women on the verge of divorce referred to counseling centers in the third district of Tehran in the spring and summer of year 1400. The sample consisted of 40 people who were selected after reviewing the inclusion criteria by the available sampling method and randomly were assigned into two equal groups including experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 90 minutes two weekly sessions for one month by positive mindfulness group education and during time the control group did not receive any education. Data were collected by marital happiness questionnaire (Azrin et al, 1973), hope questionnaire (Snyder et al, 1991) and social well-being subscale in psychological well-being scale (Keyes and Magyar-Moe, 2003) and by were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance in software SPSS-22. The results showed that the positive mindfulness group education method caused a significant change in all three variables of marital happiness, hope and social well-being of women on the verge of divorce in the experimental group in compared to the control group. In the other words, the mentioned intervention method led to increase the marital happiness, hope and social well-being of women on the verge of divorce (P<0.001). According to the results of the present study, planning is necessary to use the combined method of positive mindfulness group education to improve psychological characteristics, especially increasing marital happiness, hope and social well-being.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral couple therapy on on Improving social well-being in couples with marital conflict. This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study included 160 couples with marital conflict referring to 4 counseling and psychology clinic in Tehran in 2018. The sample in this study was 32 couples with marital conflict referring to 4 counseling and psychology clinic in 2018 who were selected by cluster sampling and were divided into two experimental and control groups (16 couples for each group). Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976) and social well-being (Keyes, 1998) questionnaire were used for data collection. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used for data analysis using SPSS-22 software. The results showed that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy had a significant effect on social integration, social coherence, social contribution, Social actualization and social acceptance (P <0.001). Based on these results, it can be said that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, focusing on negative cognitions and their modification, leads to emotional and behavioral changes, which also affects their social well-being.