subjective well-being

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and has many psychological complications. Therefore, the effectiveness of integrated psychological interventions that can consider the emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal dimensions is a practical necessity.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of integrating schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on subjective well-being and body image concerns in women with breast cancer.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental method in a series of pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-ups with the control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women with breast cancer in Yazd city in 2023. The sample consisted of 30 women with breast cancer who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Two participants in the experimental group shed in the post-test phase and two members of the control group were excluded for a tie (13 in each group). The experimental group was taught the integration of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in 8 sessions of 1.5 hours. Data were collected using the Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire (Molavi et al., 2009) and the Body Image Concern Inventory (Littleton et al., 2005).

The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in mental well-being and concern about body image after receiving the integrated therapy sessions(p< 0.05). Furthermore, follow-up findings indicated sustained reductions in concern about body image and increased mental well-being in the experimental group (p< 0.05).

The integration of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy offers a promising intervention for women with breast cancer, targeting cognitive and emotional processes to improve their psychological well-being. However, further research is needed for better conclusions.

The present study aimed to determine the structural relationships between Emotion regulation style and Self-compassion and the student's mental well-being, with the mediating role of Quality The research method was descriptive correlation and structural equation modeling. This research's statistical population included the University of Tabriz students in 2023-2024 (24000 people) and the statistical sample included 378 people selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To measure the variables, the Mental Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ, Keyes& Magyar-Moe,2003), the Self-Compassion scale (SCS, Neff,2003), Emotion Regulation Styles (ERQ, Gross & John, 2003), and the Quality of Life-BREF Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization's, 1996) were used. The structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the model had a good fit. Data analysis showed that self-compassion, emotion regulation (reevaluation) and quality of life, positive and anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and emotion regulation (suppression) have a negative direct effect on mental well-being(P<0.01). Also, secure attachment, self-compassion and emotion regulation (reevaluation) positive and anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and emotion regulation (suppression) negatively have an indirect effect on mental well-being through quality of life(P<0.01). Based on these findings, it can be stated that adverse Self-compassion and emotion regulation style through the mediation of Quality of life can predict students' mental well-being.

The main aim of the research was to determine the difference in the effectiveness and durability of the effect of time perspective therapy and positive thinking training on mental well-being, functional flexibility and mental cohesion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Semi-experimental research was pre-test, post-test and follow-up stage after two months. The statistical population of all patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to the Mashhad Diabetes Prevention and Control Foundation in the summer of 2019. The data were collected using the subjective well-being scale (Keyes & Magyarmo, 2003), the functional flexibility questionnaire (Conover & Davidson, 2003) and the sense of coherence questionnaire (Antonovsky, 1987) and were analyzed with the analysis of covariance test. Out of 121 people who were selected through available sampling, 45 people were randomly selected and randomly replaced in 3 groups of 15 people. The two experimental groups of time perspective therapy and positive thinking training received 10 treatment sessions (90 minutes) and the control group did not receive any intervention. Then the post-test phase and 2 months follow-up were performed. The results showed that the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on mental well-being (p<0.01) and psychological coherence (p<0.01) was more than that of functional flexibility and the effectiveness of positive thinking training on functional flexibility (p<0.01). Also, there was a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of time perspective therapy and positive thinking training on the subjects' mental well-being, functional flexibility and psychological coherence in the follow-up phase (p<0.01).

The present study was conducted to developing a comprehensive package of educational-psychological empowerment based on the lived experience of adolescent girls in divorced families and investigating its effectiveness on their subjective well-being and emotional regulation. The research method was qualitative, phenomenological-descriptive, and the research method in the quantitative part was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The The statistical population consisted of adolescent divorced girls in the first year of high school in Rasht city in the academic year of 2022-2023. In the qualitative part, the sample consisted of 20 adolescent divorced girls were purposefully selected and subjected to semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part, in this research 27 adolescent were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (14 adolescent in the experimental and 13 adolescent in the control group). The adolescents in the experimental group received the package of educational-psychological empowerment during 10 weeks in 10 90-minute sessions. Pre-test was performed before the intervention and post-test was performed after the intervention. Two months later, the follow-up phase was carried out. The applied questionnaire in this study included Subjective Well-Being Scale (Butler, Kern, 2016) and emotional regulation Questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software. The results showed that the comprehensive package of educational-psychological empowerment has sufficient content validity according to experts. Also, this training package had an impact on the subjective well-being (P<0001) and emotional regulation (P<0001) of adolescent divorced girls. Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the comprehensive educational-psychological empowerment package focusing on self-awareness, self-efficacy, how to manage anger, taking advantage of spirituality and creating motivation can be an efficient method to improve the subjective well-being and emotional regulation of adolescent divorced girls should be used.

This study aimed to identify the state of subjective well-being and its influencing factors in first- and second-generation internal immigrant adolescent girls during two transitions (beginning and end of adolescence). The study employed descriptive and correlational methods. For this purpose, 500 immigrant female students from seventh and twelfth grades (early and late adolescence) were selected through a multi-stage random sampling method. They responded to questionnaires on their subjective well-being and cultural socialization. Results indicated that speaking the mother tongue and educational grade (with higher subjective well-being observed in seventh-grade students compared to twelfth-grade students) negatively affected subjective well-being. Based on these findings, it is necessary to provide a suitable platform for promoting socialization to enhance the subjective well-being of immigrant adolescent girls. This is particularly important for twelfth-grade students and those who mainly use their mother tongue at home.

The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness training on pain perception, cognitive function, and mental well-being in migraine patients in Tabriz. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test–post-test design and separate groups. The statistical population included all migraine patients in Tabriz during the first four months of 2024. To determine the sample, 30 participants were non-randomly selected through purposive sampling and assigned to experimental and control groups. Pain perception was measured using the Revised Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2), cognitive function was assessed using the Cognitive Ability (Performance) Questionnaire by Najati (2013), and mental well-being was evaluated using the Cantril Ladder (1965). Prior to the intervention, both groups completed pre-tests on pain perception, cognitive function, and mental well-being. The experimental group received 8 sessions of Williams' (2002) mindfulness training through an educational protocol, while the control group received no educational intervention. After the intervention, both groups completed the same post-test measures. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed that mindfulness training was effective in the subscales of pain perception, cognitive function, and mental well-being in migraine patients (p < 0.05). Based on the effectiveness of mindfulness training on pain perception, cognitive function, and mental well-being in migraine patients, it can be concluded that mindfulness training, alongside treatment of physiological components, can reduce pain perception and, through this, enhance cognitive function and mental well-being.

The purpose of this study was to compare parenting styles, marital satisfaction and mental well-being between mothers of children with and without stuttering. The research method was a causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study includes all mothers of children with and without stuttering (5 to 13 years of age) in Ardebil in 2018. The research sample consisted of 60 mothers of children with stuttering and 60 mothers of children without stuttering which were selected through convenience sampling method. To collect the data, parenting practices questionnaire, Hudson's marital satisfaction questionnaire, and subjective well-being questionnaire were used. The results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference between mothers of children with and without stuttering in mental well-being (psychological well-being, emotional well-being), marital satisfaction, and parenting styles practices. Based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that mothers of children with stuttering have fewer types of better parenting styles and marital satisfaction and ideal psychological factors than mothers of children without stuttering.

The purpose of this study was to identify the mediating role of life management strategies in the relationship between generativity-stagnation with subjective well-being in the middle age period. The research framework was correlation type and the statistical population of the research consisted of all middle-aged citizens of Kermanshah 200 individuals (127 men and 73 women) were selected by voluntary sampling method and responded to four instruments of subjective well-being (Keyes, Shmotkin & Ryff, 2002), Loyola generativity scale) McAdams & de St Aubin, 1992), stagnation scale (Bradley,1997), and life management Strategies scale (Baltes et al.,1999). For data analysis, we used path analysis. The results showed generativity- stagnation has a relationship with subjective well-being through life management strategies. those creators who use life management strategies will enjoy more subjective well-being in middle age. Also, people who experience stagnation in middle age use less management strategies, which reduces subjective well-being. As a result, considering the importance of subjective well-being in the middle-aged, psychologists can take a step towards increasing the quality of this period by relying on the two variables of generativist- stagnation and life management strategies and trying to improve and modify them in the middle-aged and performing interventions and treatments in the society

The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural relationships between anger rumination and forgiveness with subjective well-being in married women, considering the mediating role of shame and guilt.

The correlational research design model was structural equation modeling and its statistical population included all married women of Jovein County who were 356 people selected through voluntary sampling. The tools used include the Anger Rumination Scale (ARC), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS), and State Shame and Guilt Scale (SSGS). Analysis of research data was done using SPSS and AMOS software.

The results showed a direct relationship between anger rumination and forgiveness with the subjective well-being structure. Also, the rumination of anger and forgiveness was an indirect relationship with the structure of subjective well-being according to the mediation of shame and guilt (except for the mediation role of guilt and shame on life satisfaction). The fit of the structural model after modification was confirmed.

Based on the findings of the present study, it can be said that the rumination of anger, forgiveness, shame, and guilt have an effect on the subjective well-being of married women and it is important to consider it in planning to increase well-being or related treatment programs.

Subjective well-being is a person's assessment of the life process, which includes the person's view and attitude toward life satisfaction. Therefore, Subjective well-being is an important factor in providing physical-psychological health and increasing life expectancy. The purpose of this research was to investigate the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between persolanity strength and subjective well-being.

The research method is correlational through structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of the research was all the teachers working in the 12th district schools of Tehran in 2021, of which 234 were selected through a convenient sampling method. Instruments included Active Values Questionnaire, Subjective Wellbeing Scale, and a Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, and SPSS and AMOS softwares. 

The findings showed that the direct effects of humanity, transcendence virtues, and justice on job satisfaction and The direct effects of wisdom, courage, and temperance on subjective well-being is significant. Also, the direct effect of job satisfaction on subjective well-being was significant. as well as, the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between personality strengths and subjective well-being was confirmed. 

According to the results of the present research, personality strengths training can be considered a self-awareness training program for managers and consultants working in education.

The aim of this study was to compare perceptions of effort-reward imbalance, work-life conflict and mental well-being. The research was applied in terms of purpose, descriptive and causal-comparative in nature. The statistical population of the study included all official staff and faculty members of the Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch in 2019. Through the Krejcie and Morgan table from this population, a sample of 248 people was selected. The research instruments included the Balance-Reward Effort Questionnaire (Seagrist, 2013), the Work-life conflict Questionnaire (Carlson, Kacmar & Williams, 2000) and the Mental Well-Being Questionnaire (Keyes, Magyar-Mae, 2003). The method of evaluation and analysis of data is done by Spss25 software and the data were analyzed by t-tests. The results showed that the rate of effort-reward imbalance in the faculty (p=2.381) and in the staff (p=2.385) as well as the rate of mental well-being in the faculty (p=2.866) and in the staff (p=2.860) was calculated and these results Was lower than average in both cases. The rate of work-life conflict in faculty (p=3.288) and staff (p=3.348) was estimated to be higher than the average. Also, there is no significant difference in the variables of effort-reward imbalance, work-life conflict and mental well-being between the two groups of formal staff and faculty members.

This study was conducted to predict social competence and subjective well-being based on psychological capitals with mediating role of life satisfaction in Sarpolezahab youth female.
The statistical population of the present study included all girls and women aged 18-35 years in Sarpol-e Zahab city in 1401 that included 7000 people and 364 of them were selected based on Cochran's formula. In this study, the questionnaires of social competence of Parandin (2006), Keyes and Magyarmo's subjective well-being (2003), Luthans' psychological capital (2007) and life satisfaction with Diener et al. (1985) were used.
The results showed a significant and positive correlation between all variables (p <0.05). The results showed that psychological capitals directly explained 43.10% (p=0.0001, β=0.431) and indirect 26.50% (p=0.0001, β=0.265) of social competency variance. The results also showed that psychological assets directly explained 79.70% (p=0.0001, β=0.797), and indirect 16.00% (p=0.0001, β = 0.160), of subjective well-being variance. Psychological capitals also explained 30% of life satisfaction (p=0.0001, β = 0.300), life satisfaction (p=0.501, β = 0.855), and social competence (p=0.0001, β = 0.534) of variance of subjective well-being.
In conclusions, psychological capitals directly explained the variance of social competence and subjective well-being in young girls of Sarpol-e Zahabi through life satisfaction.

The quality of sexual life as one of the components of marital life can be influenced by psychological and sexual factors such as subjective well-being and sexual self-efficacy. In addition, subjective well-being can directly and indirectly affect the quality of sexual life. The current research study aimed to investigate the mediating role of sexual self-efficacy in the relationship between subjective well-being and women’s sexual life quality. The current research method was correlational and structural equation modeling was used. The statistical population of the present study consisted of married women in Rasht in 2022. In the present study, 250 women were selected using the voluntary sampling method. They filled out the Sexual Quality of Life questionnaire, the Subjective Well-being scale, and the Sexual Self-efficacy questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using Spss and Amos software. The research findings showed that all the indicators of the model had valid fit (χ2/df = 2.46, RMSEA = 0.01, GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.97, NFI = 0.99, IFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, CFI = 0.92) and sexual self-efficacy played a mediating role in the relationship between subjective well-being and the quality of women’s sexual life (P < 0.01, β = 0.14). As the research findings supported the mediating role of sexual self-efficacy in the relationship between subjective well-being and the quality of women's sexual life, increasing the subjective well-being and sexual self-efficacy would result in the improved quality of women’s sexual life. Thus, the family functioning would improve.

The maternity process is one of the evolutionary and delightful events in women’s lives. Intended pregnancy is generally viewed as a pleasant issue for families, while unintended pregnancy is usually mentioned as an unpleasant and stressful process for the whole family, especially the mother. Unintended pregnancy refers to a pregnancy occurred without couple’s intention for having a baby. When mothers encounter with an unintended pregnancy, it can disturb her and cause psychological consequences such as depression and anxiety. Some studies have shown that there is a mutual relationship between mother’s anxiety and attachment to the fetus. That is, mothers having unintended pregnancy experience higher levels of depression and anxiety, therefore they cannot make proper bonding with their fetus. Maternal-fetal attachment is defined as a continuous, intimate, and close relationship between the mother and her fetus which is satisfactory for both of them and makes easy the mother-infant relationship after delivery. Mother’s attachment to her fetus improves satisfaction and quality of life in mothers. Studies have showed that there is a positive relationship between the dimensions of attachment and subjective well-being. Subjective well-being explores how people evaluate their lives and it includes life satisfaction, marital life satisfaction, mood, positive emotions, lack of depression and anxiety in two cognitive and affective components. Considering the above-mentioned issues, it is expected that when the subjective well-being of mothers improves, the level of their attachment to their fetus increases as well. One way to increase the mother's attachment to the fetus in such a condition is training, and among the relatively new and effective trainings is self-compassion training. This study tried to examine the impacts of self-compassion training on the subjective well-being and maternal-fetal attachment in women experiencing unintended pregnancy.

This study was conducted using a pre-test, post-test, follow-up design and a semi-experimental control group of 80 pregnant women who had an unintended pregnancy and visited Kermanshah health centers. The inclusion criteria for the study are: being in the first or second trimester of pregnancy, not having severe midwifery problems in the recent pregnancy such as uterine bleeding or abnormal results in fetal health screening, the age between 18 and 45, not taking psychoactive drugs or neuroleptics, and being consent to participate in this research. The exclusion criteria are: Failure to participate in two or more counseling sessions, pregnancy loss during the study, and unwillingness to participate in or continue the process of this study. Participants were selected through cluster and convenient sampling methods. They were divided randomly into control and experimental groups. For collecting data, the demographic characteristics, subjective well-being, and maternal-fetal attachment questionnaires were used. For the experimental group, eight group sessions, each in 90 minutes, once a week were held to train self-compassion. During this time, the control group was placed on the waiting list. The evaluation of the participants was done in the pre-test stage before the start of the intervention, in the post-test stage immediately after the final session of training, and in the follow-up stage, four weeks after the end of the last training session. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Frequency, frequency percentage, and mean were used to check the descriptive indicators, Fisher's exact test, Chi square, and Mann-Whitney test were used to check the homogeneity of demographic variables, and non-parametric Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests were applied to check the findings.

The results of Friedman test showed that the mean score of subjective well-being and maternal-fetal attachment in the experimental group increased after the intervention (post test), and four weeks after the end of training. These changes were statistically significant (p<0.001). However, in the control group, this trend was decreasing. Therefore, we conclude that there was a significant impact during the intervention in the experimental group. Moreover, the results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the second and third rounds of measurement.

The results showed seemingly self-compassion training can lead to the improvement of the subjective well-being and improvement of maternal-fetal attachment in women experiencing unintended pregnancy. It is suggested, therefore, that an independent midwifery counseling unit be stablished that provides counselling and self-compassion based training services for women who are experiencing unintended pregnancy. Providing counseling and support services by midwives and health care workers can lead to the women's adaptive behaviors in this period and increase their ability to face the challenges caused by unintended pregnancy. It also can help them deal with this phenomenon better, be able to cope with this, show a more appropriate reaction, and even have more ability to get pregnant again.

With the introduction of positive psychology, the attention of psychology has shifted from focusing on disorders and psychological problems to the scientific study of positive personal experiences traits and the institutions that evolve these experiences. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perfectionism and subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction positive and negative affect). The research design was descriptive-correlational and the sample included 353 students (233 females and 120 males) at Islamic Azad University- South Tehran Branch, Iran. The participants responded to Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (SCS-SF), Life Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS). The results of path analysis showed that perfectionism and self-compassion explained 33% of the variance of life satisfaction, 15% of the variance of positive affect, and 22% of the variance of negative affect. Furthermore, 17% of the variance of self-compassion was explained by perfectionism. Thus, the research has some implications for overcoming the destructive effects of perfectionism on subjective well-being through teaching self-compassion.

The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of students' mental well-being based on academic buoyancy and academic self- handicapping with the mediation of adolescent perception of parental educational methods and path analysis. The statistical population included all male and female students in the academic year 2020-2021 in districts 1 and 2 of Arak city who were studying mathematics, experimental and humanities in the second year of public high schools and were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The number of sample people, considering the possibility of failure in completing the questionnaires, was finally considered 719 students. Data collection tools included Hossein Chari and Dehghanizadeh Academic buoyancy Questionnaire, Academic Self- handicapping (ASHS), Keys and Magyarmo SWS (subjective well-being) and Robert J. Robbins Adolescent Perception of Parenting Methods (Pops). The obtained data were analyzed by the structural equation model of latent variable type. Findings showed that academic buoyancy and self- handicapping have a direct and significant effect on subjective well-being and adolescent perception of parenting educational methods. The direct effect of mediator variables on subjective well-being was also confirmed. The results showed that the structural model of students' subjective well-being based on buoyancy and academic self- handicapping mediated by adolescents' perception of parents' educational methods is the best fitted model with fit indicators used for use in schools and centers to increase subjective well-being and mental health.